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113-626: Malaysian Chinese , Chinese Malaysians , or Sino-Malaysians are Malaysian citizens of Han Chinese ethnicity. They form the second-largest ethnic group in Malaysia, after the Malay majority , and constitute 22.4% of the Malaysian total population. Today, Malaysian Chinese form the second largest community of Overseas Chinese in the world, after the Thai Chinese . Malaysian Chinese maintain

226-589: A Marxist–Leninist wing in 1974. Kuala Lumpur and Beijing established diplomatic relations in 1974; China ended its aid to the factions, prompting their 1983 merger into the Malaysian Communist Party before their surrender to Thai authorities four years later and the 1989 peace agreement ending the insurgency. A Chinese communist insurgency in Sarawak, supported by neighboring Indonesia, ended with peace negotiations in 1990. Issues between

339-514: A Chinese and Indian workforce. Early in 1961, when Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman outlined a "Grand Malaysian Alliance" of the British protectorate of Brunei and the crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore , Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew supported the proposal. Lee's People's Action Party (PAP) rallied for the equality of all Malaysians, regardless of "class, skin colour or creed", known as " Malaysian Malaysia ", in

452-1314: A distinct group known as the Peranakan in Kelantan and Terengganu , the Baba-Nyonya in Malacca and Penang , and as the Sino-Natives in Sabah . They exhibit a degree of intermarriage with native groups and are culturally distinct from the majority of the Malaysian Chinese but have recently begun to merge into the Malaysian Chinese mainstream. The Malaysian Chinese are referred to as simply "Chinese" in Malaysian English, " Orang Cina " in Malay , " Sina " or " Kina " among indigenous groups in Borneo , " Cīṉar " (சீனர்) in Tamil , and " Huaren " (華人/华人, Chinese people) or " Huayi " (華裔/华裔, ethnic Chinese) in Mandarin . China and other early kingdoms in

565-659: A foreign market for its goods and an outlet to sea; due to the ideal conditions described above and its easy access to the Mekong River, it has begun gaining access to the several markets of the Nanyang, particularly Burma and Laos. Another main avenue for Chinese trade with the Great Golden Peninsula is the South China Sea; it was the main route for trade in commodities and ideas, and even named

678-441: A fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. As of 2010, Malaysians make up 0.4% of the world's total population , having relied upon immigration for population growth and social development. Approximately 30% of current Malaysians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Malaysian residents in the 2000s were not born in Malaysian soil. It is estimated, by 2031, nearly one-half of Malaysians above

791-591: A long time for us all to come to the same conclusions despite our differing experiences in Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak . Our friends in Sabah are not here today officially, but I can assure you that we have many friends there. There is no doubt that it took us a long time to reach the inevitable conclusion that these people [referring to the racial politics in Malay Peninsula] were up to no good. You know

904-673: A mass emigration from China to the Malay Peninsula. After the establishment of British rule in Labuan in 1846, more ethnic Chinese (primarily Hakka , and many from Singapore) arrived in British Borneo . The migration continued through the first few years of the North Borneo Chartered Company . Chinese migration to Labuan and North Borneo was largely confined to the agricultural sector; migration to

1017-712: A meeting of Chin and Deng Xiaoping in Beijing, China urged the Communist Party of Malaya to continue their armed struggle. The establishment of a communist government in mainland China affected Chinese youth in Sarawak, who organized the pro-Beijing Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League (later the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, which sparked the 1960 communist insurgency in Sarawak . Malaysia's economy continued to prosper, dependent on tin and rubber industries dominated by

1130-457: A million people, most of them ethnic Chinese. The large number of emigrants, many of whom are young with education or skills, constitutes a significant " brain drain " from the country, especially towards the country's immediate neighbour Singapore . Aside from their economic dominance, ethnic Chinese Malaysians are known for their contribution in the country healthcare sectors with their traditional health practice. Around 3,000 medicine shops in

1243-628: A multi-ethnic society without Malayisation . Although Lee was seen by Malay extremists in the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), as opposed to Ketuanan Melayu after the 1963 formation of Malaysia, he had adopted Malay as Singapore's national language and appointed Malay Yusof Ishak as Yang di-Pertuan Negara . The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), led by Tan Cheng Lock and part of

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1356-469: A number of secret societies . This exacerbated political unrest among the Malay aristocracy, which enlisted help from the secret societies. Contemporary local Malay politics was characterised as anarchy and civil war between people from similar backgrounds, prompting alliances between senior Malay political leaders and officials from China and Europe who were protecting their investments. You can help shoulder

1469-603: A re-alignment of forces between those who wanted a "true Malaysian nation" and those who preferred a country led by a component of the Alliance Party, and his criticism of Malays advocating Malay dominance, led to bitter PAP–UMNO relations and the 1964 race riots in Singapore ; Singapore was later expelled from the federation in August 1965, and became its own sovereign nation. The struggle for equality continued with

1582-555: A result of similar growing frustration over long-time manipulation of the state demographics and resources with lack of development through the administration of the Malay-led supremacists government of UMNO with frequent labelling as "fixed deposit state". During the election, the DAP won a large amount of seats due to the support of many Chinese constituents and subsequently diminished MCA influence among ethnic Chinese Malaysians. Although

1695-455: A search for business opportunities in the Great Golden Peninsula. The Great Golden Peninsula has benefitted greatly from Chinese immigration. Economic opportunity, commerce in particular, brought the Chinese to the Nanyang, and involvement in commercial activities is a common characteristic amongst Chinese minorities in the region. These Chinese family businesses and the Chinese population of

