52-549: Maiduguri ( / m aɪ ˈ d uː ɡ ʊ r i / my- DOO -guurr-ee ) is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria , on the continent of Africa. The city sits along the seasonal Ngadda River which disappears into the Firki swamps in the areas around Lake Chad . Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British Empire during the colonial period . As of 2022, Maiduguri
104-590: A 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets. As
156-533: A coordinated air and ground assault. On 7 March 2015, five suicide bomb blasts left 54 dead and 143 wounded. On 30 May 2015, Boko Haram launched another attack on the city, killing thirteen people. In March 2017 Boko Haram again bombed Maiduguri. The Giwa barracks and detention centre in Maiduguri has been subject to multiple attacks by Boko Haram. In 2014, reports suggested that 600 people were killed in an attack, though most were detainees killed by soldiers. It
208-465: A distinct state in 1991. Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states , only behind Niger State . Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of
260-506: A group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State . Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon became the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes. Following
312-728: A part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to a merger with Nigeria . Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State . After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood,
364-627: A part of their uprising , which were later rebuilt. Federal Highways are: Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe : Three roads to Cameroon : Other major roads include: Railways: Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State . Airports: Served by the Maiduguri International Airport . Borno State
416-460: A partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while the state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center. However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in
468-457: A section of the park, the Sambisa Forest , was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee; large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno. Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede , Glavda , Guduf , Laamang , Mafa , and Mandara in
520-499: A small share of manufacturing. Maiduguri is home to three markets which include a modern "Monday market". that has a spectacular image view. The city has an appealing layout, with wide, well-maintained streets, sidewalks and flood management ditches. Electricity is provided by grid connections, solar power and by generators. The values of land and properties are high. A 2009 survey of property markets in Nigeria positioned Maiduguri as
572-480: Is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h. Borno has many higher institutions, these include: Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas , grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures): In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates), which advise
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#1732765544158624-472: Is a source of income for newer residents who have been displaced by violence, and the harvest shortfalls resulting from climate change . Members of Maiduguri's official Association of Firewood Sellers provide labor for tree replanting efforts. An additional source of support for displaced persons is a mobile phone-based cash distribution site which was set up by the World Food Programme and
676-577: Is bordered by Yobe to the west for about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers). Its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger for about 223 km, mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of
728-741: Is estimated to have a population of 1,907,600, as of 2007. It grew in size by 15.1 km (5.8 sq mi) between 2002 and 2012. Its residents are mostly Muslim including Kanuri , Hausa , Shuwa , Bura , Marghi , and Fulani ethnic groups. There is also a considerable Christian population and people from Southern states such as the Igbo , Ijaw , and Yoruba . Maiduguri had 22 internally displaced persons camps in 2019, including Shagari camp with 48 households, and Cherubim & Seraphim camp with 65 households. The NYC (National Youth Service) in Maiduguri housed 4,800 displaced people in 2016. Goni Kachallari had 340 families in 2016. Languages spoken in
780-600: Is estimated to have a population of approximately two million people, in the metropolitan area. The region was home to the Kanem–Bornu Empire for centuries. Maiduguri actually consists of two cities: Yerwa to the West and Old Maiduguri to the east. Yerwa was founded in 1907 by Abubakar Garbai of Borno as the capital of the Bornu Kingdom. The location had before that been a small village known as Kalwa. This involved
832-596: Is home to the El-Kanemi Warriors , a football team and the city has an active local football league. The Kyarimi Park is the oldest and largest zoo in Nigeria. The zoo attracts thousands of visitors per year. The city is within a short driving distance to picnic areas in Alo Lake and Zambiza game reserve. Borno State Borno State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria . It
884-457: Is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually. The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 34 C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 23 C. The wettest month
936-400: Is rich with abundant natural resources , which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include: Monguno Monguno is one of the local government areas of Borno State , in northeastern Nigeria. Monguno has a total land area of 1,913 km . Monguno has a population of 109,851 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 612. Typically,
988-570: The Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon ) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I . After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became
