130-574: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Sandilands Frowd Walker CMG (13 May 1850 – 16 May 1917), also known as R. S. F. Walker , was a prominent figure in Malaya during the British colonial era in the late 19th century. During his youth he was an amateur sportsman , and played three times for the English football XI against Scotland, scoring four goals, in the 1870 to 1872 representative matches . Walker
260-536: A major and below a colonel . Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colonel . The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence. Sometimes, the term 'half-colonel' is used in casual conversation in the British Army. Additionally, in the U.S. Army 'light colonel' has been used informally in the past. In
390-593: A state of emergency on 18 June 1948 marked the start of the Malayan Emergency . Perak and Johor became the main strongholds of the communist movement, the former through native-born figureheads like Abdullah CD and Rashid Maidin . In the early stages their actions were not co-ordinated, and the security forces were able to counter them. Earlier in 1947, the head of the Perak's Criminal Investigation Department , H. J. Barnard, negotiated an arrangement with
520-549: A "policy of confrontation " against the new state. This prompted the British, and their allies Australia and New Zealand , to deploy armed forces, although no skirmishes arising from the Indonesian attacks occurred around Perak. A second communist insurgency began in the Malay Peninsula in 1968. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to
650-559: A British Resident . Following Perak's subsequent absorption into the Federated Malay States (FMS), the British reformed administration of the sultanate through a new style of government, actively promoting a market-driven economy and maintaining law and order while combatting the slavery widely practised across Perak at the time. The three-year Japanese occupation in World War II halted further progress. After
780-721: A Eurasian nurse and member of the Perak resistance, was tortured after the Japanese Kempeitai military police discovered a clandestine shortwave radio set in her home. John Davis, an officer of the British commando Force 136 , part of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), trained local guerrillas prior to the Japanese invasion at the 101 Special Training School in Singapore, where he sought Chinese recruits for their commando teams. Under
910-405: A Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim. Before her death, she called on the ancestors of Sang Sapurba to take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak. Perak's administration became more organised after the sultanate
1040-634: A further 80–100 miles (130–160 km) to the Perak River (Sungai Perak), damaging the route behind them to slow the Japanese advance. With the approval of Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival , the British mounted a defensive stand near the river mouth and in Kampar , leaving the towns of Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping unguarded. Most civil administrations were closed down, since the European administrators and civilians evacuated south. By mid-December,
1170-481: A generous approach that avoided confrontation with local leaders. As a result, he was able to secure the co-operation of many rajas and village penghulu with his policy rather than resorting to force, despite giving transport infrastructure little attention during his term. In 1882, Frank Swettenham succeeded Low for a second term as the Resident of Perak. During his mandate, Perak's rail and road infrastructure
1300-409: A meeting to arrange for funds to be collected to pay for the stipend of a clergyman. Lieutenant-Colonel Lieutenant colonel ( UK : / l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ən t ˈ k ɜːr n əl / lef- TEN -ənt KUR -nəl , US : / l uː ˈ t ɛ n -/ loo- TEN - ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies , most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above
1430-412: A monthly allowance from the state treasury in compensation. British intervention marked the beginning of Perak's transition from a primarily Malay society to a multi-ethnic one. The new style of government worked to promote a market-driven economy , maintain law and order, and combat slavery , seen by the British as an obstacle to economic development and incompatible with a capitalist economy . Under
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#17327717557181560-538: A period in Siak on the island of Sumatra . He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang. There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from Kampar in Sumatra. Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca and Selangor , and from Siak, Kampar, and Jambi in Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka from Daik , who raised
1690-416: A plan for reform. Under its terms, Johor , Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang, and Perlis would be restored and federated. Johor would control Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan , and Malacca. An 800-square-mile (2,100 km ) area in southern Johor would be incorporated into Singapore for defence purposes. In the context of the military alliance between Japan and Thailand and their joint participation in
1820-817: A quiet life in the Seychellois community, and had communications access to Government House . After many years, the Sultan was pardoned following petitioning by the Seychellois and correspondence between W. H. Hawley of Government House, Mauritius, and Secretary of State for the Colonies Henry Holland . He was allowed to return to the Malay Peninsula, and spent most of his later life in Singapore and Penang before returning to Kuala Kangsar in Perak in 1922. British Resident in Perak Hugh Low proved an effective administrator, preferring to adopt
1950-472: A race that knows no repose, that settles only for the moment where money is to be made with the greatest ease, that would rob their best friends if they themselves should have lost their savings at the gaming table. Crime with such a population as this means progress, and although a check has been given to it by raising the Force to its utmost capacity, at the sacrifice of other parts of the state, strengthening
2080-582: A reluctance to submit to Siamese authority. One example of this resistance was the Sultanate of Pattani under Sultan Muhammad, who refused to aid Siam during the Siamese war of liberation. This led Rama I's younger brother, Prince Surasi , to attack Pattani in 1786. Many Malays were killed, and survivors were taken to the Siamese stronghold in Bangkok as slaves . Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as