1808-593: A shadow on economies of the Great Golden Peninsula that must compete with China in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and in manufactured products to the same markets. China's chief interest in the region of the Great Golden Peninsula was the expansion of its economic activities, namely trade. Foreign trade has been a very significant factor in maintaining stability and in contributing to growth in China. Chinese merchants were constantly pushing south as trade with Burma thrived. The Chinese province of Yunnan – where

1921-610: A significant and substantial presence in the business sector of the Malaysian economy . Most Malaysian Chinese are descendants of Southern Chinese immigrants who arrived in Malaysia between the early 19th and the mid-20th centuries before the country attained independence from British colonial rule. The majority originate from the provinces of Fujian and Lingnan (including the three modern provinces of Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi). They belong to diverse ethnic Han subgroups such as

2034-503: A smaller number of Vietnamese immigrants, however, with local men marrying women from China and Vietnam . Since their early ancient trade connection and subsequent migrations, the majority of ethnic Chinese in Malaysia are ethnic Han from the historical areas of Fujian and Guangdong provinces in southern China . Nearly all ethnic Chinese Malaysians living in the country today are either patrilineal descendants of these early immigrants, or new immigrants born in mainland China. Among

2147-464: Is a subgroup of mixed spoken dialects and has the fewest people as compared to other Chinese subgroups. The first San Jiang Clansmen Association or San Kiang Association was formed in Penang back in 1897. Although the ethnic Chinese population had been increasing since the 1970s, their proportion within the total population had been decreasing gradually, particularly caused by the lower birth rate among

2260-460: Is also a small community of Huáběi -ren (Northern Chinese or 华北人) in Sabah whose ancestors coming from various parts of Hebei (河北) and Shandong (山东) provinces in China with most of them calling themselves as Tiānjīn -ren (天津人 or 津侨). Besides that, Sanjiang-ren ( Chinese : 三江人 ) is a collective term used to categorise the group of people whose ancestors hailed from Shanghai (上海), Zhejiang (浙江), Jiangsu (江苏), Hubei (湖北) and Jiangxi (江西). It

2373-649: Is now widely used as a working language or lingua franca among the different Chinese ethnicities, particularly for younger generations. The first census conducted in 1970 after Malaysia was formed in 1963 reported that there were 3,555,879 ethnic Chinese Malaysians, with the Hokkien or Min Nan (福建人 or 闽南人) being the majority at 32.4%, followed by Hakka (客家人) at 22.1%, Cantonese (广府人) at 19.8%, Teochew (潮汕人) and Hainanese (海南人) at 12.4% and 4.7% respectively. This increase to 4,554,664 in 1980 and 4,623,900 in 1991. In 2000,

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2486-467: Is the official language, while English is considered the de facto language for business. The Bumiputeras speak various Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages as well as smaller language families such as Tai-Kadai and Creoles . Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak varieties of Chinese from the southern provinces of China. The more common varieties in the country are Cantonese , Mandarin , Hokkien , Hakka , Teochew , Hainanese, and Fuzhou. Tamil

2599-628: Is the predominant among Indian Malaysians, though languages like Telugu , Malayalam and Punjabi are also spoken. The Malaysian constitution guarantees freedom of religion while making Islam the state religion. According to the Population and Housing Census 2010 figures, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 61.3% of the population practice Islam , 19.8% practice Buddhism , 9.2% Christianity , 6.3% Hinduism and 1.3% practice Confucianism , Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions . 0.7% declared no religion and

2712-646: The Batang Kali massacre , 24 unarmed Malaysian civilians suspected of providing aid to the MNLA were shot by a Scots Guard division in late 1948. According to Chin Peng , the success of Templer's campaign was primarily due to the Briggs Plan's resettlement programme; Gurney also introduced a quasi-ministerial system, with a bill to increase the number of non-Malays eligible for citizenship after independence. After

2825-537: The Democratic Action Party (DAP) as the latter were seen as more vocal on their rights. The recent country general election in 2018 saw the fall of National Front coalition following additional aid from Bornean parliamentary seats particularly in Sabah that were won by Pakatan Harapan coalition ally of regionalist Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) as well from another indigenous party of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) as

2938-664: The Democratic Action Party (DAP), which succeeded the PAP in 1965. Many Malaysian Chinese began to view the Malaysian Chinese Association as more concerned with business and economic interests than social factors, although Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman considered the MCA the sole legitimate representative of the federation's Chinese community. In 1968, communists supported by China began a new insurgency from their stronghold in southern Thailand. The following year ,

3051-589: The Dutch East Indies , the Philippines , Siam , British Singapore, Malaya and Borneo) and began Nanyang organising activities in Saigon , Hanoi , Pontianak , Manila , Bangkok , Singapore and George Town . Competition arose among three groups, with each group targeting overseas Chinese (particularly in Malaya and Singapore) for support. One group was a pro-Qing elite who targeted wealthy Chinese;

3164-510: The Fuzhou (福州人), Hokkien and Teochew in Sarawak. The population increased further to 6,392,636 by 2010 and 6,892,367 by 2020. As of 2020, over three-fifths of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese resided in Selangor , Johor , Kuala Lumpur and Penang . Penang also had the largest percentage of Chinese and was the only state where the Chinese constituted a plurality. The Hokkien are notably prominent in

