78-531: Mai FM is New Zealand's largest urban contemporary radio network, promoting Māori language and culture and broadcasting hip hop and rhythm and blues . It is located in Auckland , and is available in ten markets around the country. The network targets 15- to 34-year-olds, and reaches an estimated 382,300 different listeners each week. Mai FM began broadcasting to Auckland in July 1992. The first breakfast host
156-463: A black cast was King Vidor 's Hallelujah of 1929. African-American performers were featured in the musical Show Boat (which had a part written for Paul Robeson and a chorus of Jubilee Singers), and especially all-black operas such as Porgy and Bess and Virgil Thomson 's Four Saints in Three Acts of 1934. The first symphony by a black composer to be performed by a major orchestra
234-465: A circular dance accompanied by chanting and handclapping. On occasion, the participants would enter into ecstatic trances. In the late 18th century folk spirituals originated among Southern slaves following their conversion to Christianity. Slaves reinterpreted the practice of Christianity in a way that had meaning to them as Africans in America. They often sang the spirituals in groups as they worked
312-528: A close, other African Americans endeavored to concertize as classical musicians in an effort to transcend racial and nationalistic barriers in the post-war era. In 1968 Henry Lewis became the first African-American instrumentalist in a leading American symphony orchestra, an early "musical ambassador" in support of cultural diplomacy in Europe, and the first African-American conductor of a major American symphonic ensemble in 1968. The term "rock and roll" had
390-498: A dance revolution, 1959 saw Hank Ballard releasing a song tailored for the new dance craze, "The Twist," which would become a sensation defining the early '60s. In 1959, Berry Gordy founded Motown Records , the first record label to primarily feature African-American artists, which aimed at achieving crossover success. The label developed an innovative, and commercially successful, style of soul music with distinctive pop elements. Its early roster included The Miracles , Martha and
468-463: A distinctive type of music that played an important role in the era of enslavement. Slave songs, commonly known as work songs , were used to combat the hardships of the physical labor. Work songs were also used to communicate with other slaves without the slave owner hearing. The song " Wade in the Water " was sung by slaves to warn others trying to leave to use the water to obscure their trail. Following
546-525: A new style of unaccompanied four-part, close-harmony singing. Later, white minstrel singers stole the style, and in the early days of the recording industry their performances were recorded and sold. By the end of the 19th century, African-American music was an integral part of mainstream American culture. In a groundbreaking moment in 1898, Broadway witnessed the debut of the first musical created by African Americans, courtesy of Bob Cole and Billy Johnson. The musical landscape saw another milestone in 1890 with
624-459: A playlist made up entirely of Black genres such as R&B , pop-rap , quiet storm , urban adult contemporary , hip hop , Latin music such as Latin pop, Chicano R&B and Chicano rap , and Caribbean music such as reggae and soca . Urban contemporary was developed through the characteristics of genres such as R&B and soul . Because urban music is a largely U.S. phenomenon, virtually all urban contemporary formatted radio stations in
702-456: A practice called pattin Juba . The Juba dance was originally brought by Kongo slaves to Charleston, South Carolina , and became an African-American plantation dance performed by slaves during gatherings when rhythm instruments were prohibited. Folk spirituals, unlike much white gospel, were often spirited. Slaves added dancing (later known as " the shout ") and other body movements to
780-401: A prominent role in the musical arrangement. Simultaneously, a secularized version of American gospel music , known as soul ,emerged in the mid-1950s, led by trailblazers like Ray Charles , Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke . This soulful wave had a profound impact, influencing not only surf music but also paving the way for chart-topping girl groups like The Angels and The Shangri-Las . In
858-748: A repetitive, improvised style. The most common song structures are the call-and-response ("Blow, Gabriel") and repetitive choruses ("He Rose from the Dead"). The call-and-response is an alternating exchange between the soloist and the other singers. The soloist usually improvises a line to which the other singers respond, repeating the same phrase. Song interpretation incorporates the interjections of moans, cries, hollers, and changing vocal timbres, and can be accompanied by hand clapping and foot-stomping. The Smithsonian Institution Folkways Recordings have samples of African American slave shout songs. The influence of African Americans on mainstream American music began in
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#1732772079073936-524: A result of the enslavement of African Americans prior to the American Civil War . It has been said that "every genre that is born from America has black roots." White slave owners subjugated their slaves physically, mentally, and spiritually through brutal and demeaning acts. White Americans considered African Americans separate and unequal for centuries, going to extraordinary lengths to keep them oppressed. African-American slaves created
