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57-551: It is bordered on the west by the province of Sultan Kudarat , on the east by the municipality of Kiamba , on the north by the province of South Cotabato , and the south by the Celebes Sea . According to local folklore, "Maitum" refers to the black stones in the Saub River. It is believed that the river stones turned black when the local native princess and her warrior lover passed through it as they eloped and escaped from

114-465: A basis for understanding and interpreting current cultural practices of secondary burial. The overarching theme for Hertz was that in the Ngadju-Daya communities there was a moral obligation from both the family and community to benefit the deceased in the afterlife. In addition to providing for the deceased, this ceremony emphasized the greater good of the community over individualism. However, it

171-404: A challenge because, even if something is missing or does not look correct, it is not always evidence for or against either primary or secondary burial. There are many processes and traditions by which a culture may perform a secondary burial. They may cremate the individual and even perform secondary cremation . They may bury the individual first, and then later exhume a specific portion, like

228-431: A grave containing a primary burial as a positive process, adding up certain characteristics in to identify a primary burial. Archaeologists identify a secondary burial works as a negative process, characterized by the absence of certain elements. If there is a full skeleton that is complete and with elements in correct anatomical positions, it is probably a primary burial. Some cultures deflesh an individual after death,

285-492: A national historical sites). Amid Mindanao 's armed conflicts, artifacts found thereat prove settlements of pre-historic civilization in Maitum. Poverty incidence of Maitum Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The economy of Maitum is largely based on agriculture and is often called the "rice-granary" of Sarangani due to its high level production of rice . Aqua-culture is the second biggest income earner, notably

342-777: A number of archaeological - either government or privately sponsored - excavations have been conducted to recover these artifacts. These jars have characteristics that belong to the Developed Metal Age Period in the Philippines [calibrated date of 190 BC to 500 AD]. According to the laboratory results determined through radiocarbon dating , these secondary burial jars date back to the Metal Age . Two conventional dates were 1830 +/-60 B.P. [calibrated date of AD 70 to 370] and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. [calibrated date of 5 BC to 225 AD]. Experts used soot samples taken from

399-764: A process known as excarnation , which can take the place of a primary burial. They then collect all of the cleaned bones and bury them in a grave or tomb as a “complete” and “anatomical” skeleton (even if some bones are missing). Due to lack of preservation, some small bones, such as the phalanges , vertebrae , or ribs may be missing. Therefore, the absence of small bones may not indicate secondary burial. Issues of site taphonomy or circumstances of death may contribute to incomplete skeletons. This damage may either be caused by natural processes ( earthquake , flood , weathering , and erosion ), animals (usually rodents but also snakes ) may have burrowed and destroyed, or stolen and moved bones, or through human actions unrelated to

456-791: A secondary lingua franca in the province. Aside from the Hiligaynons, who settled in Sultan Kudarat around the 17th to 18th centuries along with the Karay-as, whereas their fellow new settlers from Visayas continued until the Philippine independence, other ethnic groups in the province include the Maguindanaons (who constitute the majority of the provincial Muslim population), as well as the Manobos , Tedurays and Blaans ,

513-877: Is a province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao . Its capital is Isulan while the commercial center and largest city is Tacurong . On February 23, 1995, Sultan Kudarat transferred from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now Bangsamoro Autonomous Region ) to Soccsksargen. The name Sultan Kudarat given to the province was derived from the Maguindanaon Muslim ruler, Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat who began to assert his leadership in

570-407: Is important to identify marks that happened after death yet before burial. The body may also be cleaned by other humans with blades. that leave cut marks on the bones. Instances of defleshing with blades have been interpreted as signs of cannibals when bones were cut or cleaned in a deliberate manner. Artificial mounds and other, clearly visible, above-ground structures have been re-used since

627-600: Is important to note that neither Hertz, Schärer, or Stöher lived amongst these native people, leaving room for misinterpretation and bias. Secondary burials are also seen in many cultures over the centuries outside of the Ngadja-Daya. The unique characteristics and frequency of secondary burials are often used to help identify and characterize past settlements. These traditions have left a strong impression on people's minds today, and hence have affected how we view past cultures in general. Some more well-known examples include

