Shahmukhi ( Punjabi : شاہ مُکھی , pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː] , lit. ' from the king's mouth ' ) is the right-to-left alphabet, developed from the Perso-Arabic script , used for the Punjabi language varieties , predominantly in Pakistan . It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhi used officially in India .
19-699: Majhi ( Shahmukhi : ماجھی ; Gurmukhi : ਮਾਝੀ ; Punjabi: [mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨] ), also known as Central Punjabi , is the most widely-spoken dialect of the Punjabi language , natively spoken in the Majha region of Punjab in present-day Pakistan and India . The dialect forms the basis of Standard Punjabi . The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar because of their historic significance. Europe North America Oceania There are various varieties of Majhi spoken across Majha. Although each city speaks slightly differently from
38-772: A /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/ , this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/ . These characters, however are rarely used. The letter ژ is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi si on in English and the letter ع is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words. Majha Europe North America Oceania Majha ( Punjabi : ਮਾਝਾ ( Gurmukhi ) , ماجھا ( Shahmukhi ) , romanized: Mājhā ; Punjabi pronunciation: [mäˑ˩˥.dʒˑäː] ; meaning "heartland )
57-449: A pronominal suffix can function as are: Majhi uses pronominal suffixes for the second and third persons and, unlike Western Punjabi, for both present and past tense . ਈ ای ਜੇ جے ਸਾਈ سائی ਸਾਜੇ ساجے ਸੂ سُو ਨੇ نے ਸਾਸੂ ساسُو ਸਾਨੇ سانے Examples in perfect transitive verbs (marking the ergative agent): - Alternate auxiliary verbs First person singular ā̃ or jē (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / آں، جے )
76-556: A smaller portion of the Jech Doab region (the region between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab ). The Majha region of historical Punjab region spans northward from the right banks of river Beas , and extends up to river Jhelum at its northmost, making it the largest regions of historic Punjab . The Indian state of Punjab has continued to recognize the Majha region through maintaining the districts that have historically belonged to
95-453: Is a region located in the central parts of the historical Punjab region , currently split between the republics of Pakistan and India. It extends north from the right banks of the river Beas , and reaches as far north as the river Jhelum . People of the Majha region are given the demonym "Mājhī" or "Majhail". Most inhabitants of the region speak the Majhi dialect , which is the basis of
114-531: Is also the birthplace of Sikhism. The word "Mājhā" means the "central" or the "heartland". The Majha region is geographically located in the middle (or central part) of the historic Punjab region , hence giving it the name Majha. It includes a considerable portion of the Bari Doab (the region between the rivers Beas and Ravi ) and the Rechna Doab (the region between the rivers Ravi and Chenab ), and
133-733: Is used. E.g. mẽ karnā ʷā̃ / jē (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ , ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਜੇ / میں کرنا آں ، میں کرنا جے ) Third person singular ī or è (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / اے، وے، ای ) is used. E.g. ṓ kardā ī (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਈ / اوہ کردا ای ) The Majhi copula does not differ from Standard Punjabi, except for in the third-person plural, where instead of han (ਹਨ / ہَن ), it uses ne (ਨੇ / نے ) or nẽ (ਨੇਂ / نیں ). ਓਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਨੇਂ اوہ سوندے نیں ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ سوندے ہن Nasalisation of tusī̃ (ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں ) and asī̃ (ਅਸੀਂ / اَسِیں ) are often not realised in Majhi, thus said as tusī (ਤੁਸੀ / تُسی ) and asī (ਅਸੀ / اَسی ) respectively. In colloquial Majhi,
152-534: Is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Shahmukhi has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters. Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties . The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'. However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from
171-934: The Urdu alphabet , but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology . For writing Saraiki , an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants ( ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ ). Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script , to express short vowels. (ن٘) No Punjabi words begin with ں , ھ , or ے . Words which begin with ڑ are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat . The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, ل and لؕ form ligatures with ا : لا ( ـلا ) and لؕا ( ـلؕا ). Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent
