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47-469: The village of Karlov pod Pradědem is an administrative part of Malá Morávka. Malá Morávka is located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Bruntál and 47 km (29 mi) north of Olomouc . It lies in the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range. The peaks of the three highest mountains of Hrubý Jeseník, including Praděd at 1,491 m (4,892 ft) above sea level, lie in the northwestern part of

94-592: A subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp for women. The town was liberated by the Soviet Red Army on 7 May 1945, and then restored to Czechoslovakia. The German population was expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and resettled by Czechs. In the 1950s, the textile industry ended and was replaced by new industrial enterprises. The largest employer with the headquarters in

141-458: A centimeter over several million years. The average diameter of a polymetallic nodule is between 3 and 10 cm (1 and 4 in) in diameter and are characterized by enrichment in iron, manganese, heavy metals , and rare earth element content when compared to the Earth's crust and surrounding sediment. The proposed mining of these nodules via remotely operated ocean floor trawling robots has raised

188-421: A direct result of metamorphism. These are the leading source of copper ore. Porphyry copper deposits form along convergent boundaries and are thought to originate from the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates and subsequent concentration of Cu, driven by oxidation. These are large, round, disseminated deposits containing on average 0.8% copper by weight. Hydrothermal Hydrothermal deposits are

235-449: A large source of ore. They form as a result of the precipitation of dissolved ore constituents out of fluids. Laterites form from the weathering of highly mafic rock near the equator. They can form in as little as one million years and are a source of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al). They may also be a source of nickel and cobalt when the parent rock is enriched in these elements. Banded iron formations (BIFs) are

282-589: A miner in its oldest known image on a document from 1287. In addition to mining the town's economic growth was aided by its location on a trade route and the development of crafts. Bruntál was owned by various branches of the Přemyslid dynasty almost continuously until 1474. It was owned by the Margraves of Moravia in 1213–1318, by the Dukes of Opava in 1318–1377, and by the Dukes of Krnov in 1377–1474 except for

329-644: A number of ecological concerns. The extraction of ore deposits generally follows these steps. Progression from stages 1–3 will see a continuous disqualification of potential ore bodies as more information is obtained on their viability: With rates of ore discovery in a steady decline since the mid 20th century, it is thought that most surface level, easily accessible sources have been exhausted. This means progressively lower grade deposits must be turned to, and new methods of extraction must be developed. Some ores contain heavy metals , toxins, radioactive isotopes and other potentially negative compounds which may pose

376-824: A risk to the environment or health. The exact effects an ore and its tailings have is dependent on the minerals present. Tailings of particular concern are those of older mines, as containment and remediation methods in the past were next to non-existent, leading to high levels of leaching into the surrounding environment. Mercury and arsenic are two ore related elements of particular concern. Additional elements found in ore which may have adverse health affects in organisms include iron, lead, uranium, zinc, silicon, titanium, sulfur, nitrogen, platinum, and chromium. Exposure to these elements may result in respiratory and cardiovascular problems and neurological issues. These are of particular danger to aquatic life if dissolved in water. Ores such as those of sulphide minerals may severely increase

423-513: A single mineral, but it is mixed with other valuable minerals and with unwanted or valueless rocks and minerals. The part of an ore that is not economically desirable and that cannot be avoided in mining is known as gangue . The valuable ore minerals are separated from the gangue minerals by froth flotation , gravity concentration, electric or magnetic methods, and other operations known collectively as mineral processing or ore dressing . Mineral processing consists of first liberation, to free

470-552: A sizeable portion of international trade in raw materials both in value and volume. This is because the worldwide distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand and from smelting infrastructure. Most base metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) are traded internationally on the London Metal Exchange , with smaller stockpiles and metals exchanges monitored by the COMEX and NYMEX exchanges in

517-486: A variety of geological processes generally referred to as ore genesis and can be classified based on their deposit type. Ore is extracted from the earth through mining and treated or refined , often via smelting , to extract the valuable metals or minerals. Some ores, depending on their composition, may pose threats to health or surrounding ecosystems. The word ore is of Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning lump of metal . In most cases, an ore does not consist entirely of

