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44-451: (Redirected from Maioumas ) Maiuma , Maiumas , Maiouma , Maïouma or Maioumas is the name of an ancient festival and related toponyms. Maiuma may refer to: Maiuma (city) , ancient port city of Gaza Maiuma (festival) , ancient water festival dedicated to Dionysus and Aphrodite Other locations [ edit ] Betomarsea-Maiumas, near Charachmoba (today's al-Karak ), known from

88-409: A certain amount of his forces whom he sent to recover lost ground. Perceiving them as vast reinforcements, Alexander's army fled. Some of his retreating forces tried to push back, but quickly dispersed as Ptolemy's forces pursued Alexander's fleeing army. Thirty to fifty thousand Hasmonean soldiers died. Ptolemy's forces at Ptolemais succeeded in capturing the city. He then continued to conquer much of

132-497: A dependent kōme (dependent settlement of a Greek polis ). During the reign of Constantine the Great , who granted Maiuma the status of a separate city, it received the name Konstanteia after the emperor's sister (or son). It has been suggested that Maiuma's residents "collectively opted to convert to Christianity " or that it made some sort of public declaration of its Christianity. Under Emperor Julian , known as Julian

176-488: A fleet towards Judea. When Cleopatra arrived at Ptolemais, the people refused her entry, so she besieged the city. Ptolemy, believing Syria was defenseless, withdrew to Cyprus after his miscalculation. While in pursuit of Ptolemy, Chelkias died in Coele-Syria . The war abruptly came to an end with Ptolemy fleeing to Cyprus. Alexander then approached Cleopatra. Bowing before her, he requested to retain his rule. Cleopatra

220-568: A kingdom in Cyprus after being cast out by his mother. The situation at Ptolemais was seized as an opportunity by Ptolemy to possibly gain a stronghold and control the Judean coast in order to invade Egypt by sea. An individual named Demaenetus convinced the inhabitants of their imprudence in requesting Ptolemy's assistance. They realised that by allying themselves with Ptolemy, they had unintentionally declared war on Cleopatra. When Ptolemy arrived at

264-477: A thousand additional soldiers. The Gazans remained defiant in hopes that the Nabataean kingdom would come to their aid. The city eventually suffered defeat due to its own leadership. Gaza at the time was governed by two brothers, Lysimachus and Apollodotus. Lysimachus convinced the people to surrender, and Alexander peacefully entered the city. Though he at first seemed peaceful, Alexander suddenly turned against

308-641: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Maiuma (city) A "harbour of Gaza" is first documented in one of the Zenon Papyri , a business letter written in September 258 BCE. In antiquity, Maiuma was one of the two ports of Gaza , serving as the Incense Road 's principal emporium on the Mediterranean. Located near Gaza, it

352-499: Is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne. Alexander, as the oldest living brother, had the right not only to the throne, but also to Salome, the widow of his deceased brother, who had died childless . Although she was thirteen years older than him, he married her in accordance with the Jewish law of levirate marriage . By her he had two sons: the eldest, Hyrcanus II , became high priest in 62 BCE; and Aristobulus II , who

396-520: The Apostate by Christians, it was downgraded and the name was changed to Maioumas , which can be seen as simply meaning "harbour place", or as "the part of Gaza towards the sea". As a consequence of this, it is associated by some with a pagan festival also called the Maiuma or Maiouma , however others consider the word "maiuma" or "maiouma" to have evolved to cover a much wider set of meanings by

440-807: The Battle of Gadara , Jannaeus returned to Jerusalem, and was met with fierce Jewish opposition. During the Jewish holiday Sukkot , Alexander Jannaeus, while officiating as the High Priest at the Temple in Jerusalem, demonstrated his displeasure against the Pharisees by refusing to perform the water libation ceremony properly: instead of pouring it on the altar, he poured it on his feet. The crowd responded with shock at his mockery and showed their displeasure by pelting him with etrogim ( citrons ). They made

484-515: The Hasmonean palace near Jericho . For the last three years of his life, Alexander Jannaeus suffered from the combined effects of alcoholism and quartan ague (malaria). After a reign of 27 years, he died c. 76 BCE at the age of forty-nine, during the siege of Ragaba . In Josephus's "Antiquities," he presents an account that differs from his earlier "War" and Syncellus's accounts. According to Josephus, Jannaeus fell fatally ill on