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684-547: Is predominantly agricultural. The leading crops produced in the province are rice, corn, coconuts, coffee, bananas, mangoes, durians and African palm. The province is self-sufficient in poultry, swine and root crops, and is one of the few producers of Irish potatoes in the Philippines. The southern Philippines Grain Complex in Tacurong is the largest grains-processing complex in the country. There are more than 200 rice mills in

741-659: Is the location where the Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery or Maitum Jars were found. In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani, Mindanao, Philippines. The jars are commonly known today as Maitum jars. They are made of earthenware , and are characterized by their design that suggests human figures with complete or partial facial features of

798-884: The Paleolithic period, (including the Middle Paleolithic Mousterian culture and the Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian culture) and continuing through the Mesolithic period into the Neolithic period. The mortuary practice is evident into the Iron Age , Medieval Europe , and into modern times . It has been a funerary tradition for cultures throughout the world. It was used by hunter-gatherer bands to large-scale, stratified states . Secondary burial

855-620: The Philippine Military on September 24, 1974, –1,500 two years after Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law . Accounts compiled by the Moro Women's Center in General Santos state that 1,500 male Moros aged 11–70 were killed inside a mosque , 3,000 women and children aged 9–60 were detained – with the women being raped – and 300 houses were razed by the government forces. On May 10 and 11 of 2024, Tacurong held

912-458: The archaeological record and has been documented ethnographically . There are many different treatments, processes, and identifiers of secondary burial, and how it differs from primary burial . They can be similar in some ways. There are also many different reasons why individuals will perform the secondary burial. Some processes require the body to be prepared in a specific way before final or first inhumation. Others occur later. For examples, in

969-423: The 8th "Sultan Kudarat Bird Festival" at the 2.5-hectare Baras Bird Sanctuary , the largest nesting site of 20,000 bird species , particularly those of egrets and herons . Sultan Kudarat is situated in the southwestern section of central Mindanao . It is bounded on the north by the provinces of Maguindanao del Norte , Maguindanao del Sur and Cotabato ; on the south by South Cotabato and Sarangani ; on

1026-525: The Holy Land involved an initial interment in a tomb, for example, prone on a bench, until the body decayed. Subsequently, the decayed remains would be relegated to a nearby receptacle within the same tomb. Later, another person, typically a later member of the same family, would be placed on the same bench, and the process would continue. This practice is described in the article on Ketef Hinnom . This practice of secondary burial should be distinguished from

1083-468: The New Stone Age (and even in later times, often by much later cultures) for burials of bodies, bones or cremated remains (in urns ). These more recent burials, of whatever form, are referred to by archaeologists as secondary burials. They are found in grave mounds, usually in those areas of the site that could at the same time be extended. In larger dolmens , passage graves , stone cists , etc.

1140-498: The burial or funerary tradition (construction, grave robbing , farming). When there is a fully articulated skeleton, an archaeologist can look at the surrounding soil , under and around the remains, otherwise called the matrix , in order to identify the presence of organic material in the soil signifying the in situ decomposition of the flesh . Depending on burial conditions and time, there may be some joint tissue that can be evidence of primary burial. Identification can be

1197-459: The central part of the province from the sea. There are also mountains on the eastern side, leaving flat land in between. The province has an irregular coastline of 132 kilometres (82 mi) in its three coastal towns, which face the Celebes Sea. These coastal areas are prone to tsunamis coming from the Celebes Sea. Approximately 2/3 of Lake Buluan 's area is covered by the province in

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1254-476: The continual use of natural caves, even when this falls during the same historical period, because they did not involve artificially constructed monuments. Much of the recordings of burial ceremonies were from the observations of explorers, missionaries, and administrative personnel who lived amongst native peoples. In the late 19th and early 20th century. Three important figures in analyzing these accounts were Hertz, Schärer, and Stöher. These scholars characterized

1311-522: The country, Sultan Kudarat is generally free from typhoons as it is situated outside the "typhoon belt". The average temperature is 35 °C (95 °F), with 38 °C (100 °F) as the average maximum normally occurring in March. The lowest recorded was 18 °C (64 °F) in the Kulaman area from December to early January. Sultan Kudarat comprises 11 municipalities and 1 city . Three of

1368-501: The cultural value of the jars. The interview noted the need for a public awareness campaign on the importance of the Maitum jars for the town's heritage, especially to the barangays within the caves they were found in. Some locals have said that they have sold jars to foreigners, who pay them a hefty price. Locals would sometimes throw away jar shards as well. On top of that, the caves where the jars were initially found have repeatedly been ransacked since there are no physical protections in