3277-521: The Hokkien and Fuzhou from Fujian, the Teochew , Cantonese , and Hakka from Guangdong, the Hainanese from Hainan and Kwongsai from Guangxi. Most Malaysian Chinese have maintained their Han Chinese heritage, identity, culture and language. Another group of Chinese migrants who arrived between the 13th and the 17th centuries heavily assimilated aspects of the indigenous Malay cultures and formed

3390-593: The Malay Archipelago , such as the northern area of the Malay Peninsula and Po-Ni in western Borneo , have long been connected. The first recorded movement of people from China into present-day Malaysia was the 1292 arrival of Mongol expeditionary forces under Kublai Khan in Borneo in 1292 in preparation for their invasion of Java the following year. Many of Khan's Chinese followers settled on

3503-643: The Malaysian Alliance Party , refused to join the struggle for equality. The MCA feared that equality would disrupt an agreement between the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) in which Malays were politically dominant and the Chinese controlled the country's economy; Malaysian Indians played a smaller economic role, with the Malays promising to share future political power with

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3616-490: The Mekong River , previously used for illegal migration, flows - is China's main avenue for trade with the Nanyang. Yunnan is a landlocked province that possesses a well-developed industrial base with cheap labor and a fast-growing economy. Its proximity to the Nanyang region has been complemented by its remoteness from Beijing's control – the region was the last stronghold of anti-communist forces . It has for years sought

3729-695: The Nanyang region. According to Hai Yü ( Words about the Sea) , written by Huang Zhong and published in 1537, the lifestyle of the Chinese community in Malacca differed from that of the local Malays . This close relationship was maintained during the Islamisation of the Malacca and Brunei kingdoms, whose thalassocracy once covered much of present-day Malaysia. Both the Muslim sultanates pledged protection to

3842-678: The Raj of Sarawak was largely restricted to the mining and agricultural sectors. Rajah Charles Brooke of Sarawak promoted the migration of Chinese and Dayak people to interior Sarawak to develop the region. This resulted in the establishment of an administrative center and bazaar by the 19th century, primarily in Sarawak's First, Second, and Third Divisions . Rajah Charles invited Chinese black-pepper growers from Singapore to settle in Kuching in 1876, and they were later joined by local Chinese miners and others from neighbouring Dutch Borneo . With

3955-460: The Teochew from Chaozhou of eastern Guangdong are mainly on plantation agriculture, the Fuzhou from central Fujian specialise in entrepreneurship , while the Hainanese from Hainan as one of the ethnic Chinese minority saw themselves as sojourners with many of Hainanese chefs and waiters ruled the kitchen of local Chinese kopi tiam and restaurants . The Henghua and Hokchia from eastern Fujian are usually managing family industries while

4068-472: The four official languages is Mandarin. Vietnam has been following the 'China model' politically and economically; like in China, Vietnamese from overseas have led and been the most significant contributors of the economic recovery of the country. Malaysia experiences Chinese cultural influence through Chinese tycoons; they play a prominent role in leading the economic boom and inspire reforms to Malaysia's Malay supremacy policy. The anti-Chinese sentiment of

4181-576: The 18 June 1948 declaration of the Malayan Emergency , the early government response was chaotic; its primary aim was to guard important economic targets. Most Malayan Chinese opposed the MNLA. The 1950 Briggs Plan , devised by British general Harold Briggs , intended to isolate the Chinese population from the insurgents. Independence was promised, and supported by the Malays; the Chinese population feared being treated as second-class citizens in an independent Malaya. In addition to new villages,

4294-464: The 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution , foreign missionaries in China were forced to leave; Templer invited them to Malaya to provide spiritual healing , medical education and welfare measures to residents of the new government villages. By September 1952, every person born in Malaya (includes 1.2 million Chinese) was granted full citizenship. When the Federation of Malaya gained independence from

4407-559: The Alliance Party coalition in 1972. The growing Islamisation with "Islamic version of non-tolerant and open", increasing racism within the Malay party members throughout the coalition imposing further into the country social demographics as well as the government discriminative policies on their education and employment, caused further disenchantment among non-Malays, especially ethnic Chinese. This subsequently caused dwindling support from ethnic Chinese Malaysians when many original strongholds of MCA constituents and even Gerakan turned to

4520-523: The British in 1957, there was still an insurgency. Chinese communists who surrendered were given a choice of repatriation to China or declaring loyalty to the elected government of Malaya and renouncing communist ideology. The anti-communist campaign continued until 1960, when the Malayan government declared the end of its state of emergency after Chin Peng demobilized his forces and left his hide-out in southern Thailand for Beijing via North Vietnam . At

4633-470: The Chinese in the Nanyang, especially where they constituted the minorities, the region still remains economically attractive to them. Pockets of settled Chinese communities continue to testify to the attractiveness of the Great Golden Peninsula. Although China has positive impacts in the Nanyang region, in more recent years (since the early 1980s), China's continuous success with its open-door policy and export-oriented development strategy has started to cast

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4746-643: The Chinese arriving in the region. The overseas Chinese of the Great Golden Peninsula play extremely significant roles in the region; in particular, involved with trade and commerce, mining and commercial agriculture. One of the main benefits the Chinese merchants brought to the Nanyang region is a more prominent relationship with the United States and other Pacific countries due to the strong link these merchants foster with foreign countries. The Nanyang Chinese continue to be vibrant elements in their newfound homes. Despite pogroms and discrimination against

