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68-598: The site of Tell Yassir is a single mound covering around 15 hectares. It is one of a group of tells collectively called Tulūl al-Fāj which have now been identified as the location of Malgium. After the 2003 invasion Iraqi archaeologists with the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted a surface survey at Tell Yassir and found that the site was heavily looted, to the extent that administrative and palatial structures visible from earlier satellite images could no longer be found. Along with pottery shards

136-555: A general (Šagina) who represented the crown. Each province had a redistribution center where provincial taxes, called bala , would all go to be shipped to the capital. The bala tax worked on a rotating basis, with only one province supporting the kingdom at a time. Each province would support the kingdom for an amount of time determined by the size of their economy. Taxes could be paid in various forms, from crops to livestock to land. The government would then apportion out goods as needed, including funding temples and giving food rations to

204-736: A heavy trade relationship with the Gulf region. Evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur can be found from around 2350 BC. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly Trubinella Pyrum and Fasciolaria Trapezium , have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia dating from around 2500-2000 BC. Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in Ur and Babylon . About twenty seals have been found from

272-500: A moat and heaped up a pile of corpses." As with many Mesopotamian rulers he dealt with nomadic incursion in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep out the Tidnumite nomads. Shulgi is known to have made dedications at Susa , as foundation nails with his name, dedicated to god Inshushinak have been found there. One of the votive foundation nails reads: "The god 'Lord of Susa,' his king, Shulgi,

340-519: A number of inscribed bricks were found including those of Ur III rulers ( Shulgi and Shu-Suen ) and rulers of Malgium and declared Tell Yassir as the site of Malgium though this was not universally accepted. The site of Tell al-Baghdadya has also been suggested. An example brick inscription: šu-MAR.TU LUGAL KALAG.GA LUGAL MA.DA.NA DUMU na-bí-/EN.LÍL MU.ÚS.SA/ du-un-nu-um GÚ IDIGNA /BA.HUL BÀD.GAL ma-al-gu-um MU.UN.DÙ Šu-Amurrum, strong king, king of his country, son of Nabi-Enlil. (In)

408-633: A position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari and Ur . Nin-kalla , Amat-Sin, and Ea-niša were queens of Shulgi. This had influence and performed official functions which continued even after the death of Shulgi. Another queen, Shulgi-simti , who is known from a high number of texts presenting evidence for her economic power, had similar status. The archive shows she sirected various large animals to use in rituals for deities including Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban , Annunitum , Ulmašītum , Nanna, Ninlil and Enlil. From thirty-second to forty-seventh year of Shulgi's reign she

476-1685: A single day Year name 39 of Shulgi was "The year Šulgi, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, built é-Puzriš-Dagan, a residence {palace? temple?} of Šulgi". ( Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi ( Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon

544-484: A state. When Kings of the Third Ur dynasty ruled they had specific dates and names for each period of their rule. One example was "the year of Ur-nammu king," which marked Ur-Nammu's coronation. Another important time was the year named "The threshed grain of Largas." This year name references an event in which Ur-Nammu attacked the territory of Largas and took grain back to Ur. Another year-name that has been discovered

612-412: Is also believed to be a place where people would often take disputes according to some tablets that were found near the city. Politically it is hard to say how significant Nippur was because the city had no status as a dynastic or military power. However, the fact that Nippur never really gave kings any real political or military advantages suggests to some that it was never really conquered. The city itself

680-462: Is king 2. Year: The foundations of the temple of Ningubalag were laid 6. Year: The king straightened out the Nippur road 7. Year: The king made a round trip between Ur and Nippur (in one day) 10. Year: The royal mountain-house (the palace) was built 18. Year: Liwirmittašu, the daughter of the king, was elevated to the queenship of Marhashi 21c. Year: Der was destroyed 24. Year: Karahar

748-583: Is known from a cuneiform tablet. A daughter, Taram-Šulgi was married to the ruler of Pašime , Šudda-bani. Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run from Nippur to Ur , a distance of not less than 100 miles. Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion." Shulgi wrote 26 royal hymns to glorify himself and his actions. In one Shulgi claimed that he spoke Elamite as well as he spoke Sumerian . In another he refers to himself as "the king of

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816-413: Is known from records, that of his accession, suggesting a shorter reign. It is possible that Ur-Nammu was originally his governor. There are two stelae discovered in Ur that include this detail in an inscription about Ur-Nammu's life. Ur-Nammu rose to prominence as a warrior-king when he crushed the ruler of Lagash in battle, killing the king himself. After this battle, Ur-Nammu seems to have earned

884-454: Is quite a different picture of a laborer's life than the previous belief that they were afforded no way to move out of the social group they were born into. Slaves also made up a crucial group of labor for the state. One scholar estimates that 2/5 of chattel slaves mentioned in documents were not born slaves but became slaves due to accumulating debt, being sold by family members, or other reasons. However, one surprising feature of this period