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564-411: Is Bruntál Castle. The original Gothic fortress from the end of the 15th century was rebuilt into a Renaissance residence in the second half of the 16th century, and then baroque rebuilt in 1766–1769. It has an atypical floor plan with a triangular courtyard with arcades. The valuable equipment of the original interiors with a picture collection, armory and library has been preserved. Today the castle houses

611-471: Is a large Baroque church built in 1755–1758, which replaced an old wooden chapel from 1654. A wide linden alley planted in 1770 leads to it, which is today a protected cultural monument. Bruntál is twinned with: Ore Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals , typically including metals , concentrated above background levels, and that is economically viable to mine and process. The grade of ore refers to

658-483: Is a mineral deposit occurring in high enough concentration to be economically viable. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type. Most ore deposits are named according to their location, or after a discoverer (e.g. the Kambalda nickel shoots are named after drillers), or after some whimsy, a historical figure, a prominent person, a city or town from which the owner came, something from mythology (such as

705-546: Is a town in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 15,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone . The area of the former village of Karlovec is an administrative part of Bruntál. It forms an exclave of the municipal territory. The original German name Freudenthal means "valley of joy" and refers to

752-410: Is considered alluvial if formed via river, colluvial if by gravity, and eluvial when close to their parent rock. Polymetallic nodules , also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea floor formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. They are formed by a combination of diagenetic and sedimentary precipitation at the estimated rate of about

799-598: Is in the Uničov Charter issued by King Ottokar I in 1223. According to the charter, Bruntál was founded probably by Vladislaus Henry around 1213 and granted Magdeburg rights . Being the first settlement in Czech lands to be granted Magdeburg rights, Bruntál was an appellate court for all cities endowed with Magdeburg rights in Northern Moravia (including Olomouc and Opava ) until 1352. The reasons behind

846-470: Is provided by the elementary art school. Another educational facility is the Leisure Time Centre. This facility is aimed at providing various leisure activities for children of all ages and adults. The sorts of activities offered by the Leisure Time Centre vary from sports (belly dancing, volleyball, gymnastics, etc.) to pottery or playing musical instruments. The most important monument

893-630: Is the terminus of a short railway line from Bruntál . It operates only in the summer season. The main landmark of Malá Morávka is the Church of All Saints. It was built in the Neoclassical style in 1790–1793. For the well-preserved urbanism of a village typical of this region and for many high-quality examples of regional folk architecture, Malá Morávka is protected as a village monument zone . Brunt%C3%A1l Bruntál ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈbruntaːl] ; German : Freudenthal )

940-541: The Bukový, Kobylí and Vodárenský creeks, flows through Bruntál. The Kobylí Pond is located in the middle of the town. Bukový fish pond with a surface area of 5 ha (12 acres) lies in the northern part of the municipal territory. The Karlovec exclave is located on the banks of the Slezská Harta Reservoir , about 5 km (3 mi) southeast of the town centre. The most remarkable geological site in

987-512: The Elder of Vrbno and Bruntál in 1556. Despite political decline Bruntál's economy flourished under the reigns of the Lords of Vrbno and Bruntál. Thank to the privileges granted by Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria in 1535 and 1558, and by Rudolf II in 1577, the town hosted several markets each year and new guilds emerged. The expanded mining industry, backed by the Lords of Vrbno, led to

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1034-752: The United States and the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China. The global Chromium market is currently dominated by the United States and China. Iron ore is traded between customer and producer, though various benchmark prices are set quarterly between the major mining conglomerates and the major consumers, and this sets the stage for smaller participants. Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices, with most prices negotiated between suppliers and customers one-on-one. This generally makes determining

1081-542: The Virgin Mary dates from the second half of the 13th century. In 1729–1731, two chapels were added. The church was baroque reconstructed after the fires in 1749 and 1764, and the tower was raised. The former Piarist monastery with the Church of Our Lady of Consolation was built in 1731–1752. Today it is used by the Orthodox Church. The pilgrimage Church of Our Lady of Help is located on Uhlířský vrch. It

1128-553: The acidity of their immediate surroundings and of water, with numerous, long lasting impacts on ecosystems. When water becomes contaminated it may transport these compounds far from the tailings site, greatly increasing the affected range. Uranium ores and those containing other radioactive elements may pose a significant threat if leaving occurs and isotope concentration increases above background levels. Radiation can have severe, long lasting environmental impacts and cause irreversible damage to living organisms. Metallurgy began with