4859-470: The Chinese co-operated with the British and pledged loyalty to King George VI when the Crown Colony of North Borneo was formed after the war. The answer [to the uprising] lies not in pouring more troops into the jungle, but in the hearts and minds of the people.  —Gerald Templer after his appointment as British High Commissioner for Malaya to deal with the 1952 Malayan Emergency With

4972-638: The Chinese communities in the Nanyang. The Mekong River , gathering its strength in the Yunnan province and flowing south into the Nanyang nations of Burma, Laos , Thailand , Cambodia and Vietnam before spilling into the South China Sea , was an extremely important facilitator of the Chinese Diaspora. It became known, not as a nourishing and life-giving river, but as the leading channel out of China for illegal migrants. More recently,

5085-406: The Chinese community. Ethnic Chinese Malaysians have been traditionally dominant in the business sector of the Malaysian economy with large local Chinese enterprises involved in natural resources and food ingredients industries such as sugar and palm oil . Almost every biscuits manufacturer in the country is dominated by ethnic Chinese Malaysians. Up to the 1970s, their economic structure

5198-746: The Chinese dynasties from further conquest by the neighbouring Javanese Majapahit or the Siamese Ayutthaya . This relationship resulted in interethnic marriage between the sultanate's royal family and the Chinese envoy and representatives. Zheng He's arrival encouraged the spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago and aided the growth of the Chinese Muslim population from the Eastern Chinese coastal towns of Fujian and Canton , with many of their traders arriving in

5311-612: The Chinese played a leading role in the tin-mining industry. The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780 adversely affected the tin trade, however, and many Chinese miners left. Early Chinese settlements in Malacca and several areas along the archipelago's coasts notwithstanding, most mass Chinese migration to Malaysia occurred after the founding of British settlements in Malaya and Borneo during the early 19th century. A 1786 British settlement in Penang and another in Singapore in 1819 triggered

5424-679: The Department of Statistics, Malaysia and other government agencies. For the purpose of tabulation and analysis, as well as taking into account the diverse ethnic group in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Federal Territory of Labuan and Sarawak, major ethnic groups according to region as follows: Malay Malay Kadazan-Dusun Bajau Murut Malay Iban Bidayuh Orang Ulu Melanau Other Bumiputera Other Malays / Anak Dagang Indonesian Non-Bumiputera Chinese Indian Others Information collected in

5537-481: The Great Golden Peninsula. One of the many examples of China's influence over the region is the Chinese Lunar New Year , commonly referred to as “ Chinese New Year ”. It is celebrated and is an official public holiday in many countries of the Nanyang region (Vietnam, Singapore , Brunei , Malaysia , Indonesia and Philippines ). Another prominent example is the original roots of the people in

5650-461: The Kuomintang and other Chinese organizations in Malaya. Since the conflict with Japan also involved the British, Chiang Kai-shek urged Kuomintang members to fight alongside them; in return, British colonial authorities lifted their ban of Chinese associations (including the Kuomintang and the Chinese communist movement). This, and British recognition of the Communist Party of Malaya, resulted in

5763-465: The Kwongsai from Guangxi are employed in labour sectors. Followed by the third wave of ethnic Chinese migration thereafter, this resulted from Malaysia as being one of the countries outside China and Taiwan with largest population of Chinese speakers in the world. Following the establishment of diplomatic relationship between Mainland China and Malaysia in 1974, a joint communiqué was made between

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5876-521: The MCA was challenged by the DAP and the Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN). Of its 33 parliamentary seats contested in the election, the MCA retained 13 and lost control of the Penang state government to GERAKAN; Chinese-Malay tensions culminated in the 13 May incident . Other clashes were also ethnic in nature. In the aftermath of the riots, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman blamed

5989-582: The MPAJA renamed as the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), communist insurgents used guerrilla tactics in the jungles, sabotaged transportation networks and attacked British plantations (assassinating several European plantation owners). British intelligence estimated MNLA support at about 500,000, out of a total Chinese population of 3.12 million; battling the insurgents was difficult, since most hid in inaccessible jungles. With

6102-475: The Malay kingdoms fell under colonial rule. Their related entities were politically and economically stable. Economic prosperity was fueled by British capital and Chinese and Indian work forces who expanded and supplied tin and rubber production. Before the 1911 Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty in China, Tongmenghui leader Sun Yat-sen raised funds and organisational support from overseas Chinese communities (primarily in French Indochina ,

6215-476: The Malayan government and the colonial government of Singapore in 1940. At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese conflict and the Japanese occupation of Malaya and British Borneo , Kuomintang activities were ended. When the Chinese Communist Party (under Mao Zedong ) reached an agreement with the Kuomintang government (under Chiang Kai-shek ) to put aside their differences and rally against Japanese aggression in July 1940, pro-independence sentiment led to bans on

6328-453: The Malaysian Chinese and the Malays remain unresolved. The failure of Malaysia's social contract has led to a strong Chinese identity , in contrast to the Chinese communities in neighbouring Indonesia , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand and Vietnam . After the 1969 racial clashes, the Malaysian New Economic Policy favouring the Malays from 1971 to 1990 increased Bumiputera economic control by 60 percent. Malaysian Chinese remain

6441-417: The Malaysian Chinese population is increasing in every census , the proportion of ethnic Chinese among the country's total population has been declining in recent decades because of a lower birth rate and high emigration rate. There are significant concerns about the loss of political representation. According to a report by the World Bank , the Malaysian diaspora around the world in 2010 included around