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528-541: The Jordan River . Estimated to have fifty to eighty thousand soldiers, Alexander's army consisted of both Jews and pagans . At the head of his armed forces were his elite pagan mercenaries. They were specialised in Greek-style phalanx . One of Ptolemy's commanders, Philostephanus, began the first attack by crossing the river that divided both forces. The Hasmoneans had the advantage. Philostephanus held back

572-636: The Madaba Map Maiumas ( civitas Maiuma Ascalonitis ), the 6th-c. harbour of Ascalon , known from Piacenza Pilgrim 's itinerarium , perhaps today's Khirbat al-Ashraf Maiumas or Kefar Shuni, also Shumi/Shami, later Khirbat Miyāmās, Khirbat al-Shuna , today in Binyamina See also [ edit ] May Day , modern festival; Maiuma was one of its predecessors All pages with titles beginning with Maiuma All pages with titles containing Maiuma Topics referred to by

616-702: The Nabataean spice and incense trade route , dealing in herbs, spices incense, drapery, glass and food. Goods arrived in the port on the backs of camels from Southern Arabia (the Kingdom of Sheba ) through Petra , the Arava Valley and crossing the Negev Desert via Avdat . At the port of Gaza, these goods were dispatched to the European markets. Alexander Jannaeus ' conquest of Gaza that denied

660-511: The Apostate reverted the administrative move, but after his reign Constantine's arrangement was restored, Maiuma eventually becoming the seat of an independent bishop (please mind that the first bishops of Gaza, not Maiuma, also resided at Maiuma). An incomplete list of bishops of Maiuma includes: According to other sources, there is another bishop of Maiuma we know of: Maiuma is identified with al-Mina , about 4 kilometers from Gaza towards

704-679: The Hasmonean kingdom, occupying the entirety of northern Judea, the coast, and territories east of the Jordan River. While doing so, he pillaged villages and ordered his soldiers to cannibalise women and children to create psychological fear towards his enemies. At the time, Salome Alexandra was notified of Cleopatra's approachment to Judea. Realising that her son had amassed a formidable force in Judea, Cleopatra appointed Jewish generals Ananias and Chelkias to command her forces. She went with

748-455: The Jews and The Jewish War . The kingdom reached its greatest territorial extent under Alexander Jannaeus, incorporating most of Palestine 's Mediterranean coastline and regions surrounding the Jordan River . Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and adverse interactions with his subjects, he

792-691: The Judean Civil War. After Jannaeus succeeded early in the war, the rebels asked for Seleucid assistance. Judean insurgents joined forces with Demetrius III Eucaerus to fight against Jannaeus. Alexander had gathered six thousand two hundred mercenaries and twenty thousand Jews for battle. Demetrius had forty thousand soldiers and three thousand horses. There were attempts from both sides to persuade each other to abandon positions, but were unsuccessful. The Seleucid forces defeated Jannaeus at Shechem , and all of Alexander's mercenaries were killed in battle. This defeat forced Alexander to take refuge in

836-539: The Nabataean kingdom no longer had direct access to the Mediterranean Sea . Alexander soon captured Gadara, which together with the loss of Gaza caused the Nabataeans to lose their main trade routes leading to Rome and Damascus . After losing Gadara, the Nabataean king Obodas I launched an attack against Alexander in a steep valley at Gadara, where Alexander barely managed to escape. After his defeat in

880-551: The Nabateans access to the port and trade with Rome led to Obodas launching a military campaign against the Hasmonean king. Maiuma was rebuilt after it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 63 BCE under the command of Pompey Magnus and trade routes were reopened. Although the town grew to a community of no small importance with a population as high as 9,000 and increasingly sought independence of Gaza, it remained

924-480: The battlefield at Ragaba , with his wife Salome Alexandra present. Jannaeus instructed her to hide his death until she captured Ragaba and to subsequently share power with the Pharisees. He also requested that she allow the Pharisees to abuse his corpse, believing they would then give him an honorable burial, despite this request violating Deuteronomy 21 :22-23. This request is interpreted as Jannaeus seeking atonement for previously violating this commandment by abusing

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968-457: The city wasn't so easily achieved. Gaza's general Apollodotus strategically employed a night attack against the Hasmonean army. With a force of two thousand less-skilled soldiers and ten thousand slaves, Gaza's military was able to deceive the Hasmonean army into believing they were being attacked by Ptolemy. The Gazans killed many and the Hasmonean army fled the battle. When morning exposed the delusive tactic, Alexander continued his assault but lost