2210-665: A result of the close relationship created by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance . Early in July 1941, a Ceylonese Malay policeman serving under the British administration in Perak raised an alert after a Japanese business owner living in the same building told him that Japanese troops were on their way, approaching not around Singapore from the sea, as expected by the British, but from Kota Bharu in Kelantan, with bicycle infantry and rubber boats . The policeman informed
2340-519: A state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly cholera epidemic that swept through the state, killing many royal family members. Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's Sultan Iskandar Thani , who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Sultan of Perak as Muzaffar Shah II . Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived, in
2470-428: A typically hot, humid and wet equatorial climate , and experiences significant rainfall throughout the year. The temperature remains fairly constant, between 21 and 27 °C (70 and 81 °F). Humidity is often above 80%. Annual rainfall is about 3,000 millimetres (120 in), the central area of the state receiving an average of 5,000 mm (200 in) of rain. The state experiences two monsoon seasons:
2600-571: A visit by Frank Swettenham , then the Resident of Perak, to the Police barracks, Swettenham admired a row of trees providing shade to the parade square. On being told by Symes that Walker had ordered the trees to be felled, Swettenham insisted that they should be spared. On a subsequent formal visit attended by Walker, Swettenham was surprised to see that the trees had been cut down. On inquiring why, Symes replied: "Colonel's Order, Sir," replied Symes. "Inspector Symes, did you tell Colonel Walker that
2730-748: A warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese. In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. Malacca's authority was transferred to the British Resident . When war ended, the Dutch returned to administer Malacca in 1818. In 1818,
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#17327717557182860-438: Is believed to have culminated in the semi-legendary Gangga Negara kingdom. The Malay Annals mention that Gangga Negara at one time fell under Siamese rule, before Raja Suran of Thailand sailed further south down the Malay Peninsula. By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence. Inscriptions found on early tombstones of the period show clear Islamic influence, believed to have originated from
2990-490: Is located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak has diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate . The state's main mountain ranges are composed of the Titiwangsa , Bintang and Keledang Ranges , where all of them are part of the larger Tenasserim Hills system that connects Myanmar , Thailand and Malaysia. The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on
3120-606: Is situated in the west of the Malay Peninsula on the coast of the Strait of Malacca . Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends into the Strait. It is the second largest Malaysian state on the Malay Peninsula, and the fourth largest in Malaysia. The state has 230 kilometres (140 mi) of coastline, of which 140.2 kilometres (87.1 mi) are affected by coastal erosion . Mangrove forests grow along most of Perak's coast, with
3250-637: Is the Sultan of Perak , and the head of government is the Menteri Besar . Government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system , with the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is the state religion , and other religions may be practised freely. Malay and English are recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing . There are many theories about
3380-595: Is the longest river in the state, at some 400 km (250 miles), and is the Malay Peninsula's second longest after the Pahang River . It originates in the mountains of the Perak-Kelantan- Yala border, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca. Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers. Perak is located in a tropical region with
3510-538: Is typically in charge of a battalion or regiment in the army. The following articles deal with the rank of lieutenant colonel: Perak Perak ( Malay pronunciation: [peraʔ] ; Perak Malay : Peghok ; Jawi : ڤيراق ) is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula . Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to
3640-686: The Anglo-Siamese Treaty , signed in Bangkok in 1909, Siam ceded its northern Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan , Perlis, and Terengganu and nearby islands to Great Britain . Exceptions were the Patani region, which remained under Siamese rule, and Perak, which regained the previously lost inland territory that became the Hulu Perak District . The treaty terms stipulated that the British, through their government of
3770-631: The Burma campaign against the Allied forces, in 1943 the Empire of Japan gave Thailand its former Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, which had been ceded to the British under the 1909 treaty. These territories were then administered as Thailand's Four Malay States ( Thai : สี่รัฐมาลัย ), with Japanese troops maintaining a presence. Perak suffered under harsh military control, restricted movement, and tight surveillance throughout
3900-538: The Corps of Guides of the North-West Frontier of India . The Guides consisted of six companies of infantry, a depot company with a field company of 15-pounder breech-loading guns and a mountain company. Each company was under the command of a British officer and was made up of two Sikh officers and 100 non-commissioned officers and men; their total strength was 900 personnel. At the outbreak of World War I
4030-690: The Ghee Hin and Hai San secret societies, a brothel skirmish in Papan escalated into a violent clash which became known as the "Papan Riots", the most serious Chinese secret society clash ever to take place in the Kinta district . The riots were quelled by Walker and the Perak Sikhs but flared up again in September 1889. In "a show of force", Walker and the Perak Sikhs, responding to reports received from
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4160-717: The Kempeitai in June 1944. On 16 December 1944, a second intelligence network, comprising five Malay SOE agents and two British liaison officers, Major Peter G. Dobree and Captain Clifford, was parachuted into Padang Cermin, near Temenggor Lake Dam in Hulu Perak under the codename Operation Hebrides. Its main objective was to set up wireless communications between Malaya and Force 136 headquarters in Kandy , British Ceylon , after
4290-649: The Kingdom of Reman , then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts. In 1821, Siam invaded and conquered the Sultanate of Kedah, angered by a breach of trust. The exiled Sultan of Kedah turned to the British to help him regain his throne, despite Britain's policy of non-engagement in expensive minor wars in