6554-485: The Nanyang but it also handled Chinese human cargo by ‘sorting’ it according to their skills and sturdiness. The Nanyang region has been in the Chinese cultural sphere of influence for an extended period of time. Therefore, the rise in the role and influence of the ethnic Chinese is extremely important for the understanding of the region. The Chinese philosophy , religion , political philosophies , governmental standards and overall way of life have been transferred to

6667-427: The Nanyang can be characterized as the driving force behind economic growth and capitalism of the region. Since the period after 1850, the Chinese have come to dominate small business in the major cities of the Nanyang. They tended not only to own the shops, but hire mostly Chinese workers, increasing the scope and power of the Chinese influence. These business are distinguished by high level of centralization, most of

6780-455: The Portuguese for their activities in Malacca during the Ming dynasty after the arrival of their fleet in Canton. The Chinese emperor was reluctant to help the deposed Malaccan ruler reclaim his position, however, since the dynasty 's foreign policy was changing to maintain friendly relations with the Portuguese. His successor, the Jiajing Emperor , changed the attitude of the Ming court by executing two government officials and reaffirming

6893-472: The age of 15 will be foreign born or have one foreign born parent. Bumiputera , according to the 2010 Malaysian Census , numbered at 17,523,508 or 61.85% of the country's 28,334,135 population. The Malaysian diaspora has a population of 1,730,152 in 2019, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Malaysia does not keep track of emigration and counts of Malaysians abroad are thus only available courtesy of statistics kept by

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7006-427: The belief that the interests of the Malay race must be upheld over anything else. From 1968, the inability of MCA to preserve ethnic Chinese Malaysian interests, particularly with regards to their culture, education, and language, resulted in the formation of another ethnic Chinese representative party, the Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN) led by Chinese overseas-educated elite, although this party also joined

7119-690: The business sector's dominant players; equity ownership doubled from 22.8 percent in 1969 to 45.5 percent in 1990, and nearly all of Malaysia's richest people are Chinese. Since Malaysian Chinese manage the country's economy, most (75.8 percent in 1991) live in urban areas. They generally do not speak Malay among themselves; this contrasts with earlier Chinese communities such as the Straits-born Chinese of Baba-Nyonya, Kelantanese and Terengganuan Peranakans , Penangite Hokkien and Sabah Sino-natives , who mingled with local Malay and other indigenous peoples. Chinese in East Malaysia in Sabah and Sarawak, particularly in small inland towns, interact more closely with

7232-426: The census including ethnic group and citizenship was based on respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document. Information on citizenship should be used with caution as it is subject to content and coverage errors especially for non-citizens as in censuses in most countries. Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages, 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia. Malaysian , or Standard Malay,

7345-413: The census reported that ethnic Chinese Malaysians numbered at 5,691,908, which was approximately 24.45% of the country's population at the time, with 86% of them living in urban areas. In West Malaysia , Hokkien became the leading group followed by Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew. The pattern differs in East Malaysia where Hakka is the majority in Sabah and Sarawak followed by Hokkien and Cantonese in Sabah and

7458-463: The coastal towns of present-day Malaysia and Indonesia by the early 15th century. In addition to the early settlements in Kinabatangan and Malacca, two more old Chinese settlements are located in Terengganu and the Penang Island as part of trade networks with their respective areas. Although many Chinese traders avoided Portuguese Malacca after its 1511 conquest , the flow of emigrants from China continued. The Zhengde Emperor retaliated against

7571-417: The colony's economic life; the Dutch also established a settlement in Perak in 1650 through an earlier treaty with Aceh and suggested that Alauddin, the 17th Sultan of Perak, allow the Chinese to develop tin mines . This facilitated Alauddin's plan to request more Chinese workers from Malacca, and the sultan promised to punish any official guilty of mistreating the Chinese. With the sultan 's consent,

7684-427: The communists rather than racial issues and said that the Vietnam War in their neighbour was "not simply a civil war but communist-ideology expansion ". The Malaysian government introduced several policy initiatives in security and development, a neighbourhood-watch program and the People's Volunteer Corps . The Communist Party of Malaya split into two factions during the early 1970s: a revolutionary wing in 1970 and

7797-430: The country sell traditional Chinese medicine with development support also given by the country Health Ministry . Chinese traditional health practice services in the country generally encompass the zhong yi 中医 (Chinese medicine), qigong (气功), chiropractic care (整骨), acupuncture (针灸) and several others. In 2012, the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill (T&CM) was passed by the Parliament of Malaysia for

7910-571: The country with their own distinct cultures and traditions: Malays , Orang Asli (aboriginal population), Malaysian Chinese (primarily Han Chinese and Peranakans ), Malaysian Indians (primarily South Asian Tamils and Chitty ). The majority of the non-Malay and non-aboriginal population in modern Malaysia is made up of immigrants and their descendants. Following the initial period of Portuguese, Dutch and then significantly longer British colonisation, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non- indigenous peoples took place over

8023-560: The country's foundation in 1963, the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was the sole legitimate political representation for ethnic Chinese in Malaysia under the multi-racial political coalition of the Alliance Party (later expanded into National Front coalition). However, the growing restriction of non-Malay interests in Malaysian society and politics since the 1970s caused deep dissension among Chinese Malaysians. The perception that their ethnic party representatives were unable to stand for their people's rights grew, and that decision-making