190-762: The s sound in many words shifts to an h , such as in asī (ਅਸੀ / اَسی ), sāḍā (ਸਾਡਾ / ساڈا ) and pēse (ਪੈਸੇ / پیسے ), being heard as ahī , hāḍā and pēhe respectively. hē(gā) sī is used instead of sīgā . The ēvẽ class of adverbial pronouns are used for "how" rather than ēddā̃ . - Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for habitual aspect ਮੈਂ ਕਰ ਨਾ ਆਂ میں کرنا آں ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ میں کردا ہاں ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾ ਨੇ ਆਂ اسی گھر جانے آں ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ اسی گھر جاندے ہاں ਅਸੀ ਕਰ ਨੀਆਂ ਆਂ اسی کرنِیاں واں ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ اسی کردِیاں ہاں ਤੂੰ ਕਰ ਨਾ ਐਂ تُوں کرنا ایں ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ تُوں کردا ہیں ਤੁਸੀ ਕਰ ਨੀਆਂ ਓ/ਜੇ تسی کرنِیاں او/جے ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹੋ تسی کردِیاں ہو Eastern Majhi refers to
209-623: The 13th century onwards with the first major works produced by Baba Farid . According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal -era Punjab , when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which
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#1732773245671228-565: The Majha region have been historically known for their warrior-like nature. The Majha region is called the "Sword Arm of the Country", due to it contributing disproportionately to the Officer as well as Orderly ranks of the Armies of both India and Pakistan. The Sikh Empire was founded in the Majha region, and so the region is also sometimes referred to as "the cradle of the brave Sikhs". Majha
247-789: The area on the north of Sutlej , after the confluence of Beas and Sutlej at Harike in Tarn Taran district , extending up to the City Makhu In Ferozpur District , which is all part of the Majha region in India. This region contains eighteen districts of the Pakistani province of Punjab , including the cities of Lahore , Faisalabad , Sahiwal , Pakpattan , Gujranwala , Gujrat , and Sialkot . It includes four districts of Indian state of Punjab – Amritsar , Tarn Taran , Gurdaspur , and Pathankot . The people of
266-403: The next, there are a few major categories of Majhi. One of Majhi's most noteworthy features is the usage of pronominal suffixes, which it shares with Western Punjabi . Pronominal suffixes are auxiliary replacements of the copula which act like pronouns . They function as a particular thematic role and agree to it in person and number (as a pronoun would). The thematic/syntactic roles
285-557: The special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: ٹ to represent /ʈ/ , ڈ to represent /ɖ/ , ڑ to represent /ɽ/ , ں to represent /◌̃/ , and ے to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/ . Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi- he letter, ھ , exists to denote
304-556: The standard register of the Punjabi language . The most populous city in the area is Lahore on the Pakistani side, and Amritsar on the Indian side of the border. During the partition of India in 1947, the Majha region of Punjab was split between India and Pakistan when the Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab were formed. The Majha region of Indian State of Punjab covers the area between Beas and Ravi rivers, including
323-726: The subdialect native to region of Majha east of Lahore, i.e. the Amritsar and Tarn Taran districts and surrounding areas. It is also spoken by the descendants of those who migrated out of these areas. Eastern Majhi often uses the past-tense inflection of the verb ḍahiṇā (ਡਹਿਣਾ / ڈہݨا ) to form continuous tenses, rather than pēṇā (ਪੈਣਾ/ پَیݨا ) which is used by most other Majhi and Punjabi dialects. ਏਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کرݨ ڈہیا سی ਏਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کردا پیا سی ਇਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ اوہ کر رہیا سی ਓਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کرݨ ڈہی اے ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ اوہ کردی پئی ہے ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کر رہی ہے Northwestern or Gujrati Majhi refers to
342-584: The subdialect spoken in the northwestern side of the Majha region in Pakistan , primarily in the Gujrat district and extending into the Jhelum and Bhimber districts. Shahmukhi Most of the classical Punjabi literature has been produced in Shahmukhi; used by major Muslim writers including Baba Farid , Bulleh Shah , Waris Shah , Sultan Bahu , and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh , among others. Shahmukhi
361-522: Was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools. Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations. Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script 's Persian alphabet . It is identical to
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