1014-437: A secular home in the blues, jazz, and even later popular styles like hip hop". Scholar LeRhonda S. Manigault-Bryant explained Gullah spirituals are sacred music that connects Black Americans to ancestral spirits. She said: "I am suggesting that low country sacred music simultaneously takes on a cyclical and linear quality, which is best exemplified in the use of the low country clap, and the repetition of verses that literally push
1092-479: A secular setting was successful, and he arranged gospel caravans that traveled around the country playing venues that rhythm and blues singers had popularized. Meanwhile, jazz performers began to move away from swing towards music with more intricate arrangements, more improvisation, and technically challenging forms. This culminated in bebop , the modal jazz of Miles Davis , and the free jazz of Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane . African-American musicians in
1170-429: A song forward to invoke The Spirit. The rhythmic practices and theological motifs of this music suspend and push time by connecting with past traditions, while denoting a spiritual bond that is simultaneously ancestral, communal, and divine". Slaves also used drums to communicate messages of escape. In West Africa, drums are used for communication, celebration, and spiritual ceremonies. West African people enslaved in
1248-442: A strong sexual connotation in jump blues and R&B, but when DJ Alan Freed referred to rock and roll on mainstream radio in the mid 50s, "the sexual component had been dialed down enough that it simply became an acceptable term for dancing". R&B was a strong influence on rock and roll, according to many sources, including a 1985 Wall Street Journal article titled, "Rock! It's Still Rhythm and Blues". The author states that
1326-403: A unique and vibrant chapter to the history of African American contributions to the musical realm. The early part of the 20th century saw a rise in popularity of blues and jazz . African-American music at this time was classed as "race music". Ralph Peer , musical director at Okeh Records , put records made by "foreign" groups under that label. At the time "race" was a term commonly used by
1404-547: Is now broadcasting on 105.5. On 29 February 2008 it was announced that MediaWorks New Zealand had bought the station and would take it over on 31 March 2008. Since the MediaWorks' takeover there has been significant programming and branding changes as well as the creation of the Mai FM network. Mai FM is a networked station with all shows and music broadcasting from its Auckland studios. The Mai Hot 1000 The Mai Hot 1000
1482-421: Is one of the station's annual countdown features. The chart order, including which artists and songs feature, is voted by listeners on the station's official website. The countdown runs on weekdays over a three-week period started in 2013 as The Mai Hot 500 according to their official Instagram page. It was renamed The Mai Hot 900 in 2014 and expanded by 300 songs in 2020. Then in 2022 it had 200 songs removed due to
1560-629: The Billboard charts by R&B and hip hop artists. In 2004, all 12 songs that topped the Billboard Hot 100 were African-American recording artists and accounted for 80% of the number-one R&B hits that year. Along with Usher 's streak of singles, top 40 radio and both pop and R&B charts were topped by OutKast 's " Hey Ya! ", Snoop Dogg 's " Drop It Like It's Hot ", Terror Squad 's " Lean Back " and Ciara 's " Goodies ". Chris Molanphy of The Village Voice later remarked that by
1638-528: The Civil War , African Americans employed playing European music in military bands developed a new style called ragtime that gradually evolved into jazz . Jazz incorporated the sophisticated polyrhythmic structure of dance and folk music of peoples from western and Sub-Saharan Africa . These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around
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#17327720790731716-853: The Music School Settlement for Colored and the Martin-Smith School of Music, were founded in New York. The Music School Settlement for Colored became a sponsor of the Clef Club orchestra in New York. The Clef Club Symphony Orchestra attracted both black and white audiences to concerts at Carnegie Hall from 1912 to 1915. Conducted by James Reese Europe and William H. Tyers, the orchestra included banjos, mandolins, and baritone horns. Concerts featured music written by black composers, notably Harry T. Burleigh and Will Marion Cook . Other annual black concert series include
1794-643: The Oberlin School of Music , National Conservatory of Music , and the New England Conservatory . Black people also formed symphony orchestras in major cities such as Chicago, New Orleans, and Philadelphia. Various black orchestras began to perform regularly in the late 1890s and the early 20th century. In 1906, the first incorporated black orchestra was established in Philadelphia. In the early 1910s, all-black music schools, such as