4420-542: The Mesolithic Hoabinhian era. In 1959, a British artillery officer stationed at an inland army base during the Malayan Emergency discovered the Tambun rock art , identified by archaeologists as the largest rock art site in the Malay Peninsula. Most of the paintings are located high above the cave floor, at an elevation of 6–10 metres (20–33 ft). Seashells and coral fragments scattered along
4550-739: The Perak Armed Police , and was also the Acting Assistant Resident . By 1884, he was Commandant of the 1st Perak Sikhs with the local rank of Major. Five years later, he was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel whilst employed with the Perak Police Force. In 1902, he was granted the local rank of Lieutenant-Colonel while employed as Commandant of the Malay States Guides. He acted as Assistant Resident in Perak (1882), Secretary to
4680-556: The Rattanakosin Kingdom ( Chakri dynasty ) led by Rama I , as the successor of the Thonburi Kingdom, turned its attention to its insubordinate southern Malay subjects, fearing renewed attacks from Burma along the western seaboard of the Malay Peninsula. Attention to the south was also needed because of disunity and rivalries among the various southern tributary sultanates, stemming from personal conflicts and
4810-579: The Sultanate of Malacca , the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of the Perak River . The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban. With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in
4940-844: The United Malays National Organisation 's local mobilization in the same decade. In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman , sought to unite Malaya with the British colonies of North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore . The Federation of Malaysia came into being on 16 September 1963, despite growing opposition from the governments of Indonesia and the Philippines , and from communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo. The Indonesian government later initiated
5070-767: The destruction and defeat of the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767 by the Burmese Konbaung dynasty , neighbouring Malay tributary states began to assert their independence from Siam. To further develop Perak's tin mines, the Dutch administration suggested that its 17th sultan, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, should allow Chinese miners into Perak. The sultan himself encouraged the scheme in 1776, requesting that additional Chinese workers be sent from Dutch Malacca . The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780 adversely affected
5200-513: The plain-pouched hornbill . Mammal species include the Seladang , Asian elephant , and Malayan tiger . The area is also notable for harbouring high concentrations of at least three Rafflesia species. The Pulau Sembilan (Nine Islands) State Park in western Perak covers an area of 214,800 hectares (530,782 acres). Its coral reefs are home to coral reef fish species. In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to
5330-618: The "1st Battalion, Perak Sikhs". At this time, the police force had a strength of 650 men, some of whom were sent to Parit Buntar and Telok Anson . Others performed guard duties at the residency in Taiping and maintained law and order in the State of Perak, including a section of cavalry troopers. The force was engaged mainly in dealing with local uprisings, with occasional interventions in labour disputes between Chinese labour gangs and their bosses. On 29 November 1887, following friction between
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5460-561: The 2,183-metre (7,162 ft) Mount Korbu , is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan. Other mountain ranges in Perak are the Bintang Mountains and the Keledang Range . Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses of sedimentary rock appearing at rare intervals. An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills. Perak's borders with
5590-625: The British Chief Police Officer in Ipoh, but his claim was laughed off. By 26 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) had arrived in Ipoh, the capital, moving southwards from Thailand. The following day they went on to Taiping , leaving destruction and heavy casualties in their wake. The British forces, retreating from the north of the Malay Peninsula under Lieutenant-General Lewis Heath , had moved
5720-478: The British could suppress pirate activity along the Perak coast where it became part of the Straits Settlements . The same year, the British and Siam concluded the Burney Treaty , signed by British Captain Henry Burney and the Siamese government, the British agreed not to intercede in the affairs of Kedah despite their friendly relations with Kedah's ruler, and the Siamese agreed not to attack Perak or Selangor. The discovery of tin in Larut and rapid growth of
5850-410: The British military, it is customary to refer to either a Lieutenant Colonel or a Colonel by their first names when mentioning them, e.g "Colonel Tim will be at the parade". In the United States Air Force, the term 'light bird' or 'light bird colonel' (as opposed to a 'full bird colonel') is an acceptable casual reference to the rank but is never used directly towards the rank holder. A lieutenant colonel
5980-419: The Dutch base in Batavia . This warehouse was also destroyed in further attacks in 1690, but was repaired when the Dutch returned with reinforcements. In 1699, when the regional dominant Sultanate of Johor lost its last Malaccan dynasty sultan, Sultan Mahmud Shah II , Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either
6110-466: The Dutch monopoly over the tin trade in Perak was renewed, with the signing of a new recognition treaty. The same year, when Perak refused to send a bunga mas tribute to the Siamese court, Rama II of Siam had Kedah attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states, but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state,
6240-492: The FMS, would assume responsibility for all debts owed to Siam by the four ceded Malay states, and relinquish British extraterritorial rights in Siam. There had been a Japanese community in Perak since 1893, managing the bus service between the town of Ipoh and Batu Gajah , and running brothels in Kinta . There were a number of other Japanese-run businesses in Ipoh, including dentists , photo studios , laundries , tailors , barbers , and hotels. Activity increased as
6370-425: The Government of Perak (1889), acting British Resident in Selangor (1899) and acting British Resident in Perak (1900). In 1879, Walker took command of the Perak Armed Police from Major Paul Swinburne turning it into a quasi-military force based almost entirely on Sikh and Pathan recruits. In 1884, Walker (now promoted to Major) successfully petitioned for the Perak Armed Police to be allowed to style themselves