1012-467: The city, the inhabitants denied him access. Alexander too didn't want to be involved in a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, so he abandoned his campaign against Ptolemais and returned to Jerusalem . After offering Ptolemy four hundred talents and a peace treaty in return for Zoilus's death, Alexander met him with treachery by negotiating an alliance with Cleopatra. Once he had formed an alliance with Ptolemy, Alexander continued his conquests by capturing

1056-632: The coastal cities of Dora and Straton's Tower . As soon as Ptolemy learned of Alexander's scheme, he was determined to kill him. Ptolemy put Ptolemais under siege, but left his generals to attack the city, while he continued to pursue Alexander. Ptolemy's pursuit caused much destruction in the Galilee region . Here he captured Asochis on the Sabbath , taking ten thousand people as prisoners. Ptolemy also initiated an unsuccessful attack on Sepphoris . Ptolemy and Alexander engaged in battle at Asophon near

1100-426: The east. The Nabataean king Aretas III managed to defeat Alexander in battle. However, Alexander continued expanding the Hasmonean kingdom into Transjordan . In Gaulanitis , he captured the cities of Golan , Seleucia , and Gamala . In Galaaditis , the cities of Pella , Dium , and Gerasa . Alexander had Pella destroyed because its inhabitants refused to Judaize . He is believed to have expanded and fortified

1144-496: The inhabitants. Some men killed their wives and children out of desperation, to ensure they wouldn't be captured and enslaved. Others burned down their homes to prevent the soldiers from plundering. The town council and five hundred civilians took refuge at the Temple of Apollo , where Alexander had them massacred. The Judean Civil War initially began after the conquest of Gaza around 99 BCE. Due to Jannaeus's victory at Gaza,

1188-562: The ire of the Pharisees, who insisted that these two offices should not be combined. According to the Talmud , Alexander was a questionable desecrated priest, rumour had it that his mother was captured in Modi'in and violated, and, in the opinion of the Pharisees, was not allowed to serve in the temple . This infuriated the king and he sided with the Sadducees who defended him. This incident led

1232-518: The king to turn against the Pharisees, and he persecuted them until his death. Alexander's first expedition was against the city of Ptolemais . While Alexander went ahead to besiege the city, Zoilus of Dora took the opportunity to see if he could relieve Ptolemais in hopes of establishing his rule over coastal territories. Alexander's Hasmonean army quickly defeated Zoilus's forces. Ptolemais then requested aid from Ptolemy IX Lathyros , who had been banished by his mother Cleopatra III . Ptolemy founded

1276-527: The last known bishop of Maiuma, known to have participated in the Synod of Jerusalem of 581 . Mention must also be made of St. Cosmas of Maiuma . The city was famous for the fact that the tomb of a Saint Victor was located there; he had been an Egyptian martyr, but more about his identity is unknown. Severus of Antioch , disicple of Peter the Iberian , founded a monastery in the vicinity of Maiuma around

1320-533: The mountains. In sympathy towards Jannaeus, six thousand Judean rebels ultimately returned to him. In fear of this news, Demetrius withdrew. War between Jannaeus and the rebels who returned to him continued. They fought until Alexander achieved victory. Most of the rebels died in battle, while the remaining rebels fled to the city of Bethoma until they were defeated. Jannaeus had brought the surviving rebels back to Jerusalem where he had eight hundred Jews, primarily Pharisees, crucified. Before their deaths, Alexander had

1364-528: The rebels' wives and children executed before their eyes as Jannaeus ate with his concubines. Alexander later returned the land he had seized in Moab and Galaaditis from the Nabataeans in order to have them end their support for the Jewish rebels. The remaining rebels who numbered eight thousand, fled by night in fear of Alexander. Afterward, all rebel hostility ceased and Alexander's reign continued undisturbed. From 83 to 80 BCE, Alexander continued campaigning in

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1408-448: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Maiuma . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maiuma&oldid=1224360442 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1452-549: The sea. Remarkable archaeological findings from the site include the mosaic floor of the Gaza synagogue representing King David with a lyre, dated to the early 6th century AD and discovered in the mid-1960s. The city appears to have been fortified, but the enclosure wall still seems hard to trace. Alexander Jannaeus Alexander Jannaeus ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰανναῖος Aléxandros Iannaîos ; Hebrew : יַנַּאי ‎ Yannaʾy ; born Jonathan יהונתן )