1040-604: The 1900 Battle of Kousséri . The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire . Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate ) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire . The British-controlled area was incorporated into
1092-724: The Future Prowess Islamic School provided a free, co-ed Western and Islamic education to orphans and vulnerable children. Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques . There are also Christian churches and temples: Church of Nigeria ( Anglican Communion ), Church of the Brethren in Nigeria (EYN) , Presbyterian Church of Nigeria ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Nigerian Baptist Convention ( Baptist World Alliance ), Living Faith Church Worldwide , Redeemed Christian Church of God , Assemblies of God, Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri . Maiduguri
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#17327655441581144-679: The Nigerian Government. The University of Maiduguri was founded in 1975. There is also the College of Medical Sciences. Other higher institutions include the Borno State University , Ramat Polytechnic , College of Agriculture and College of Education, Muhammad Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies, College of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Technology and El-kanemi College of Islamic Theology, Annahada College of Science and Islamic Studies. As of 2011,
1196-461: The beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri , which remains the capital to this day. After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced
1248-436: The camps include Fulani , Fulfulde , Gamargu , Hausa (8.4% native speakers), Kanuri (53.5% native speakers), Shuwa Arabic , and Marghi (15.6%). About a third of survey respondents had comprehension of a simple English audio sample; close to 100% had comprehension of audio messaging in either Hausa or Kanuri. As a result of chemical reactions involving moving vehicles and the release of gases that can cause inhalation into
1300-632: The central region; the Afade , Yedina (Buduma) , and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku , Kamwe , Kilba , and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in
1352-640: The city. Twelve areas of the city that are known to be strongholds of Boko Haram are under permanent curfew. On 18 June 2013, Boko Haram militants attacked a school as students were taking an exam; nine students were killed. In 2014, Boko Haram bombed Maiduguri in January , in July and in November . On 10 January 2015, a bomb attack was executed at the Monday Market in Maiduguri, killing 19 people. In
1404-420: The country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed. As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP . The state has a predominance of Kanuri people , while other ethnic groups such as Lapang , Babur / Bura , Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people and are an example of
1456-434: The deepest parts of the lung, Maiduguri is currently experiencing particulate dust, a harmful air pollutant. The city lies at the end of a railway line connecting Port Harcourt , Enugu , Kafanchan , Kuru , Bauchi , and finally Maiduguri. The city is served by the Maiduguri International Airport . Maiduguri is the principal trading hub for north-eastern Nigeria. Its economy is largely based on services and trade with
1508-475: The early hours of 25 January, Boko Haram launched a major assault on the city. On 26 January, CNN reported that the attack on Maiduguri by "hundreds of gunmen" had been repelled, but the nearby town of Monguno was captured by Boko Haram. The Nigerian Army claimed to have successfully repelled another attack on Maiduguri on 31 January 2015. On 17 February 2015, Monguno subsequently fell to the Nigerian military in
1560-531: The endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa . The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years. The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio . Conquered by Rabih in 1893, Borno was invaded by the British, French and Germans at
1612-542: The first half of 2016, including 11 children. In 2019, Amnesty International (AI) and Concerned Nigerians (CN) called for investigation into alleged abuse of women and children in the facility. Tramadol addiction has become a concern in the Maiduguri region, as Boko Haram fighters and local residents turn to the drug to cope with physical pain, personal loss, and the emotional consequences of violence. Köppen–Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid ( BSh ). The highest record temperature
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1664-545: The government temporarily imposed a curfew. In 2002, Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf founded the Islamist jihadist group Boko Haram in Maiduguri, establishing a mosque and a madrasa that attracted children from poor Muslim families from both Nigeria and neighboring countries. The city is the heart of the Boko Haram insurgency and is the city which is most often attacked by the group. In late July 2009, Maiduguri
1716-421: The insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity . The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with a strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this northeastern state. The commencement of the rainy season in this northeast state is around June/July of every year, which is far behind the southeastern states. The trade wind , also regarded as the harmattan season
1768-617: The local governments on cultural and traditional matters. A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains . Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area: Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga. Islam continues to be the dominant faith practised in Borno State, with much smaller numbers of adherents of Christianity and other faiths spread throughout and living within