6500-400: The Government to remove the headquarters of my Department from Batu Gajah to Ipoh. From the latter place the officer commanding can regulate his duties with greater efficiency. Almost any portion of his District could be proceeded to with greater rapidity from Ipoh. His living at Batu Gajah merely means an excessive amount of travelling. Walker's recommendation was accepted by the Government and
6630-404: The Japanese at the Battle of Kampar and at the mouth of the Perak River, the Japanese advance along the trunk road, followed up with bombing and water-borne incursions, forced the British to retreat further south. The Japanese occupied all of Malaya and Singapore. Tokugawa Yoshichika, of the Tokugawa clan whose ancestors were Shoguns who ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th centuries, proposed
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#17327717557186760-403: The Japanese had reached Kroh in the interior of Perak, moving in from Kota Bharu in Kelantan. The Japanese arrived both from the east and by boat along the western coast. Within 16 days of their first landings, they had captured the entire northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The British were left trying to blockade the main road heading south from Ipoh. While the defending troops briefly slowed
6890-400: The Japanese occupation and until 1945. The press in occupied Malaya, including the English-language occupation-era newspaper The Perak Times , was entirely under the control of the Dōmei News Agency ( Dōmei Tsushin ), publishing Japanese-related war propaganda . The Dōmei News Agency also printed newspapers in Malay, Tamil , Chinese , and Japanese. The indigenous Orang Asli stayed in
7020-402: The Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG) to protect it from the communists. Often described as a private Chinese Army, most of the KVHG's Chinese members had links to the Kuomintang. Many of the Kuomintang guerrillas were absorbed from the Lenggong area, where there were also members of Chinese secret societies whose main purpose was to defend Chinese private property against the communists. Throughout
7150-444: The Kuomintang-influenced OCAJA leader Leong Yew Koh . This resulted in most OCAJA members being absorbed into the national Special Constabulary, and fighting against the MPAJA's successor, the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA). The Kinta Valley , one of the richest tin mining areas in Malaya, accounted for most of the country's tin exports to the United States. On 1 May 1952, the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association established
7280-446: The MPAJA's failure to do so. The Malay states became unstable following Japan's surrender to the Allies in 1945. This was exacerbated by the emergence of nationalism and a popular demand for independence as the British Military Administration took over from 1945 to 1946 to maintain peace and order, before the British began introducing new administrative systems under the Malayan Union . The four Malay states held by Thailand during
7410-399: The Malacca or Johor Sultanates. The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the Bugis and Minang, fighting for a share of the tin revenue. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743. In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in
7540-442: The Malay Peninsula after the neighbouring Kedah Sultanate . Based on Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak (Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son of Mahmud Shah , the 8th Sultan of Malacca . He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first Sultan of Perak, after surviving the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511 and living quietly for
7670-508: The Malay Peninsula at the time, which the EIC upheld through the Governor-General of India . Siam's subsequent plan to extend its conquests to the southern territory of Perak failed after Perak defeated the Siamese forces with the aid of mixed Bugis and Malay reinforcements from the Sultanate of Selangor . As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collect taxes and revenue in its territory. This power, however,
7800-528: The Malay States Guides were sent to Singapore to reinforce the garrison there. In December 1914 the bulk of the regiment returned to their peacetime cantonment in Taiping but the artillery battery remained in Singapore where they were attached to an Indian Army regiment, the 5th Light Infantry. In February 1915 about half of the 5th LI mutinied and a small number of the MSG detachment were court-martialed and convicted of involvement. The Malay States Guides were subsequently posted to active service in Aden. The regiment
7930-403: The Malay States. Walker was a member of many other sporting, service and social clubs including the Perak Turf Club , the United Service Institute, the Naval and Military Club, the Wellington Club and the Ranelagh Club. While in Hong Kong in the 1870s, as well as playing cricket he was the stroke in the regimental boat which defeated a team from the United States Ship Kearsarge . Walker
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#17327717557188060-577: The Resident gave you orders not to cut down those trees?" "Yes, Sir." "What did Colonel Walker say?" A few moments of hesitation and then Symes sprang to attention and as he raised his hand in formal salute: "Damn the British Resident, Sir." Walker continued to be involved in all forms of sport throughout his life. Together with Sir Frank Swettenham , Governor of the Straits Settlements, and Mr. E. W. Birch , C.M.G., later British Resident in Perak, he helped introduce cricket to Perak and surrounding areas. Walker also helped introduce football to
8190-427: The Sandhurst cricket team in 1869, including the match against the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in May. The following year he was captain of the cricket team. In May 1870, he won the 120 yards hurdles and the pole jump in the annual athletics competition against the Woolwich Academy. On graduating from Sandhurst in 1870, he was awarded the Sword of Honour which was presented to him by the Duke of Cambridge , who
8320-425: The Scotland vs. England rugby international of 1873 , although he did not actually play. In 1870, aged twenty, he joined the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot ; on 28 October 1871, he was gazetted as an Ensign and thence to Lieutenant ; he was one of the last ensigns to be gazetted in the British Army. With the 28th Foot, he served in Gibraltar and Malta. In 1874, he was transferred to Perak , but