1872-769: The Underground Railroad and were sung by enslaved African Americans in plantation fields to send coded messages to other slaves, unbeknownst to the slaveholders. According to musicologist and historian Eric Sean Crawford who published Gullah Spirituals: The Sound of Freedom and Protest in the South Carolina Sea Islands , Gullah music influenced all genres of American music. Crawford said: "All genres of music have been influenced by Gullah Geechee spirituals. This music's bent notes, syncopated rhythms, and improvisational qualities heavily influenced gospel and country music. These musical traits found
1950-412: The natural harmonic series and blue notes . "If one considers the five criteria given by Waterman as cluster characteristics for West African music, one finds that three have been well documented as being characteristic of Afro-American music. Call-and-response organizational procedures, dominance of a percussive approach to music, and off-beat phrasing of melodic accents have been cited as typical of
2028-687: The wah wah pedal to create a unique guitar solo sound. Psychedelic soul , a mix of psychedelic rock and soul began to flourish with the 1960s culture. Even more popular among black people, and with more crossover appeal, was album-oriented soul in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which revolutionized African-American music. The genre's intelligent and introspective lyrics, often with a socially aware tone, were created by artists such as Marvin Gaye in What's Going On , and Stevie Wonder in Innervisions . In
2106-468: The "Harlem Hit Parade", which was changed in 1945 to " Race Records ", and then in 1949 to "Rhythm and Blues Records". By the 1940s, cover versions of African-American songs were commonplace, frequently topping the charts while the original versions did not reach the mainstream. In 1955, Thurman Ruth persuaded a gospel group to sing in the Apollo Theater . This presentation of gospel music in
2184-480: The "two terms were used interchangeably", until about 1957. Fats Domino was not convinced that there was any new genre. In 1957 he said: "What they call rock 'n' roll now is rhythm and blues. I've been playing it for 15 years in New Orleans". According to Rolling Stone , "this is a valid statement ... all Fifties rockers, black and white, country born and city bred, were fundamentally influenced by R&B,
2262-594: The 1940s and 1950s were developing rhythm and blues into rock and roll , which featured a strong backbeat . Prominent exponents of this style included Louis Jordan and Wynonie Harris . Rock and roll music became commercially successful with recordings of white musicians, however, such as Bill Haley and Elvis Presley , playing a guitar-based fusion of black rock and roll and rockabilly . Rock music became more associated with white artists, although some black performers such as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley had commercial success. In 2017, National Public Radio wrote about
2340-464: The 1970s and early 1980s to satisfy the earlier end of the genre. Many urban-formatted radio stations, such as KJLH , KPRS , KMEL , KDAY , KRNB , and WVEE , play gospel music or urban contemporary gospel music on Sundays. Mainstream urban is a branch of urban contemporary, and rhythmic contemporary is also a branch. In 1971, Frankie Crocker would combine all the elements of his background, with jazz and R&B . When Frankie Crocker
2418-753: The 1970s, album-oriented soul continued its popularity while musicians such as Smokey Robinson helped turn it into Quiet Storm music. Funk evolved into two strands, a pop-soul-jazz-bass fusion pioneered by Sly & the Family Stone , and a more psychedelic fusion epitomized by George Clinton and his P-Funk ensemble. Disco evolved from black musicians creating soul music with an up-tempo melody. Isaac Hayes , Barry White , Donna Summer , and others helped popularize disco, which gained mainstream success. Some African-American artists including The Jackson 5 , Roberta Flack , Teddy Pendergrass , Dionne Warwick , Stevie Wonder , The O'Jays , Gladys Knight &
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2496-492: The 19th century with the advent of blackface minstrelsy . The banjo , of African origin, became a popular instrument, and its African-derived rhythms were incorporated into popular songs by Stephen Foster and other songwriters. Over time the banjo's construction adopted some European traditions such as a flat fingerboard. Some banjos had five strings, in contrast to the West African three-string version. This resulted in
2574-548: The African-American press to speak of the community as a whole with an empowering point of view, as a person of "race" was one involved in fighting for equal rights. Ragtime performers such as Scott Joplin became popular and some were associated with the Harlem Renaissance and early civil rights activists. White and Latino performers of African-American music were also visible. African-American music