952-687: Is that slaves seem to have been able to accumulate some assets and even property during their lifetimes such that they could buy their freedom. Extant documents give details about specific deals for slaves' freedoms negotiated with slaveowners. One salient feature of Ur III is its establishment of one of the earliest known law-codes, the Code of Ur-Nammu . It is quite similar to the famous Code of Hammurabi , resembling its prologue and bodily structure. Extant copies, written in Old Babylonian , exist from Nippur , Sippar , and also Ur itself. Although

1020-769: Is uncertain but they seem to have reigned from the immediate aftermath of the downfall of the Ur III empire. Cuneiform tablets from the city of Irisaĝrig (now believed to be the nearby Tell al-Wilayah ), now published, show that Malgium conquered that city roughly after year 10 of Ibbi-Sin , the last ruler of the Ur III empire. The tablets also included year names showing that kings Nur-Eštar (previously unknown), Šu-Kakka, Nabi-Enlil, Šu-Amurrum, Imgur-Sin, and Ištaran-asu ruled over Irisaĝrig . The kings of Larsa targeted Malgium in their pursuit of territorial expansion with Gungunum celebrating its defeat in his 19th year name "Year on

1088-529: The First Dynasty of Ur (26-25th century BC), but it seems the once supposed Second Dynasty of Ur was never recorded. The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last Sumerian dynasty which came to preeminent power in Mesopotamia. It began after several centuries of control, exerted first by the Akkadian Empire , and then, after its fall, by Gutian and independent Sumerian city-state kings. It controlled

1156-404: The city-state until its ruler bought them off with 15 talents of silver . Malgium’s king, Ipiq-Ištar, concluded a treaty and subsequently provided aid and soldiers in Ḫammu-rāpi’s campaign against Larsa . After years of conflict, Ḫammu-rāpi destroyed the city walls of Malgium in his 35th year of reign denoting that year as "Year in which Hammu-rabi the king by the orders of An and Enlil destroyed

1224-584: The third dynasty of Ur . After this victory, the Elamites destroyed the kingdom, and ruled through military occupation for the next 21 years. Mesopotamia then fell under Amorite influence. The Amorite kings of the Dynasty of Isin formed successor states to Ur III, starting the Isin-Larsa period . They managed to drive the Elamites out of Ur, rebuilt the city, and returned the statue of Nanna that

1292-561: The Akkad Dynasty, Shar-Kali-Sharri , and the first king of Ur III, Ur-Nammu , is not well documented, but most Assyriologists posit that there was a brief "Dark Age", followed by a power struggle among the most powerful city-states. On the king-lists, Shar-Kali-Sharri is followed by two more kings of Akkad and six in Uruk; however, there are no year names surviving for any of these, nor even any artifacts confirming that any of these reigns

1360-675: The Akkadian and Ur III sites, that have connections with Harappa and often use the Indus script . These exchanges came to a halt with the decline of the Indus valley civilization after around 1900 BC. Sumerian dominated the cultural sphere and was the language of legal, administrative, and economic documents, while signs of the spread of Akkadian could be seen elsewhere. New towns that arose in this period were virtually all given Akkadian names. Culture also thrived through many different types of art forms. Sumerian texts were mass-produced in

1428-590: The Ekhursag palace he built. Shulgi was the son of Ur-Nammu king of Ur and his queen consort Watartum. Shulgi apparently led a major modernization of the Third Dynasty of Ur . He improved communications, reorganized the army, reformed the writing system and weight and measures, unified the tax system, and created a strong bureaucracy . He also wrote a law code, now known as the Code of Ur-Nammu because it

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1496-703: The Elamites had plundered. The Amorites were nomadic tribes from the northern Levant who were Northwest Semitic speakers, unlike the native Akkadians of southern Mesopotamia and Assyria , who spoke East Semitic . By around the 19th century BC , much of southern Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites. The Amorites at first did not practice agriculture, preferring a semi-nomadic lifestyle, herding sheep. Over time, Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city-states, most notably Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna , Lagash , and later, founding Babylon as

1564-752: The Elder Siamun Psusennes II Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef ( Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Third Dynasty of Ur The Third Dynasty of Ur or Ur III

1632-588: The Iranian shore of the Persian Gulf, a testimony to the strength of the dynasty. There are hundreds of texts that explain how treasures were seized by the Ur III armies and brought back to the kingdom after many victories. In some texts, it also appears that the Shulgi campaigns were the most profitable for the kingdom, although it is likely that the kings and temples of Ur were primarily those that benefited from

1700-561: The Neo-Sumerians was waning. Ibbi-Sin in the 21st century launched military campaigns into Elam , but did not manage to penetrate far into the country. In 2004/1940 BC (middle/short chronology respectively), the Elamites, allied with the people of Susa and led by Kindattu , king of the Elamite Shimashki dynasty , was able to surround Ur and managed to sack Ur (early summer?) and lead Ibbi-Sin into captivity, ending