1820-518: The mid-1960s, Maiduguri has witnessed outbreaks of large inter-religious riots with members of religious sects leading intercommunal violence in 1982 and 2001. On 18 February 2006, riots related to the Muhammad cartoons published by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten left at least 15 people dead, and resulted in the destruction of approximately 12 churches. Soldiers and police quelled the riots, and
1872-712: The montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion ; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park , a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane , spotted hyena , patas monkey , and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants . However,
1924-422: The national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles). It is the only Nigerian state to border up to three countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno , with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State , which became
1976-648: The next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate . About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr , a Sudanese warlord , conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in
2028-629: The power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003. Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being
2080-472: The railway was extended here which led to its rise as a major commercial center in the region. The city was once known as a "hub of Islamic scholarship in West Africa that ... [taught] tolerance and hospitality like its welcoming neem trees." Maiduguri is one of the fifteen Local Government Areas (LGAs) that constitute the Borno Emirate , a traditional state located in Borno State, Nigeria. Since
2132-524: The region. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos , is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram as
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2184-529: The south) at around 7% each. From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire , an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya ( Fezzan ) south through most of now- Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for
2236-489: The state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011." After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed. In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67." In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of
2288-402: The temperature ranges from 59°F to 107°F all year round, with the wet season being hot and muggy and the dry season being windy. Visible particulate matter emitted by vehicles is a significant threat to public health, particularly in the deepest parts of the lung, where it can exacerbate asthma attacks, bronchitis, and other lung diseases. In early January 2015, residents fled Monguno and
2340-577: The third most expensive for buying and renting in after Abuja and Lagos . A journalist who described local commerce wrote that "on the edge of the city, never-ending lines of lorries spend days waiting to take their cargoes to Dikwa and beyond to neighbouring Cameroon ." "Transport of goods to land-locked countries such as Chad, Central African Republic and Sudan" has suffered due to road ambushes. Rural-urban migration to Maiduguri, combined with migration from Chad, Niger and Cameroon, has led to increases in poverty and unemployment Firewood gathering
2392-503: The transfer of the capital of the Kanuri people from Kukawa . Old Maiduguri was selected by the British as their military headquarters in 1908, replacing Mafoni . The same year it became the location for the British Resident Commissioner over British Bornu. In 1957, Yerwa became the designated name for the urban centre while 'Maiduguri' was officially applied as the name of the surrounding rural area. In 1964
2444-519: The village of Doron-Baga for the internally displaced persons camps in Maiduguri , following the capture of nearby Bama by Boko Haram . Monguno was captured by Boko Haram forces on 26 January 2015. Amnesty International expressed concern that local residents' requests for more troops for protection from Boko Haram had been ignored by the Army . On 17 February 2015, the military retook Monguno in
2496-531: The worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria, including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe . This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga . A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria." In July 2014,
2548-425: The year in Maiduguri is May, with a typical high of 103 °F or 39.4 °C and low of 79 °F or 26.1 °C. The cool season goes on for 2.1 months, from July 20 to September 23, with a typical everyday high temperature underneath 92 °F or 33.3 °C. The coldest month of the year in Maiduguri is January, with a typical low of 59 °F or 15 °C and high of 92 °F or 33.3 °C. Maiduguri
2600-438: Was 47 °C (116.6 °F) on 28 May 1983, while the lowest record temperature was 5 °C (41 °F) on 26 December 1979. Tree planting was a priority of the city's colonial administration, and large trees along major roads give protection from intense sun. The hot season goes on for 2.4 months, from March 13 to May 26, with a typical everyday high temperature above 102 °F or 38.9 °C. The most blazing month of
2652-621: Was attacked in January/February 2015, bombed in March 2015, and attacked again in May 2015. In May 2016, Amnesty International released a report on the Giwa barracks detention centre, calling it a "place of death." The report alleges the facilities house about 1,200 people (including 120 children) and that many of these were detained arbitrarily. It further claims that 149 detainees had died in
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#17327655441582704-438: Was the worst-hit location of major religious violence in northern Nigeria committed by Boko Haram, which left over 700 people dead. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeast Nigeria, including Borno State, due to the militant activity of Boko Haram. The entire city was under overnight curfew , and trucks were only restricted to dusk-dawn from entering t protect civilian lives in
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