2652-1279: The Americas from the western coast of Africa. This area encompasses modern-day Nigeria , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Senegal , Gambia and parts of Sierra Leone . Harmonic and rhythmic features from these areas, European musical instrumentation, and the chattel slavery forced upon Black Americans all contributed to their music. Many of the characteristic musical forms that define African-American music have historical precedents. These earlier forms include: field hollers , beat boxing , work song , Spoken Word , rapping , scatting , call and response , vocality (or special vocal effect: guttural effects, interpolated vocality, falsetto , melisma , vocal rhythmization), improvisation , blue notes , polyrhythms ( syncopation , concrescence, tension, improvisation, percussion, swung note ), texture ( antiphony , homophony , polyphony , heterophony ) and harmony (vernacular progressions ; complex, multi-part harmony , as in spirituals , Doo Wop , and barbershop music ). American composer Olly Wilson outlines "heterogeneous sound ideals" that define traditional and common patterns in African Music , such as
2730-552: The Creator also spoke out, stating "[i]t sucks that whenever we — and I mean guys that look like me — do anything that's genre-bending or that's anything, they always put it in a rap or urban category", adding that "I don't like that 'urban' word — it's just a politically correct way to say the n-word to me". Myron Fears, operations manager and program director of the black owned Carter Broadcast Group in Kansas City, defended
2808-464: The Pips , and Earth, Wind & Fire found crossover audiences, while white listeners preferred country rock , singer-songwriters, stadium rock , soft rock , glam rock , and, to some degree, heavy metal and punk rock . During the 1970s, The Dozens , an urban African-American tradition of using playful rhyming ridicule, developed into street jive in the early '70s, which in turn inspired hip-hop by
2886-495: The United States are located in cities that have sizeable African-American populations, such as New York City; Washington, D.C.; Detroit; Atlanta; Miami; Chicago; Cleveland; Philadelphia; Montgomery; Memphis; St. Louis; Newark; Charleston; New Orleans; Milwaukee; Cincinnati; Dallas; Houston; Oakland; Sacramento; Los Angeles; Trenton; Columbia; Jacksonville; Flint; Baltimore; Boston; Birmingham; Indianapolis; Charlotte; Savannah; Hartford; and Jackson. Urban contemporary music includes
2964-609: The United States continued to make drums to send coded messages to other slaves across plantations. The making and use of drums by enslaved Africans was outlawed after the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739. Enslaved African Americans used drums to send coded messages to start slave revolts , and white slaveholders banned the creation and use of drums. After the banning of drums, slaves made rhythmic music by slapping their knees, thighs, arms and other body parts,
3042-584: The Urban music division. Hip Hop and R&B is leading the way for the surge in music sales and usage of streaming. Are the other positions, titles and departments within a record company going to change or dissolve? ... Do they realize the cultural power of Urban Music? In the wake of the murder of George Floyd and the subsequent protests , a number of institutions dropped the term urban in favor of other terms. In June 2020, Republic Records and artist management company Milk & Honey stated that they would drop
3120-692: The Vandellas , Marvin Gaye , The Temptations , and The Supremes . Black divas such as Aretha Franklin became '60s crossover stars. In the UK, British blues became a gradually mainstream phenomenon, returning to the United States in the form of the British Invasion , a group of bands led by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones who performed blues and R&B-inspired pop with both traditional and modern aspects. WGIV in Charlotte, North Carolina ,
3198-708: The William Hackney's "All-Colored Composers" concerts in Chicago and the Atlanta Colored Music Festivals. The return of the black musical to Broadway occurred in 1921 with Sissle and Eubie Blake 's Shuffle Along . In 1927, a concert survey of black music was performed at Carnegie Hall including jazz, spirituals and the symphonic music of W. C. Handy 's Orchestra and the Jubilee Singers. The first major film musical with
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3276-499: The black popular music of the late Forties and early Fifties". Elvis Presley's recognition of the importance of artists such as Fats Domino was significant, according to a 2017 article: the "championing of black musicians as part of a narrative that saw many positives in growing young white interest in African American-based musical styles". At a press event in 1969, Presley introduced Fats Domino, and said, "that's
3354-409: The career of Sister Rosetta Tharpe and concluded with these comments: Tharpe "was a gospel singer at heart who became a celebrity by forging a new path musically ... Through her unforgettable voice and gospel swing crossover style, Tharpe influenced a generation of musicians including Aretha Franklin , Chuck Berry and countless others ... She was, and is, an unmatched artist." As the 1940s came to
3432-515: The central-east of the United States. In the following years, professional "jubilee" troops formed and toured. The first black musical-comedy troupe, Hyers Sisters Comic Opera Co., was organized in 1876. In the last half of the 19th century, barbershops often served as community centers, where men would gather. Barbershop quartets originated with African-American men socializing in barbershops; they would harmonize while waiting their turn, singing spirituals, folk songs and popular songs. This generated