8136-668: The course of history. The first wave of emigration came as a result of the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, the ruling dynasty in China that followed the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and ruled for 276 years. The migrants opposed the Manchu seizure of power in Beijing and migrated to establish overseas Chinese communities throughout the Nanyang region. This led to Chinese control of large parts of

8249-509: The course of nearly five centuries and continue today. Malayan independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 grew gradually over the course of latter part of the 20th century since the formation of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 (excluding Crown Colony of Singapore , Crown Colony of North Borneo and Crown Colony of Sarawak ). World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Malayans to have their country recognised as

8362-1258: The customs and habits of the people there, and live in unity with them, and their proper rights and interests will be protected by the Government of China and respected by the Government of Malaysia. Different Chinese dialects are spoken in Malaysian towns and cities. Among them are Hokkien in George Town , Alor Setar , Kangar , Seberang Perai , Klang , Taiping , Kota Bharu , Kuala Terengganu , Malacca City , Johor Bahru and Kuching , Teochew in Johor Bahru , Sungai Petani , Parit Buntar and Miri , Cantonese in Kuala Lumpur , Cheras , Kajang , Ipoh , Kuantan , Seremban , Mersing , Kampar , Petaling Jaya and Sandakan , Hakka in Kota Kinabalu , Tawau , Kulai and Kuala Kangsar , Fuzhou in Sibu , Miri and Sitiawan , and Hainanese in Kuala Terengganu and Papar . However, Mandarin

8475-426: The decision-making relies on the owner-manager; absence of bureaucratic regulation, yielding a fluid organizational structure; an autocratic and paternalistic leadership style; existence of preferential treatment combined with extensive family ties of obligation of duty; and finally, a customized network of external links. These features set them apart from other businesses in the Nanyang and allowed them to thrive due to

8588-464: The destination countries. The diaspora includes both descendants of early emigrants from Malaysia, as well as more recent emigrants from Malaysia. Since independence, a total of 688,766 naturalised foreigners had been granted Malaysian citizenship while 10,828 individuals had their citizenships revoked. The community of Malaysians in Australian external territory of Christmas Island makes up

8701-579: The discovery of tin deposits in British Malaya , many Chinese immigrants worked in the tin-mining industry. As tin mines opened in Perak, many Chinese in neighbouring Penang became wealthy. Many Chinese tin-mining communities were established in the Malay Peninsula by the 1870s, particularly in Ipoh ( Kinta Valley ), Taiping , Seremban and Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ). Each of the mining communities

8814-615: The dominant immigrant group as the first group of ethnic Chinese to settle in large numbers with their language become a contact language among Chinese of different linguistics background. The Cantonese from Guangdong follow suit and became well known as mineworkers, land reclamation , mechanics and their familiarity with cash cropping . Another large group, the Hakka are mostly hill farmers originated from northeastern Guangdong and various southern China places who specialise in forest clearance, mining as well on metalworking . Other groups like

8927-470: The entrepreneurial talent they demonstrated. Because the business industry for the Nanyang-Chinese seemed extremely prosperous, most of the Chinese immigrants strove to acquaint themselves with the shopkeepers and attempted to learn and eventually master trade in the hopes that they too would eventually gain entry to business in the Nanyang. This allowed for the continuation of business-creation by

9040-470: The establishment of "Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council or Majlis Perubatan Tradisional dan Komplementari" to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including traditional Chinese medicine practitioners as well Malay, indigenous and Indians traditional medicine which followed by the enforcement of T&CM Act in the following year. Since most of the traditional medicine pharmacies are family-apprentice trade, most of

9153-620: The establishment of the South Seas Communist Party in Singapore, followed by the Indochinese Communist Party , Communist Party of Malaya , Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Siam ; the movement also maintained relations with the earlier, Southeast Asian Communist Party of Indonesia . The Communist Party of Malaya followed the general communist policy of opposing Western democracies before World War II , increasing propaganda against

9266-452: The expanding British colonial ambitions in the region which led to the establishment of Straits Settlements , more migrants were attracted and the region became an important destination for Chinese emigration . By the late 19th century with the second wave of migration through the British colonial rule, the Hokkien of southern Fujian led by many of their wealthy and powerful individuals with skills in finance and maritime shipping became

9379-486: The first group from the first migration wave are the Peranakans in Kelantan and Terengganu , Sino-Natives in Sabah and Straits-born Chinese (Baba-Nyonya) in Malacca and Penang . The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century caused much chaos and suffering in southern China, which led many ethnic Chinese civilians to seek refuge overseas, particularly to the Nanyang region (Southeast Asia) in further south. With

9492-441: The following year; Templer preferred winning hearts and minds to military measures against the insurgents. As part of his campaign, Templer incentivised rebel surrender and used strict curfews and tight control of food supplies in involved areas to flush them out. Crops grown by insurgents were sprayed with herbicides and defoliants , and restrictions were lifted in areas free of insurgents by elevating them to "white status". In

9605-896: The formation of the guerrilla Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) in 1941. The MPAJA (primarily consisting of ethnic Chinese in Malaya) waged a guerrilla war against the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) with 10,000 men in eight battalions, and contacted the British Force 136 . Local Kuomintang revolts, such as the Jesselton uprising in British Borneo, were suppressed by the Kenpeitai . Much Chinese underground anti-Japanese activity in North Borneo