1175-473: The concentration of the desired material it contains. The value of the metals or minerals a rock contains must be weighed against the cost of extraction to determine whether it is of sufficiently high grade to be worth mining and is therefore considered an ore. A complex ore is one containing more than one valuable mineral. Minerals of interest are generally oxides , sulfides , silicates , or native metals such as copper or gold . Ore bodies are formed by

1222-417: The direct working of native metals such as gold, lead and copper. Placer deposits, for example, would have been the first source of native gold. The first exploited ores were copper oxides such as malachite and azurite, over 7000 years ago at Çatalhöyük . These were the easiest to work, with relatively limited mining and basic requirements for smelting. It is believed they were once much more abundant on

1269-491: The following years. During the Thirty Years' War , the town was repeatedly looted and severely damaged, and was also hit by a fire in 1643 and by plague epidemics in 1633 and 1647. Bruntál recovered economically from the war damage during the rule of Johann Caspar von Ampringen , but lost its former importance and wealth. During the 18th century several disasters befell the town, such as the plagues of 1714 and 1739, and

1316-647: The founding of several neighbouring towns, including Andělská Hora around 1550, and Vrbno pod Pradědem in 1611. During the 16th century, the character of the town changed as it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and better fortified by building new bastions. In 1621, the estate was confiscated from Jan IV of Vrbno and Bruntál for his participation in the Bohemian Revolt and given to the Teutonic Order . Forced re-Catholicization took place in

1363-466: The founding of the city probably included utilising mineral ore deposits in the region, as well as thwarting colonization by the Bishops of Wrocław . Bruntál was founded as a mining town and the mining of precious metals and later iron ore in its vicinity was the main source of its prosperity until the 17th century. This fact was also reflected in the coat of arms, which already contains the figure of

1410-424: The great fires of 1748 and 1764. Nevertheless, many new baroque buildings were built during this period and a new post office was established in 1748. During the 19th century, industrialisation took place. In 1823–1826, the town fortifications were demolished, new public buildings were built, and many textile factories were established. Bruntál became the centre of textile industry of Czech Silesia . The railway

1457-458: The highest concentration of any single metal available. They are composed of chert beds alternating between high and low iron concentrations. Their deposition occurred early in Earth's history when the atmospheric composition was significantly different from today. Iron rich water is thought to have upwelled where it oxidized to Fe (III) in the presence of early photosynthetic plankton producing oxygen. This iron then precipitated out and deposited on

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1504-626: The main tin source, began. Some 3000 years ago, the smelting of iron ores began in Mesopotamia . Iron oxide is quite abundant on the surface and forms from a variety of processes. Until the 18th century gold, copper, lead, iron, silver, tin, arsenic and mercury were the only metals mined and used. In recent decades, Rare Earth Elements have been increasingly exploited for various high-tech applications. This has led to an ever-growing search for REE ore and novel ways of extracting said elements. Ores (metals) are traded internationally and comprise

1551-481: The municipal territory of the town is Uhlířský vrch. Uhlířský vrch is a stratovolcano ( compositive volcano ) formed by both explosive and effusive eruptions, and is thus composed of pyroclastic rocks , of which 40–80% consist of lapilli , 10–50% consist of volcanic bombs and the rest, volcanic ash . It is one of the youngest extinct volcanoes in the Czech Republic. The first written mention of Bruntál

1598-409: The municipal territory. The Moravice River and the stream Bělokamenný potok flows though the territory and join in the village. From the 15th century, the area was owned by Lords of Vrbno and was known for mining of iron ore . A group of hammer mills was founded in the area of Malá Morávka in the second half of the 16th century. The first written mention of Malá Morávka is from 1598. Malá Morávka

1645-526: The name of a god or goddess) or the code name of the resource company which found it (e.g. MKD-5 was the in-house name for the Mount Keith nickel sulphide deposit ). Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or ore genesis . The following is a general categorization of the main ore deposit types: Magmatic deposits are ones who originate directly from magma These are ore deposits which form as