3510-652: The creation of several different types of banjos in the United States. In the 1830s, the Second Great Awakening led to a rise in Christian revivals, especially among African Americans. Drawing on traditional work songs , enslaved African Americans originated and performed a wide variety of spirituals and other Christian music . Some of these songs were coded messages of subversion against slaveholders, or signals to escape. For example, Harriet Tubman sang coded messages to her mother and other slaves in
3588-413: The debate, Lance Venta of radio industry publication RadioInsight claimed that the term urban was outdated in that hip hop and R&B music had gained massive popularity outside the inner cities and the descriptor should not serve as a euphemism for "black music". He recommended substituting the terms hip hop for the urban contemporary format and adult R&B for urban adult contemporary . Tyler,
3666-406: The decade, WVAZ Chicago and WALR Atlanta became some of the first adult R&B stations, playing artists that appealed to adults rather than rap or other styles that young people enjoyed. Another subformat of urban contemporary is rhythmic contemporary hits . Stations playing rhythmic contemporary hits plays a great deal of dance music; however, hip-hop has become increasingly popular in
3744-444: The early 1980s as newly formed WRKS-FM (98.7 Kiss FM) became the first rap station in the United States, WBLS quickly began adding more rap songs to its playlists. The urban format by this time was redefined by an eclectic mix of R&B , rap, reggae , dance , house , and freestyle . WBLS continued as the flagship station of the urban format; however, Kiss FM surpassed them in the ratings. Another successful early urban outlet
3822-709: The early 2000s, urban music was pop music. In late-mid of the decade, KRNB Dallas signed on as an R&B and classic soul station. By the late 2000s, urban music had taken a backseat on top 40 radio to mainstream EDM sounds, and several successful urban artists, including Rihanna , Chris Brown , Ciara , Usher , Nicole Scherzinger , Akon , Trey Songz , Pitbull , Flo Rida , and Ne-Yo , were making EDM records for top 40 airplay while continuing to make hip hop or pure R&B records for urban airplay. Pure urban formats continue to be successful in markets with large African-American populations, while medium or smaller markets are more likely to feature urban music through
3900-402: The fiddle and violin. Due to the fact that white colonizers viewed indigenous African religious practices that included drumming and dancing as idolatrous, the enslaved individuals conducted their music-infused religious ceremonies in private. During the eighteenth century, the slaves' informal assemblies in praise houses and brush arbor meetings featured songs and chants such as the ring shout,
3978-755: The field to let them know she was escaping on the Underground Railroad. Tubman sang: "I'm sorry I'm going to leave you, farewell, oh farewell; But I'll meet you in the morning, farewell, oh farewell, I'll meet you in the morning, I'm bound for the promised land, On the other side of Jordan, Bound for the Promised Land." During the period after the Civil War, the spread of African-American music continued. The Fisk University Jubilee Singers first toured in 1871. Artists including Jack Delaney helped revolutionize post-war African-American music in
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#17327720790734056-550: The first recording by black musicians— Bert Williams and George Walker —highlighting music from Broadway productions. Theodore Drury played a pivotal role in nurturing black talent in opera, establishing the Drury Opera Company in 1900. Despite its short run until 1908, the company left an indelible mark as the pioneer in black participation within opera. Fast forward to 1911, where Scott Joplin's trailblazing ragtime-folk opera, Treemonisha , took center stage, adding
4134-500: The format in recent years. WQHT-FM (Hot 97) and KPWR (Power 106) were the first stations to utilize this format. Since the 1990s, as urban contemporary hits have dominated the US pop charts, many top 40 stations have turned to playing tracks popular on urban contemporary radio stations. Following periods of fluctuating success, urban music attained commercial dominance during the early 2000s, which featured massive crossover success on
4212-406: The foundation for many musical developments in the years to come. As African-American musicians continued to shape the musical landscape, the 1940s witnessed the emergence of rhythm and blues (R&B) . R&B became a pivotal genre, blending elements of jazz, blues, and gospel , and it laid the groundwork for the evolution of rock and roll in the following decade. Most slaves arrived to
4290-479: The genre in virtually every study of any kind of African-American music from work songs , field or street calls, shouts, and spirituals to blues and jazz." The roots of American popular music are deeply intertwined with African-American contributions and innovation. The earliest jazz and blues recordings emerged in the 1910s, marking the beginning of a transformative era in music. These genres were heavily influenced by African musical traditions, and they served as