1425-414: The culture of milkfish ( bangus ), prawns (particularly giant prawns) and shrimps for export. Other agricultural products are coconuts , maize , rubber , bananas , mangoes , pork , eggs , beef , fish and cacao . Maitum is also a food basket nationally famous for its marinated flying fish. The economy has accelerated in the past decade driven by advances in global communication technology and

1482-743: The east by Davao del Sur ; and on the west by the Moro Gulf and the Celebes Sea . The province's total land area is 5,298.34 square kilometres (2,045.70 sq mi). Two major mountain ranges encompass the province; the Alip Mountain Range in Columbio and the Daguma Mountain Range within the towns of Bagumbayan, Isulan, and Esperanza. The three coastal towns on the province's western side (Lebak, Kalamansig, and Palimbang) are lined with mountain ranges that separate

1539-509: The finishing of a modern highway that tremendously improved trade and transport. Tarsiers have been discovered in Maitum's mountainous areas. Caves and the rainforest of Maitum are the natural habitat of a rare fruit bat species called giant golden-crowned flying fox ( Acedoron jubatus ), also known as "silent planter," since it contributes greatly to forest regeneration, because of eating many fruits and their seeds. The rare writhed-billed hornbill and Mindanao hornbill are also found in

1596-631: The first inhabitants in Mindanao. Furthermore, they give emphasis to the Filipinos’ popular belief of life after death. According to Dr. Eusebio Dizon , head of the archaeological team, this type of burial jars are “remarkably unique and intriguing” because they have not been found elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Thus, many archaeologists from Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Indonesia gained interest on this initial find and

1653-402: The government for proper conservation for future generations, and must not be sold to collectors. Violating the law that safeguards the Maitum jars will lead to imprisonment of up to 20 years and payment for damages up to 250,000 pesos. Unfortunately, despite the high regard of scholars on the Maitum jars, in an interview of townsfolk in 2012, majority of the residents of Maitum town are unaware of

1710-407: The initial burial, with temporary or final severance of all physical contact of family and community members with the deceased. Secondary burial may occur after a primary funeral ceremony, during which there is additional manipulation of the human remains. This may include a second funeral ceremony, sometimes considered to alter the spiritual condition of the deceased. Secondary burial is evident in

1767-569: The lack of public awareness in the town itself, mindfulness for cultural heritage in the town, and physical and a better legal protection for the caves and its jars. Sultan Kudarat Sultan Kudarat , officially the Province of Sultan Kudarat ( Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Sultan Kudarat ; Maguindanaon : Dairat nu Sultan Kudarat , Jawi : دايرت نو سولتان كودرت; Cebuano : Lalawigan sa Sultan Kudarat ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Sultan Kudarat ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Sultan Kudarat ),

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1824-444: The latter being the provincial capital. The population of Sultan Kudarat in the 2020 census was 854,052 people, with a density of 160 inhabitants per square kilometre or 410 inhabitants per square mile. At the 2000 census, the province had a total population of 586,505 inhabitants, which grew to 747,087 in the 2010 census. About 113 ethnic groups were identified in the province in the 2000 Census. The Hiligaynons constitute

1881-506: The majority of the population, with Hiligaynon being the province's most widely spoken language. Other languages spoken in the province are Maguindanaon , Karay-a , Dulangan Manobo , Blaan , Teduray , Ilocano , and Cebuano . Filipino and English are also widely understood and used in education, business, and administration as the national official languages, the former serving as dominant language in local media and of everyday communication of speakers of different languages, making it

1938-542: The mortuary practices of the Neolithic Anatolian site of Çatalhöyük , secondary reburial of the skull of one individual with another occurred. This culture, like that of the earlier Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture of the Levant , also practiced the making of plastered human skulls . In this case, the body received primary burial while the skull subsequently received secondary burial. Archaeologists define

1995-409: The most number of hospitals in the province with 11, followed by Isulan with 5. As of 2010, the provincial road network spanned a total length of 3,749.5813 kilometres (2,329.8818 mi) of which 49.26% were barangay roads, 27.97% provincial roads, 13.51% municipal/city roads and 9.25% national roads. Bagumbayan had the longest road network at 516.789 kilometres (321.118 mi), while Lutayan had