8450-421: The Sultan of Kedah to regain his throne. Throughout 1824, Siam aimed to expand its control towards Perak and Selangor. The dispute between the British and Dutch formally ceased when Dutch Malacca in the Malay Peninsula was exchanged with British Bencoolen in Sumatra, both parties agreeing to limit their sphere of influence through the signing of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty . In July 1825, an initial negotiation
8580-403: The Sultan of Kedah to the throne. The mission failed. In 1823, the Sultanates of Perak and Selangor signed a joint agreement to block the Dutch tin monopoly in their territories. EIC policy shifted with the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824 with Siam becoming an important ally. Through its governor, Robert Fullerton , Penang tried to convince the main EIC authority in India to continue helping
8710-406: The Thai border. The Perak State Information Office launched two types of psychological warfare to counter the increasing communist propaganda disseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency was carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border;
8840-495: The VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak. Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade, on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state. A fort was built on Pangkor Island in 1670 as a warehouse to store tin ore mined in Perak even though Perak nobles had destroyed an earlier store structure, on orders from
8970-526: The acting magistrate, visited the mining areas at Kinta, inspecting the kongsis in which the secret society members lived. The appearance of the feared "Mungkali Kwai" (Sikh Devils) helped prevent any "untoward incidents". Walker's efforts to quell the riots were praised by the Governor: [He] has done himself great credit, often working from daybreak to midnight – and he has settled some very difficult disputes between Chinese Towkays and mobs of coolies, with great patience, tact, judgement and decision. During
9100-472: The appointment of a Resident who would advise the sultan on all matters except religion and customs, and oversee revenue collection and general administration, including maintenance of peace and order. The treaty marked the introduction of a British residential system , with Perak going on to become part of the Federated Malay States (FMS) in 1895. It was also a shift from the previous British policy of non-intervention in Perak's affairs. James W. W. Birch
9230-504: The area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary. With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins. The mid-18th century saw Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while
9360-465: The attacks of the English, that at last a loud cheer proclaimed the fall of the Scotch citadel to a well-directed shot by Walker. It appeared as if [England] were likely to have the game entirely in their own hands, as within a very short time a second goal was obtained for England by R.S.F. Walker. In conclusion, the report describes Walker as "the hero of the English eleven". He was also selected for
9490-716: The authority of Perak-born Chin Peng , who took over the CPM administration after former leader Lai Teck disappeared with party funds. Under Chin's authority, the MPAJA killed those they considered to have been Japanese collaborators during the war, who were mainly Malays. This sparked racial conflict and Malay retaliation. Death squads were also dispatched by the CPM to murder European plantation owners in Perak, and Kuomintang leaders in Johor . The Malayan government's subsequent declaration of
9620-518: The cave floor are evidence that the area was once underwater. The significant numbers of statues of Hindu deities and of the Buddha found in Bidor , Kuala Selensing, Jalong, and Pengkalan Pegoh indicate that, before the arrival of Islam , the inhabitants of Perak were mainly Hindu or Buddhist . The influence of Indian culture and beliefs on society and values in the Malay Peninsula from early times
9750-493: The coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the sultan's daughter. His accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks. When repeated Burmese invasions resulted in
9880-580: The codename Operation Gustavus, Davis and five Chinese agents landed on the Perak coast north of Pangkor Island on 24 May 1943. They established a base camp in the Segari Hills, from which they moved to the plains to set up an intelligence network in the state. In September 1943, they met and agreed to co-operate with the MPAJA, which then provided Force 136 with support and manpower. This first intelligence network collapsed, when many of its leaders, including Lim Bo Seng , were caught, tortured and killed by
10010-526: The detective branch, and paying judiciously for information, crime must arise, and as long as a fair number of discoveries are made of crimes most difficult to detect in a country where escape is so easy, and a criminal can with comparative ease conceal himself, it is all that can be expected. To assist in the fight against crime, Walker recommended that the headquarters of the Kinta police should be moved from Batu Gajah to Ipoh . I beg very earnestly to request
10140-510: The differences between Selangor and Ligor. A month later, in August 1825, Sultan of Selangor Ibrahim Shah signed a friendship and peace treaty with the EIC, represented by John Anderson, ending the long feud between the governments of Selangor and Perak. Under the treaty, Selangor gave assurances to the British that it would not interfere in the affairs of Perak; the border between Perak and Selangor
10270-486: The district police headquarters were moved to Ipoh in 1894 at the same time as the headquarters of the Perak Chinese Protectorate were moved from Taiping to Ipoh. In 1896, following the inauguration of the Federated Malay States , the Perak and Selangor Sikh Police forces were consolidated into the "Malay States Guides" with Lt. Colonel Walker as their first commandant. The Guides were modelled on
10400-615: The exception of Pangkor Island, with its rich flora and fauna , where several of the country's forest reserves are located. There is extensive swampland along the coastal alluvial zones of the west coast between central Perak and southern Selangor . Perak has an overall total forest cover of 1,027,404.31 hectares (2,538,771 acres), including 939,403.01 hectares (2,321,315 acres) of forest lands , 41,616.75 hectares (102,837 acres) of mangroves, and another 2,116.55 hectares (5,230 acres) of forest plantations. A total of 995,284.96 hectares (2,459,403 acres) of forest has been gazetted by
10530-549: The first emergency the British authorities and their Malayan collaborators fought against the communists. This continued even after the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya , on 31 August 1957. As a result, most of the communist guerrillas were successfully pushed across the northern border into Thailand. Other radical left nationalist movements started in Perak like those under Ahmad Boestamam and Burhanuddin al-Helmy ; but were eventually overwhelmed by