4368-762: The genre of R&B". They also renamed the Best Latin Pop or Urban Album to Best Latin Pop Album , while changing the name of the Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album to Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album . African-American music Religious music Ethnic music Charts Festivals Media Other African-American music is a broad term covering a diverse range of musical genres largely developed by African Americans and their culture . Its origins are in musical forms that developed as
4446-528: The innovations of James Brown . In 1961, 11-year-old Stevland Hardaway Morris made his first record under Motown's Tamla label as Stevie Wonder . In 1964 the Civil Rights Act outlawed major forms of discrimination towards African Americans and women. As tensions began to diminish, more African-American musicians crossed over into the mainstream. Some artists who successfully crossed over were Aretha Franklin , James Brown , and Ella Fitzgerald in
4524-516: The late 1970s. Spoken-word artists such as The Watts Prophets , The Last Poets , Gil Scott-Heron and Melvin Van Peebles were some innovators of early hip-hop. Many youths in the Bronx used this medium to communicate the unfairness minorities faced at the time. DJs played records, typically funk, while MCs introduced tracks to the dancing audience. Over time, DJs began isolating and repeating
4602-430: The launch of The Mai Hip Hop 100 and The Mai RnB 100 Countdowns. These are the frequencies for Mai FM: Urban contemporary Urban contemporary music , also known as urban music , hip hop , urban pop , or just simply urban , is a music radio format . The term was coined by New York radio DJ Frankie Crocker in the early to mid-1970s as a synonym for Black music . Urban contemporary radio stations feature
4680-656: The more contemporary elements of R&B and may incorporate production elements found in urban Euro-pop, urban rock, and urban alternative. The term urban contemporary music is heavily associated with African-American music , particularly with R&B in African-American contexts. For Latin Americans , reggaeton and Latin hip hop are considered " Latin urban " due to influence of above mentioned genres. Urban contemporary playlists are dominated by singles by top-selling hip hop and R&B performers. On occasion, an urban contemporary station will play classic soul songs from
4758-668: The plantation fields. African-American spirituals ( Negro Spirituals ) were created in invisible churches and regular Black churches. The hymns, melody, and rhythms were similar to songs heard in West Africa. Enslaved and free blacks created their own words and tunes. Themes include the hardships of slavery and the hope of freedom. Spirituals from the era of slavery are called Slave Shout Songs. These shout songs are sung today by Gullah Geechee people and other African Americans in churches and praise houses. During slavery, these songs were coded messages that spoke of escape from slavery on
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#17327720790734836-407: The pop and jazz worlds, and Leontyne Price and Kathleen Battle in classical music. By the end of the decade, black people were part of the psychedelia and early heavy metal trends, particularly by way of the ubiquitous Beatles' influence and the electric guitar innovations of Jimi Hendrix . Hendrix was among the first guitarists to use audio feedback , fuzz, and other effects pedals such as
4914-617: The pop chart; in 1958, it was ninety-four per cent. The marginal market had become the main market, and the majors had got into the act." The 1950s marked a significant uptick in the allure of blues , captivating audiences both in the US and across the pond in the UK, reminiscent of early 20th-century styles. Alongside this blues resurgence, Doo-wop center stage, enchanting listeners with its unique blend of vocal group harmonies, playful nonsense syllables, minimal instrumentation, and straightforward lyrics. Doo-wop, often featuring solo artists with backing groups, emphasized lead singers who played
4992-449: The real King of Rock 'n' Roll" ... a huge influence on me when I started out". By the mid-1950s, many R&B songs were getting "covered" by white artists and the recordings got more airplay on the mainstream radio stations. For example, "Presley quickly covered "Tutti Frutti" ...So did Pat Boone", according to New Yorker . "In 1956, seventy-six per cent of top R.&.B. songs also made the pop chart; in 1957, eighty-seven per cent made
5070-505: The singing. They also changed the melodies and rhythms of psalms and hymns , by speeding up the tempo, adding repeated refrains and choruses, and replacing texts with new ones that often combined English and African words and phrases. Originally passed down orally, folk spirituals have been central in the lives of African Americans for more than three centuries, serving religious, cultural, social, political, and historical functions. Folk spirituals were spontaneously created and performed in
5148-452: The subset of rhythmic contemporary stations with danceable mainstream hits mixed in. The Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration has been awarded since 2002. In 2020, members of the music industry voiced disagreement over the use of the term urban in describing music genres and formats, especially among African-American artists who see the term as a "catchall for music created by black artists, regardless of genre". Contributing to