9718-541: The importance of Malaccan issues in major policy decisions. Some Chinese, including those from Fujian (defying Ming-Dynasty regulation for the sake of trade), informed the Portuguese of the trade route between Guangdong and Siam. Since the local Malaccan Chinese were not treated favourably by the Portuguese, they and most overseas Chinese refused to cooperate with them. Through the Portuguese administration in Malacca, Chinese Muslims sided with other Islamic traders against

9831-448: The indigenous communities. Integration issues in present-day Malaysia are largely inherited from Malayan racial politics, in which ethnic communities consolidated into a single political community. Malaysia's contemporary educational and social policies has created a Chinese brain drain to developed countries , especially Singapore . The country has experienced a slight wave of Mandarin -speaking immigrants from northeastern China and

9944-623: The introduction of different kind of technologies and managerial systems which resulted from Malaysia becoming the largest trading partner to China in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Nevertheless, unlike the more transboundary business influence by neighbouring Chinese Singaporeans , a majority of Chinese Malaysian businesses are still seen as less concentrating on developing business ties with other Southeast Asian Chinese businessmen despite there have been few businesses made by several local Malaysian Chinese companies. Since

10057-613: The introduction of pepper to the kingdom, pepper cultivation in Sarawak's First Division Kuching-Serian region was dominated by the Hakka; Fuzhou and Cantonese people dominated cultivation in the Third Division Sarikei-Binatang region, making Sarawak the world's second-largest pepper producer. After the British gained control of the four states of Perak, Selangor , Negeri Sembilan and Pahang , nearly two million Chinese immigrated to Perak and Selangor. After

10170-614: The island with Chinese traders after the campaign, establishing an enclave along the Kinabatangan River . Their arrival was welcomed by the indigenous people , who benefited from the jars, beads, silk, and pottery brought to the island by the Chinese. Chinese explorer and sailor Zheng He commanded several expeditions to south-east Asia between 1405 and 1430; during his third voyage, Zheng also visited Malacca . His companion and translator, Ma Huan , described Malacca in his Yingya Shenglan . Formerly part of Thailand, Malacca

10283-465: The latter by providing ships and human capital . Negotiations were later held in Guangdong between Chinese officials and Portuguese envoys about Malaccan issues, with Malacca remaining under Portuguese control. After the 1641 Dutch takeover of Malacca , many local Malaccan Chinese were hired to construct Dutch buildings. The Dutch found the Chinese industrious, and encouraged their participation in

10396-425: The line they were taking with growing truculence on a heavy racial accent, the intimidatory postures and the snarling guttural notes on which they sent out their signals to their followers on the basis of the race lead us to only one conclusion -- that if this goes on, Malaysia will not belong to Malaysians . Since there are so many Malaysians, we decided that the time has come for us to speak our minds. Lee's call for

10509-400: The majority of Malaysians, non-citizen residents may also claim a Malaysian identity. The country is home to people of various national , ethnic and religious origins. As a result, many Malaysians do not equate their nationality with ethnicity , but with citizenship and allegiance to Malaysia. Majority of the population, however, belong to several clearly defined racial groups within

10622-568: The majority of the population, while Singapore has the largest minority community of Malaysians , with 952,261 people, followed by Australia , the United Kingdom and the United States . Classification of 2010 Census ethnic group is as set by Inter-Agency Technical Committee (IATC) in Appendix 1. IATC is a committee formed to co-ordinate and monitor the implementation and use of standardised codes, classifications and definitions used by

10735-625: The other two groups. After two years as part of the federation and the enactment of Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia , Lee was joined by the Malay Peninsula's United Democratic Party and People's Progressive Party and Sarawak's United Peoples' Party and Machinda Party in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention to campaign for equality. In a June 1965 speech at the MSC meeting in Singapore, Lee said: It took

10848-928: The other two were reformists and revolutionaries who advocated constitutional reforms , the introduction of a parliamentary system , and the overthrow of Qing and Manchu influence on a modern Chinese nation. After the revolution which established the Republic of China , branches of the Kuomintang emerged in British Malaya. Kuomintang activities in British Borneo were coordinated by the Democratic Party of North Borneo, consisting of Chinese-educated towkays . Patriotism among Chinese immigrant communities focused on China. British colonial authorities initially did not object to Kuomintang membership. A communist movement developed among overseas Chinese by 1925 with

10961-754: The peninsular as well as Sandakan and Keningau ( Taishanese or 台山人) in Sabah, and to a lesser extent, Miri and Sarikei in Sarawak. The Teochews are mostly found in Johor and Melaka, with a minority of them settling in pockets of Kedah, pockets of Penang and parts of coastal Selangor. The Fuzhounese are numerous in Yong Peng , Sitiawan , Sungai Pelek , Miri , Bintangor , Sarikei , Bintulu , Kapit , and Sibu . The population of Hainanese can be found in all cities and towns in Malaysia, numerously in Malacca and Terengganu and Henghuas or Putian (兴化人 or 莆田人) and Hockchia or Fuqing (福清人) in various other areas. There

11074-436: The plan included labour reorganisation, the deployment of troops throughout Malaya, and cooperation between the police, the army, and intelligence. Under the resettlement scheme, more than 700,000 rural Chinese communities were relocated in 582 new government settlements. After British high commissioner Henry Gurney died in a 1951 ambush, Gerald Templer are appointed as the new high commissioner for Malaya by Winston Churchill