10660-497: The interest of both Malay royalty and commoners. Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes towards standing up for Malay rights. Perak has a total land area of 20,976 square kilometres (8,099 sq mi), and
10790-566: The interior during the occupation. Much of their community was befriended by Malayan Communist Party guerrillas , who protected them from outsiders in return for information on the Japanese and their food supplies. Strong resistance came mainly from the ethnic Chinese community, whilst some Malays collaborated with the Japanese through the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) movement for Malayan independence. But Malay support waned with increasingly harsh Japanese treatment of civilians during
10920-409: The last-named of the trio to equalise the score by the accomplishment of a well-merited goal for England. The match report concludes: "For England, R.S.F. Walker was untiring in his efforts forwards until the close." In November 1871, Walker made his third and final appearance for England. Walker scored both England's goals in a 2–1 victory; the match report describes his goals thus: So persevering were
11050-620: The late sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra. Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, Raja Alauddin Mansur Syah , married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became the Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles went to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor. The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah ruled Perak for seven years, maintaining
11180-696: The link between the Straits Settlements on the Malay coast and the British authority in India was broken, with separate administration and the transfer of the respective territories to the Colonial Office . The Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871 enabled the Dutch to consolidate control over Aceh in Sumatra. This later escalated into the Aceh War . Internal conflicts ensued in Perak. In 1873,
11310-464: The mid-17th century. When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants. In 1650, Aceh's Sultana Taj ul-Alam ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on the condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants. By the following year,
11440-606: The migration of Homo sapiens from mainland Asia through Southeast Asia to the Australian continent. Known as Perak Man, the skeleton is dated at around 10,000 years old. An early Hindu or Buddhist kingdom, followed by several other minor kingdoms, existed before the arrival of Islam . By 1528, a Muslim sultanate began to emerge in Perak, out of the remnants of the Malaccan Sultanate . Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years,
11570-405: The mine-owners and increased patrols on the Tambun road helped reduce the number of robberies and assaults on the highway, although Walker complained that "it exhausts the resources of any force and the constitution of the men." Referring to the rapid growth of crime in northern Kinta, Walker remarked: No wonder that the crime has increased, as increase it must, with a mining population of Chinese,
11700-422: The mining boom years of the early 1890s, Kinta was hit with a wave of crime, influenced by drinking and gambling. As a result of the breaking down of the secret societies, there was less organised crime but the region was plagued with roving gangs of robbers. Walker complained to his superiors that he could not police the district with a police force of only 196: Police work in Kinta, as elsewhere, has increased with
11830-552: The northeast and southwest seasons. The northeast season occurs from November to March, the southwest from May to September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and June. The northeast monsoon brings heavy rains, especially in the upper areas of Hulu Perak, causing floods. Little effect of the southwest monsoon is felt in the Kinta Valley, although coastal areas of southern Perak occasionally experience thunderstorms , heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in
11960-401: The northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand 's Yala and Narathiwat provinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city, Ipoh , was known historically for its tin -mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remains Kuala Kangsar , where the palace of the Sultan of Perak
12090-696: The occupation. Two Chinese guerrilla organisations operated within Perak in northern Malaya. One, the Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Army (OCAJA), was aligned with the Kuomintang . The other, the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), was closely associated with the Chinese Communist Party . Although both opposed the Japanese, there were clashes between the two groups. Sybil Kathigasu ,
12220-482: The origin of the name Perak. Although not used until after 1529, the most popular etymology is " silver " (in Malay : perak ); associated with tin mining from the state's large mineral deposits, reflecting Perak's position as one of the world's largest sources of tin. The first Islamic kingdom established in the state was of the lineage of the Sultanate of Malacca . Some local historians have suggested that Perak
12350-481: The other was a communist group living among local inhabitants. With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also rising radicalism among local Malay Muslims, with increasing Islamisation initiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught
12480-656: The plot, were banished to the British Seychelles in the Indian Ocean in 1876. During his exile, the sultan had use of a government-owned residence at Union Vale in Victoria , Mahé . The other exiled chiefs were given allowances, but remained under strict surveillance. The sultan and his chiefs were temporarily relocated to Félicité Island for five years, before being allowed to return to Victoria in 1882 when turmoil in Perak had subsided. The sultan led
12610-426: The population, and the number of men for work does not increase proportionally. New places . . . keep opening out, but although the old places do not die as these spring up, the same number of men are still supposed to be sufficient to efficiently check crime. In early 1892, a large force from the Perak Sikhs was sent to Pahang to quell an uprising there . Following the suppression of the "Pahang disturbances", Walker
12740-413: The predawn and early morning. The jungles of Perak are highly biodiverse . The state's main natural park, Royal Belum State Park , covers an area of 117,500 hectares (290,349 acres) in northern Perak. It contains 18 species of frog and toad , 67 species of snake , more than 132 species of beetle , 28 species of cicada , 97 species of moth , and 41 species of dragonfly and damselfly . The park