5226-408: The use of timbre , pitch , volume and duration, and the incorporation of the body in making music. His findings include uses of call-and-response and the importance of interjections from the audience to express satisfaction or dissatisfaction. These heterogeneous sound ideals are also found in many other types of music. White people sometimes taught black slaves to play Western instruments such as
5304-412: The use of the urban tag. Responding to Republic's elimination of the term, he expressed concern that the action diminishes the status of black music executives within record companies and the industry as a whole: I do not think it's a great idea because it nullifies all the hard work that past African American music executives built. This potentially leads to the dissolving of people and positions within
5382-575: The use of the word in relation to music of a black origin. That same month, the National Academy for Recording Arts and Sciences renamed and redefined the Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album with Best Progressive R&B Album , "to appropriately categorize and describe this subgenre. This change includes a more accurate definition to describe the merit or characteristics of music compositions or performances themselves within
5460-432: The world during the 20th century. Analyzing African music through the lens of European musicology can leave out much of the cultural use of sound and methods of music making. Some methods of African music making are translated more clearly though the music itself, and not in written form. Blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century through the fusion of West African vocalizations, which employed
5538-537: Was Arbitron rated No. 2 12+, just behind the No. 1 rated WMMS with the original " Morning Zoo ". In 1983, WBLS in New York City was the first station to air a rap radio show, "Rap Attack" with Mr. Magic and Marley Marl . Freddie Jackson and Luther Vandross were popular in urban contemporary music scene. Late 1980s, Luther Vandross, Freddy Jackson, and Whitney Houston were popular in this genre. During
5616-559: Was WDRQ in Detroit, which switched from a top 40 format in the spring of 1982 and made a #2 showing 12+ in its first Arbitron ratings book. In addition to rap, R&B and dance music, WDRQ featured mainstream pop music with a danceable beat from artists. Many radio stations imitated the urban sound since it was proven to be more profitable than other formats and had proven itself more adept than straightforward black-targeted R&B formats at attracting white and Latino listeners. Late in
5694-692: Was William Grant Still 's Afro-American Symphony (1930) by the New York Philharmonic . Florence Beatrice Price 's Symphony in E minor was performed in 1933 by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra . In 1934, William Dawson 's Negro Folk Symphony was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. Billboard started making a separate list of hit records for African-American music in October 1942 with
5772-662: Was Robert Rakete, now a host on The Breeze . It was run by one of the largest Maori tribes in New Zealand, Ngāti Whātua , and Mai Media. Between 1996 and 2005 Mai FM also operated a second station, Ruia Mai , on 1179 AM in Auckland with all programming in the Māori language. From 1996 to 2001 Mai FM could be heard in Christchurch on 90.5 FM, due to an agreement between Ngāti Whātua and Kāi Tahu iwi. The Christchurch station
5850-510: Was appointed as program director of the newly created WBLS in 1974, he created an eclectic music mix of R&B and disco redefining the R&;B format as urban contemporary . In 1975, WDMT in Cleveland began programming a mix of rhythm, blues, R&B, disco, and rap. The station featured live street jocks mixing vinyl records each night. The station's popularity grew and in 1980, it
5928-402: Was often altered and diluted to be more palatable for white audiences, who would not have accepted black performers, leading to genres like swing music . By the turn of the 20th century African Americans were becoming part of classical music as well. Originally excluded from major symphony orchestras, black musicians could study in music conservatories that had been founded in the 1860s, such as
6006-407: Was one of a few radio stations dedicated to African-American music that started during this period. The British Invasion knocked many black artists off the US pop charts, although some, like Otis Redding , Wilson Pickett , Aretha Franklin and a number of Motown artists, continued to do well. Soul music, however, remained popular among black people through new forms such as funk , developed out of
6084-585: Was originally 90.5 Tahu FM , with local on air talent, and formatted with the Mai FM Auckland music. In late 2001 the joint agreement ended and the Mai FM branding of the station in Christchurch ceased, reverting to its original name of Tahu FM. In 1996 Ngati Whatua also came to an agreement with the Te Arawa iwi to broadcast Mai FM in Rotorua on 96.7 FM, over the years the frequency changed to 99.1 and
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