11187-601: The region's economy and means of production. The second wave started as a form of escaping the oppressive control exerted by the Manchu Emperors of the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China ruling from 1644 to 1911. After the Taiping Rebellion and alternative upheavals that resulted in the disintegration of China, warlords ruptured the country into lawless fiefdoms, leading to an expansion of

11300-542: The region; a significant portion of the population of the Nanyang region originated in China, especially when it comes to Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Singapore. More specifically, Chinese influence in Thailand is seen in a rise in Thai-Chinese power, not only in commerce and business but also in politics, bureaucracy and intelligentsia. In Indonesia, some news bulletins are in Mandarin , whilst in Singapore, one of

11413-437: The remaining 1.4% practised other religions or did not provide any information. Nanyang (region) The alternative term, " Great Golden Peninsula ", came into common usage due to the large number of Chinese migrants – attempting to escape the reach of the oppressive Manchu Emperors – it received. The Chinese, especially those from the southeastern seaboard, also ventured to the region to engage in trade . The Nanyang

11526-476: The responsibility of saving our country by donating your money, while our comrades in our country are sacrificing their lives.  —Sun Yat-sen at the 1910 Penang conference in the Straits Settlements of Penang Civil wars and other conflicts among the indigenous ethnic groups ended when the British gained control of Malaya and the northern island of Borneo by the 1900s. However, none of

11639-436: The second Silk Route . Trade flows between China and the Nanyang were characterized by exports of manufactured or processed goods from China and exports of raw materials and food – particularly rice – from the Nanyang. More recently, Singapore developed into the center of trade between the two regions; it became the base for Chinese activity in the Nanyang. Singapore was not only a main source of capital for overseas Chinese in

11752-703: The states of Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , Malacca , Penang , Perlis , Perak , Sarawak , Labuan and Terengganu while the Hakka is prominent in Sabah and the second largest sub-group in Labuan . The Cantonese (including the smaller population of Kwongsais or Guangxi (广西人) people in states such as Johor , Pahang and Perak ) are mostly concentrated in the cities of Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh , and to some extent in Bera , Kuantan , Muallim , Bentong , Kuala Kangsar , Lipis , Mersing , Raub , Cameron Highlands , Jerantut , Temerloh , Bahau , Kampar , Rompin , Gopeng , Maran , Tapah , Pekan , Bidor and Seremban in

11865-401: The third wave of migrants to the Nanyang – coming from all over China – has led to, arguably, more profound economic and social impacts than waves in the past. Better overland routes and air travel, along with the more relaxed Chinese emigration regulations of 1979 and China's economic reform and opening up of its economy in 1980, have facilitated the process of migration and led the Chinese into

11978-485: The traditional medicine practitioners are not registered as a doctor under the health department despite the support given by the Health Ministry with most can practice the career without needed to be registered under government law. Malaysians Malaysians ( Malay : Orang Malaysia ; Jawi : أورڠ مليسيا ‎) are citizens who are identified with the country of Malaysia . Although citizens make up

12091-487: The two nations, which stated: The Chinese government considers anyone of Chinese origin who has taken up his own will or acquired Malaysian nationality as automatically forfeiting Chinese nationality . As for residents who retain Chinese nationality of their own will, the Chinese government, acting in accordance with its consistent policy, will enjoin them to abide by the law of the Government of Malaysia , respect

12204-466: Was extremely important in the trading business and one of China's main trading partners in early years; it encompassed three main trading routes: one through Myanmar (Burma) , one through Vietnam and lastly one through Laos . Waves of Chinese emigration from mainland China, also referred to as the Chinese diaspora , to The Great Golden Peninsula and other regions have occurred several times through

12317-526: Was founded after convoys from the Ming Dynasty developed a city and the area's chief was crowned king. During his fourth imperial-fleet visit, Ma wrote that the local king had just converted to Islam and dressed like an Arab . The last edition of Mingshi , one of the official Chinese Twenty-Four Histories , mentioned a pre-established Chinese settlement in the area. Mentions in other records exist, especially after trade contacts were established with

12430-450: Was governed by a Kapitan Cina , with duties and privileges similar to those in Johor 's Kangchu system . Chinese migration sprang from poverty in rural China and employment opportunities in the British colonies or protectorates , and an estimated five million Chinese had immigrated by the 19th century. Despite economic prosperity after immigration, the new Chinese communities split into

12543-489: Was influenced by the Malay supremacists dominated party of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). The UMNO was the most influential part of the existing political coalition, and also championed Islamic values. Despite the coalition's multi-racial appearance, UMNO founding president Onn Jaafar has once said that their movement did not adhere to any ideology other than " Malayism ", defined by Malay scholar Ariffin Omar as

12656-406: Was intertwined with very much family and kinship ties. By the 21st century with the rising of China's economic influence , their economy network are jointly connected with other Overseas Chinese through the bamboo network . The local Chinese played a key role in facilitating China's capital to invest in Malaysia while in the process both benefited from expanded markets, lower labour costs and

12769-753: Was part of the Nanyang Chinese National Salvation Movement, led by Tan Kah Kee ; in Sarawak, activities were coordinated by the Sarawak Anti-Fascist League. The MPAJA was disbanded after the 1945 Allied victory in the Pacific , and many of its leaders were commended by the British. It began to massacre perceived collaborators (primarily Malay) after it was disbanded, however, sparking a Malay backlash. The MPAJA also targeted British posts, with several grenade attacks on British troops. In North Borneo,

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