2052-401: The mountainous areas of Isulan, Bagumbayan, Sen. Ninoy Aquino, Palimbang and Columbio. Non-metallic minerals which include sand, gravel and marbleized limestone are also found in the province. For the school year 2009–2010, the province has 475 schools (401 public and 74 private), 368 of which were elementary schools, 90 were secondary, and 17 were tertiary. Sultan Kudarat State University is

2109-407: The municipalities ( Kalamansig , Lebak , and Palimbang ) are coastal towns, while the rest of the province is located inland. The 11 municipalities and Tacurong City are further subdivided into 249 barangays . Tacurong City is the smallest unit in the province by land area, but is the most urbanized and is considered the province's commercial center. Other growth centers are Lebak and Isulan ,

2166-468: The museum from the national government is scarce. Museum researchers have speculated that many Maitum jars have been looted before their initial discovery, as many jars have been seen in the black market. The Maitum Jars have been declared as National Treasures of the Philippines and Important Cultural Properties of the Philippines , meaning, they must never get out from the country and should be conserved by all means. Found jars should be directly given to

2223-512: The only public tertiary school within the province, with its main campus at Tacurong City. Its other campuses are situated in Bagumbayan, Isulan, Kalamansig, Lutayan, Palimbang, and Senator Ninoy Aquino. In 2010, Sultan Kudarat had 27 hospitals (5 government-owned, 22 private and 1 mobile hospital), which are classified into 17 primary (6-25 beds capacity), 8 secondary (25-100 beds capacity) and 2 tertiary (over 100 beds capacity). Tacurong had

2280-644: The population are of Ilocano origin. One of the indigenous peoples living in mountainous areas of Maitum is known as T'boli . The annual Binuyugan Festival is celebrated in May. Internationally, Maitum is known for the discovery of very old cave artifacts called Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries in one of the caves nearby. Ancient burial jars were discovered by archaeologists from the National Museum in Ayub Cave, Maitum, in 1991 and in 2008, at Sagel Cave, Maitum (now declared by National Historical Institute as

2337-515: The province are: Festivals celebrated within the province include: Download coordinates as: Secondary burial The secondary burial (German: Nachbestattung or Sekundärbestattung ), or “double funeral ” (not to be confused with double burial in which two bodies are interred together) is a feature of prehistoric and historic gravesites . The term refers to remains that represent an exhumation and reburial, whether intentional or accidental. Examples of secondary burial are known from

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2394-462: The province, the majority of which is classified as Mountain Soil (71%), followed by Sandy Loam (12.036%), Silty Clay Loam (4.880%), Clay Loam (4.612%) and Loamy Sand (0.185). The climate of Sultan Kudarat falls under Type IV of Climate (characterized by rain showers or evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year). Heavy rainfall occurs from April to November. Unlike most other provinces in

2451-405: The province. Fishing is an industry in the three coastal towns of the province (Kalamansig, Lebak and Palimbang). Tuna caught along the coasts along the Celebes Sea are exported to Japan and Europe. Other economic activities include cottage industries , which include crafts made of rattan and other types of wood. Metallic minerals, which include copper, gold and silver, are found within

2508-546: The re-use of the interior space available was usually closer in time to the original burial (e.g. by the Globular Amphora culture ), if necessary also accompanied by the removal or addition of secondary chambers (as in the Megalithic tombs of Hagestad ). The mounds of the megalithic tombs, which were usually covered with earth, were re-used following a similar shape as the original grave mound. Secondary burial in

2565-657: The region. Sultan Kudarat was part of the former province of Cotabato , until its creation as an independent province (along with Maguindanao and North Cotabato ) on November 22, 1973, through Presidential Decree No. 341 . One notable event that took place in Sultan Kudarat was the Palimbang Massacre (also called the Malisbong Masjid Massacre ), which saw the mass murder of Moro residents of Barrio Malisbong in Palimbang by units of

2622-587: The remainders such as the Evangelical Christians , United Church of Christ in the Philippines , Jehovah's Witnesses , United Methodist Church , Southern Baptists, as well as "tribal religions". In 2015 the Philippine Statistics Authority recorded Islam followed by 29.48% of the population. Poverty incidence of Sultan Kudarat Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The economy of Sultan Kudarat