12870-588: The prehistoric sites in Malaysia where artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic era have been found are Bukit Bunuh , Bukit Gua Harimau, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Kepala Gajah, and Kota Tampan in the Lenggong Archaeological Heritage Valley . Of these, Bukit Bunuh and Kota Tampan are ancient lakeside sites, the geology of Bukit Bunuh showing evidence of meteoric impact . The 10,000-year-old skeleton known as Perak Man
13000-532: The ruler of one of Perak's two local Malay factions, Raja Abdullah Muhammad Shah II , wrote to the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Andrew Clarke , requesting British assistance. This resulted in the Treaty of Pangkor , signed on Pangkor Island on 20 January 1874, under which the British recognised Abdullah as the legitimate Sultan of Perak. In return, the treaty provided for direct British intervention through
13130-455: The second " pseudo-international " match against a Scottish XI. He scored England's goal in a 1–0 victory; according to the match reports "[following] a well-executed run-down by C.W. Alcock, in conjunction with a final kick from the foot of R.S.F. Walker, enforced the surrender of the Scottish goal" and "barely ten minutes had elapsed before a neat run down by C.W. Alcock, resulted in a goal to
13260-642: The side of England, the final kick which secured the coveted honour for the South being administered by R.S.F. Walker". The following February, Walker was again England's scorer in a 1–1 draw; the match report included a reference to the Combination Game style of football: It seemed as if the [Scottish] defence would prove more than equal to the attack, until a well-executed run-down by C.W.Alcock, W.C. Butler and R.S.F. Walker, acting in concert, enabled
13390-409: The state government as forest reserve, scattered across 68 areas throughout the state. Perak's geology is characterised by eruptive masses, which form its hills and mountain ranges . The state is divided by three mountain chains into the three plains of Kinta, Larut and Perak, running parallel to the coast. The Titiwangsa Range passes along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point,
13520-416: The state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed to prevent further conflict between the British and the Dutch. It enabled the British to expand their control in the Malay Peninsula without interference from other foreign powers. The 1874 Pangkor Treaty provided for direct British intervention, with Perak appointing
13650-548: The state; he founded a team in Taiping and donated the Ship Challenge Trophy. He helped found the Perak Club in 1881 which had a playing field used for cricket, football, hockey and tennis. Described as the "father of cricket and football in the [Malay] Peninsula", the club organised the first inter-state matches in Malaya. The Perak Club became the premier social institution of Taiping and the senior club in
13780-547: The states of Kedah, Penang and Selangor are marked by rivers, including the Bernam and Kerian Rivers . Perak has 11 major river basins of more than 80 km (50 miles). Of these, the Perak River basin is the largest, with an area of 14,908 km (5,756 sq mi), about 70% of the total area of the state. It is the second largest river basin on the Malay Peninsula, after the Pahang River basin. The Perak River
13910-641: The sultanate was partly controlled by the Sumatra -based Aceh Sultanate . This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the English East India Company (EIC) in the nearby Straits Settlements of Penang provided additional protection for
14040-498: The tin ore trade in the 19th century saw an increasing influx of Chinese labour. Later, rivalry developed between two Chinese secret societies . This, coupled with internal political strife between two faction of Perak's local Malay rulers, escalated into the Larut Wars in 1841. After 21 years wars, neighbouring Kedah freed itself from full Siamese rule in 1843, although it remained a Siamese tributary state until 1909. By 1867,
14170-625: The tin trade in Perak, and many Chinese miners left. In a move which angered the Siamese court, neighbouring Kedah's Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah then entered into an agreement with the British East India Company (EIC), ceding Penang Island to the British in 1786 in exchange for protection. Siam regained strength under the Thonburi Kingdom , led by Taksin , after freeing itself from Burmese occupation. After repelling another large-scale Burmese invasion ,
14300-520: The town centre was originally the Parade Square and was laid out by Walker in 1890. In Taiping and nearby Pokok Assam there were roads named for Walker although these have since been renamed as "Jalan Maharajalela" and "Jalan Temenggong" respectively. In 1880, Walker conceived the idea of transforming a disused mining site in Taiping into a garden for the benefit of the townspeople. The land
14430-751: The unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty. Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612, in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which became tributary states of Siam. In 1620, the Acehnese sultanate invaded Perak and captured its sultan. When Sultan Sallehuddin Riayat Shah died without an heir in 1635,
14560-638: The war were returned to the British. This was done under a proposal by the United States , offering Thailand admission to the United Nations (UN) and a substantial American aid package to support its economy after the war. The MPAJA, under the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), had fought alongside the British against the Japanese, and most of its members received awards at the end of the war. However, party policy become radicalised under
14690-463: The war, Perak became part of the temporary Malayan Union , before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya . It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances: bubu , dabus , and labu sayong , the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditional pottery . The head of state
14820-575: Was again able to concentrate his attention on the situation in Perak. Following a sudden increase in crime in the Ipoh division in the second half of the year, Walker visited all the main towns, inspecting the mines and meeting the towkays [mine owners] who "cried out for police protection". Walker telegraphed his headquarters in Taiping to request reinforcements and within two months his forces in Ipoh had been strengthened by about 100 men. Several new police stations were opened with financial assistance from