1496-462: The situation worse by insulting him. They called him a descendant of a captive woman and unsuitable to hold office and to sacrifice. Outraged, he killed six thousand people. Alexander also had wooden barriers built around the altar and the temple preventing people from going near him. Only the priests were permitted to enter. This incident during the Feast of Tabernacles was a major factor leading up to

1540-735: The strong fortress of Amathus in the Transjordan region, but was defeated. He was more successful in his expedition against the coastal cities, capturing Raphia and Anthedon . In 96 BCE, Jannaeus defeated the inhabitants of Gaza . This victory gained Judean control over the Mediterranean outlet of the main Nabataean trade route. Alexander initially returned his focus back to the Transjordan region where, avenging his previous defeat, he destroyed Amathus. Determined to proceed with future campaigns despite his initial defeat at Amathus, Alexander set his focus on Gaza . A victory against

1584-418: The time the port near Gaza was given this name, with no Maiuma festival in the original meaning of the word ever taking place there. Following emperors did not reverse Julian's decision, though they allowed Maiuma to maintain an independent bishopric. Maiuma seems to have been an early center of the spread of Christianity, which may explain the treatment of its status by Constantine and Julian. Its population

1628-502: The year 500. According to the Life of Severus, written by Zacharias Rhetor , this was done after Severus received a substantial inheritance and the monastery of Peter had been converted from a laura to a coenobium . John Moschus mentions a laura that might be that of Severus in the early seventh century, however, the exact location of the monastery remains unknown. Constantine offered Christian Maiuma independence from pagan Gaza, Julian

1672-593: Was a certain Zeno from around 395 to after 400, mentioned by Sozomenus . Among others known are Paulianus (or Paulinianus), participant in the First Council of Ephesus in 431; Paul, who took part in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449; Peter the Iberian who was reluctant to serve in the office but was elected by the citizens in 452 nevertheless; John Rufus , his successor; and Procopius, chronologically

1716-453: Was continuously embroiled with foreign wars and domestic turmoil. Alexander Jannaeus was the third son of John Hyrcanus by his second wife. When Aristobulus I, Hyrcanus' son by his first wife, became king, he deemed it necessary for his own security to imprison his half-brother. Aristobulus died after a reign of one year. Upon his death, his widow, Salome Alexandra had Alexander and his brothers released from prison. One of these brothers

1760-575: Was high priest from 66 – 62 BCE and started a bloody civil war with his brother, ending in his capture by Pompey the Great . Like his brother, Alexander was an avid supporter of the aristocratic priestly faction known as the Sadducees . His wife Salome came from a Pharisaic family. Her brother was Simeon ben Shetach , a famous Pharisee leader. Salome was more sympathetic to their cause, and protected them throughout his turbulent reign. Like his father, Alexander served as high priest. This raised

1804-409: Was said to have been largely Egyptian in origin. Gaza steadfastly held on to its pagan faith and withstood Christian misdionary attempts, and as a result the first bishops of Gaza resided at Maiuma. As the city regained its independence from Gaza, for a certain period of time it had its own bishop, due to Gaza's relatively long resistance to introduction of Christianity. The first known bishop of Maiuma

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1848-406: Was simply called "the port of Gaza " in many early sources, for instance Strabo and Ptolemy referred to it as Gazaion limen . However, it was distinct from the city, which was located opposite it, and recognised as an independent city since the early Christian era. The Greek name Neapolis ("the new city") seems to have also been used in reference to it. The port of Gaza was at the end of

1892-500: Was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty , who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of John Hyrcanus , he inherited the throne from his brother Aristobulus I , and married his brother's widow , Queen Salome Alexandra . From his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been described as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict. The major historical sources of Alexander's life are Josephus 's Antiquities of

1936-481: Was urged by her subordinates to annex Judea. Ananias demanded she consider the residential Egyptian Jews who were the main support of her throne. This induced Cleopatra to modify her longings for Judea. Alexander met her demands and suspended his campaigns. These negotiations took place at Scythopolis . Cleopatra died five years later. Confident, after her death, Alexander found himself free to continue with new campaigns. Alexander captured Gadara and fought to capture

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