2679-512: The secondary burials of the Ngadju-Daya communities. These communities were part of the Dayak culture in Indonesia, and had a very structured approach to secondary burial ceremonies. These highly structured ceremonies helped the community feel as though they had some semblance of control over death. The translation and interpretation of Hertz’ thesis was seminal in the field, and is still used as

2736-457: The secondary skull burial at Çatalhöyük , or the deliberate disturbance of graves at the Zvejnieki burial ground . If cleaning the skeleton the members of the family, corporate body, or community may take the body to a location outside and leave the body to have it decompose and be cleaned by bacteria, insects, and scavenging animals, the latter of which may leave tooth and claw marks. It

2793-935: The shortest at 107.38 kilometres (66.72 mi). Sultan Kudarat has two seaports: the Port of Lebak in Kalamansig and the San Roque Port in Palimbang, and four airports (2 government-owned: Lebak Municipal Airport and President Quirino Airport, and 2 privately owned: Kalamansig Airport and Kenram Airport). The following are the elected government officials and their years of tenure: Elected Officials (2016-2019) : Elected Officials (2010-2013) : Elected Officials (2007-2010) : Elected Officials (2004-2007) : Elected Officials (1998-2000; 2000–2004) : Elected Officials (1995-1998) : Elected Officials (1992-1995) : The former governors who have administered

2850-439: The site. There are no site guards or a conservation station located within the vicinity of the cave despite being discovered around 3 decades ago. Many jar shards exist in the caves and are left unprotected, despite the caves being declared as a heritage site. Due to these factors, despite many scholars wanting to campaign the declaration of the town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , such declaration would be hard to achieve due to

2907-524: The surrounding rainforest. The Philippine eagle (a monkey -eating eagle ) also thrives in the area. Endangered hawksbill turtles have their nesting grounds in Maitum's former main village called "Old Poblacion". Other wild animals are wild boar , deer , monkeys, and various species of snake . Sea turtles or pawikan can also be found in Maitum, Sarangani specifically at the Pawikan Nesting Sanctuary founded in 2003. The town

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2964-482: The three autochthonous ethnic groups of the province. Ilocanos and Cebuanos meanwhile are relative newcomers to the province, with the former comprising the majority of the population in the towns of Lambayong and President Quirino, and the latter in the town of Kalamansig. The four major religious groups in Sultan Kudarat are Islam (48.37%), Catholic (30.27%), Iglesia ni Cristo (2.05%), and Seventh-day Adventists (1.49%). Other Christian groups constitute most of

3021-520: The towns of Lutayan and President Quirino. There are 7 major rivers within the province: Alip , Allah , Kapingkong , Tran , Salaman , Palimbang and Kabulnan . Additionally, there are 23 large creeks and 11 major springs within the province. Forestland constitutes the majority of the province's land use (50.32% ), followed by agricultural land (44.77%), fishing grounds (2.42%), non-agricultural land (1.16%), "other bodies of water" (1.02%), and fishponds (0.31%). Five major soil types are found within

3078-526: The walls of a small earthenware vessel found inside one of the larger burial jars. Most of the jars are now on display at the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila . The town has a museum with Maitum jars, however, the jars are only replicas. According to the town government, they intend for the Maitum jars to be returned to Maitum town from Manila once a proper museum with high-tech conservation capabilities has been established. Unfortunately, funding for

3135-491: The wrath of the princess's father who disapproved of their marriage. The town's name is derived from the Visayan word maitom , literally meaning black. In 1928, Maitum became part of the municipality of Kiamba . It became a separate municipality on May 7, 1959, through Republic Act No. 2189. Maitum is politically subdivided into 19 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . The majority of

3192-653: The year 1619 and reigned in the Sultanate of Maguindanao from 1625 to 1671. Through his leadership, Spanish forces were successfully repelled from encroaching the Cotabato region of south-central Mindanao. He is considered a national hero, and in his honor, the province was named after him. Sultan Kudarat was once part of the Sultanate of Maguindanao . It became one of the strongholds of the Maguindanao society as some royal families established their own Sultanate in

3249-446: Was used by Neanderthals and by anatomically modern Homo sapiens . Secondary burial is a frequent feature of megalithic tombs and tumuli . Secondary burials were also a mortuary custom among many Native American cultures, and peoples of the Philippines . From an archaeological and ethnographic perspective, the burials of the dead are divided into two categories: primary burials and secondary burials. Primary burials refer to

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