14950-534: Was an avid collector of Malay weapons, brasses, and silver and had what was reputed to be "the finest collection of old china in the peninsula". His collection of Malay stone implements from the Straits Settlements is now in the Pitt Rivers Museum at the University of Oxford . During his time in Perak, Walker made several contributions to local society, many of which still remain. The esplanade in
15080-427: Was appointed as Perak's first British Resident . His inability to understand and communicate well with the locals, ignorance of Malay customs, and disparagement of the efforts of the sultan and his dignitaries to implement British tax control and collection systems caused resentment. Local nationalist Maharaja Lela and the new monarch, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, opposed him, and the following year, in 1875, Birch
15210-402: Was assassinated through a conspiracy of local Malay dignitaries Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, and Ngah Ahmad. The assassination angered the British authority, and following anti-British uprisings in several areas, a major military campaign was fought by the British in Perak in 1875-76. The perpetrators were arrested and executed and the sultan and his chiefs, also suspected of involvement in
15340-754: Was born in Chestercastle, (in the Great Boughton registration district), in Chester , the son of John and Camilla Walker. He was educated at Brentwood School , Essex before entering the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . At Sandhurst, he showed himself to be a keen all-round sportsman, representing the college at athletics in 1869 and 1870 in competitions with the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He played for
15470-447: Was disbanded for reasons of economy in 1919. Walker had the reputation of being something of a disciplinarian with a fierce temper, and was known to the local Malays as the "Black Panther". He has been described as "at the best of times very much a martinet" and "a difficult man to work with". In his "Personalities of Old Malaya", written in 1930, Cyril Baxendale relates an incident involving Walker and Chief Inspector John Symes. During
15600-490: Was donated to the town by its owner, Mr. Chung Thye Phin , a wealthy tin miner and rubber planter. By 1884, with the help of Walker and his police staff, the Taiping Lake Gardens were complete with grasses, flowers and trees; the 62 hectares site was the first public gardens in Malaya. The history of All Saints' Church , the earliest Anglican church in Malaya, can be traced from 1883 when Walker presided over
15730-550: Was established and adopted Malacca's form of elective monarchy. With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s. Throughout the 1570s, the Sultanate of Aceh subjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment. The sudden disappearance of Perak's Sultan Mansur Shah I in 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces. Soon afterwards,
15860-588: Was finalised; and Raja Hasan of Selangor was to be immediately exiled from Perak, paving the way for peace between the two Malay states and the resolution of the power struggle between the British and Siam. In 1826, the Kingdom of Ligor broke its promise and attempted to conquer Perak. A small British expeditionary force thwarted the attack. The Sultan of Perak then ceded to the British Dindings and Pangkor (the two now constitute Manjung District ) so that
15990-476: Was found inside the Bukit Gunung Runtuh cave at Bukit Kepala Gajah. Ancient tools discovered in the area of Kota Tampan, including anvils , cores , debitage , and hammerstones , provide information on the migrations of Homo sapiens . Other important Neolithic sites in the country include Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, and Padang Rengas , containing evidence of human presence in
16120-493: Was further gazetted as National Heritage Site by the federal government in 2012, and was inscribed on the World Heritage Site tentative list of UNESCO in 2017. Royal Belum State Park also hosts an estimated 304 bird species, including migratory species, in addition to birds endemic to the three forest reserve areas of Pangkor Island. Ten hornbill species are found within the area, including large flocks of
16250-412: Was held between Siam, represented by their tributary state the Kingdom of Ligor , and the EIC. The King of Ligor promised that Siam would not send its armada to Perak and Selangor, resolving the issue of its attacks. The British renounced any aspiration of conquering Perak or interfering in its administration, promising to prevent Raja Hasan of Selangor from making trouble in Perak, and to try to reconcile
16380-682: Was named after Malacca's bendahara , Tun Perak . In maps prior to 1561, the area is marked as Perat . Other historians believe that the name Perak derives from the Malay phrase " kilatan ikan dalam air" (the glimmer of fish in water), which looks like silver. Perak has been translated into Arabic as دار الرضوان ( Dār al-Riḍwān ), "abode of grace". [REDACTED] Sultanate of Perak 1528–1895 [REDACTED] Federated Malay States 1895–1942 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED] Malayan Union 1946–1948 [REDACTED] Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 [REDACTED] Malaysia 1963–present Among
16510-401: Was put in place. Increasing numbers of labourers were brought from India, primarily to work as railway and municipal coolies . The British introduced several changes to the local political structure, exerting influence on the appointment of the sultan and restricting the power of his chiefs to Malay local matters. The sultan and his chiefs were no longer entitled to collect taxes, but received
16640-572: Was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates. When the EIC established a British presence in Penang, the British already had a trading post in Singapore , avoiding involvement in the affairs of the nearby Malay sultanates. In 1822, the British authority in India sent British diplomat John Crawfurd to Siam to negotiate trade concessions and gather information with a view to restoring
16770-648: Was then Commander-in-Chief. He continued to use the sword throughout his career and had it re-hilted to conform to the 1895 regulations. This sword is probably the one depicted in the statue of Walker that stands outside the Perak Museum at Taiping . After leaving Sandhurst, he joined the Clapham Rovers Football Club and was also a member of the Wanderers club. In November 1870, he was selected by C. W. Alcock to represent "England" in
16900-549: Was then moved first to Hong Kong and then to Singapore where, in 1878, he was aide-de-camp to Sir William Robinson , Governor of the Straits Settlements . In November 1878, he accompanied Robinson to Bangkok for the investiture of King Chulalongkorn as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George . Early in 1879, he entered the service of the Federated Malay States as Acting Commissioner of
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