1692-582: The ocean floor. The banding is thought to be a result of changing plankton population. Sediment Hosted Copper forms from the precipitation of a copper rich oxidized brine into sedimentary rocks. These are a source of copper primarily in the form of copper-sulfide minerals. Placer deposits are the result of weathering, transport, and subsequent concentration of a valuable mineral via water or wind. They are typically sources of gold (Au), platinum group elements (PGE), sulfide minerals , tin (Sn), tungsten (W), and rare-earth elements (REEs). A placer deposit

1739-403: The ore from the gangue, and concentration to separate the desired mineral(s) from it. Once processed, the gangue is known as tailings , which are useless but potentially harmful materials produced in great quantity, especially from lower grade deposits. An ore deposit is an economically significant accumulation of minerals within a host rock. This is distinct from a mineral resource in that it

1786-431: The price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include lithium , niobium - tantalum , bismuth , antimony and rare earths . Most of these commodities are also dominated by one or two major suppliers with >60% of the world's reserves. China is currently leading in world production of Rare Earth Elements. The World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by

1833-460: The regional museum and its premises are also used for cultural and social events. The castle includes a castle park from the 16th century, on an area of more than 2.5 hectares (6.2 acres). In the park there are the remains of the town fortifications, a salla terrena from 1894, and eleven sandstone sculptures from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The parish Church of the Assumption of

1880-471: The surface than today. After this, copper sulphides would have been turned to as oxide resources depleted and the Bronze Age progressed. Lead production from galena smelting may have been occurring at this time as well. The smelting of arsenic-copper sulphides would have produced the first bronze alloys. The majority of bronze creation however required tin, and thus the exploitation of cassiterite,

1927-690: The town is the Czech branch of the Osram company, a manufacturer of electric lights. Bruntál lies at the crossroads of two main roads: the I/11 (the section from Opava to Šumperk ) and the I/45 (connecting Krnov with Olomouc District ). Bruntál is located on the railway line Ostrava – Olomouc . There are five kindergartens, six primary schools (including one special primary school for children with intellectual disability ), and three high schools. Art education

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1974-537: The town together with neighbouring villages and mines from the Dukes of Krnov in 1506 and established the Bruntál estate. The Lords of Vrbno and Bruntál were steadily stripping the town of its privileges and forced local inhabitants into corvée labour and religious conversion to Lutheranism . These encroachments upon town privileges and the liberties of its citizens resulted in an unsuccessful rebellion against Jan

2021-608: The town's location in a valley. The Czech name was later created by transcribing the German name. Bruntál is located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Olomouc and 55 km (34 mi) northwest of Ostrava , in the historical region of Czech Silesia . It lies in the Nízký Jeseník range. The town lies in a valley surrounded by several hills. The highest point is the hill Uhlířský vrch at 672 m (2,205 ft) above sea level. The Černý Creek with its tributaries,

2068-568: The years 1384–1390, when it was owned by Vladislaus II of Opole . In 1474, during the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) , Bruntál was occupied by the armed forces of Matthias Corvinus who gave the town as a pledge to his supporter, Jan of Vrbno. Despite being only a possessor of the town, Jan of Vrbno started to style himself of Vrbno and Bruntál from 1476 onwards. Sons of Jan of Vrbno and Bruntál (Bernard, Hynek, and Mikuláš) managed to secure an allodial title (ownership) to

2115-675: Was opened in 1872. According to the Austrian census of 1910 the town had 8,066 inhabitants, out of which 7,939 (99.7%) were German-speaking. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish as their native language, thus most of them professed the German language. The most populous religious group was the Roman Catholics with 7,725 (95.8%), followed by the Protestants with 229 (2.8%), and the Jews with 97 (1.2%). Until 1918, Bruntál

2162-498: Was part of Austria-Hungary , in a district by the same name, one of the eight Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Austrian Silesia . After World War I , Bruntál became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia , which led to riots by the German majority. Czech families began to come to the town and a large minority was gradually formed. German nationalism gained many sympathizers among German inhabitants of Bruntál, which

2209-802: Was reflected in an attempted uprising in September 1938. After signing the Munich Agreement on 29 September 1938, Bruntál was occupied by Nazi Germany . From 1938 to 1945, it was part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland . During World War II , the Germans operated a Gestapo prison in the town, the E339 and E352 forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp , a forced labour camp for Jews , and

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