1768-472: The Old Babylonian period so the order is not completely certain and a few years attribution is uncertain between Ur-Nammu and Shulgi. There are also multiple year names for some years which is not unprecedented. For example year 20 is "Year: “Ninḫursaga of Nutur was brought into her temple”" and "Year: “The sons of Ur were conscripted as lancers”". Some of the most important are: 1. Year : Šulgi

1836-472: The Third Dynasty of Ur, or possibly in the period that just preceded it, with rulers such as military governors like Puzur-Ishtar , who was probably contemporary with Amar-Sin . Assyriologists employ many complicated methods for establishing the most precise dates possible for this period, but controversy still exists. Generally, scholars use either the conventional (middle, generally preferred) or

1904-580: The Ur III period; however, the word 'revival' or 'renaissance' to describe this period is misleading because archaeological evidence does not offer evidence of a previous period of decline. Instead, Sumerian began to take on a different form. As the Semitic Akkadian language became the common spoken language, Sumerian continued to dominate literature and also administrative documents. Government officials learned to write at special schools that used only Sumerian literature. Some scholars believe that

1972-660: The administration of this period exhibit a startling amount of centralization; some scholars have gone so far as to say no other period in Mesopotamian history reached the same level. Trade was very important to the Ur Dynasty because it was a way to ensure that the empire had enough ways to grow its wealth and care for those Ur ruled. One of the areas that Mesopotamia traded with was the Persian Gulf area, trading mostly raw materials such as metal, wood, ivory, and also semi-precious stones. One specific kind of item traded with

2040-469: The cities of Isin , Larsa , and Eshnunna and extended as far north as Upper Mesopotamia . The Ur III provinces, from north to south were Sippar, Tiwe, Urum, Puö, Gudua, Babylon, Kis, Kazallu, Apiak, Marad, Nippur, Uru-sagrig, Isin, Adab, Suruppak, Umma, Girsu, Uruk, and Ur. The Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time after the fall of the Akkad Dynasty . The period between the last powerful king of

2108-483: The city walls of Mari and Malgium". Malgium is also mentioned in the literary composition "Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin" ie "He has summoned against me a mighty foe. [. . . ] battle against me as far as Malgium." Shulgi Shulgi ( 𒀭𒂄𒄀 šul-gi , formerly read as Dungi ) of Ur was the second king of the Third Dynasty of Ur . He reigned for 48 years, from c.  2094  – c.  2046 BC ( Middle Chronology ). His accomplishments include

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2176-533: The common laborer was nothing more than a serf, but new analysis and documents reveal a possible different picture. Gangs of labourers can be divided into various groups. Certain groups indeed seem to work under compulsion. Others work in order to keep property or get rations from the state. Still other laborers were free men and women for whom social mobility was a possibility. Many families travelled together in search of labor. Such laborers could amass private property and even be promoted to higher positions. This

2244-472: The completion of construction of the Great Ziggurat of Ur , begun by his father Ur-Nammu . On his inscriptions, he took the titles "King of Ur", " King of Sumer and Akkad ", adding " King of the four corners of the universe " in the second half of his reign. He used the symbol for divinity ( 𒀭 ) before his name, marking his apotheosis , from at least the 21rd year of his reign and was worshipped in

2312-543: The demise of Puzur-Inshushinak , and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state. He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anšan , Marhashi and Bashime . There are extensive remains for the year names of Shulgi, which have been largely reconstructed from year 1 to year 48 thoug some are fragmentary. There are no contemporary lists of year names, only partial texts from

2380-407: The end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away from dun towards shul as the correct pronunciation of the 𒂄 sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with the diĝir determinative reflects his deification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by his Akkadian Empire predecessor Naram-Sin . Shulgi

2448-414: The four-quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people ". While Der had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name was Year Liwir-mitashu,

2516-575: The inscriptions being stamped. One of the stamped bricks, from ruler Tulūl al-Fāj, also contained a handwritten inscriptions. The site was also visited several times beginning in 2018 by an Italian team from the University of Venice led by Lucio Milano though as yet no results from this have been published. Three of its rulers have been identified with certainty, through attestation in their inscriptions as šàr (lugal) ma-al-gi-im, Takil-ilissu, son of Ištaran-asû, Imgur-Sin, son of Ili-abi, and, probably

2584-485: The king of Akkad. As there is little evidence of how the kings organized their forces, it is unclear whether defensive forces were in the center or outside the kingdom. What is known is that the second ruler of the dynasty, Šulgi achieved some expansion and conquest. These were continued by his three successors but their conquests are less frequent with time. At the very height of the expansion of Ur, they had taken territory from southeastern Anatolia (modern Turkey ) to

2652-607: The king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship in Marhashi , referring to a country near Anshan and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash. Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as the Lullubi , and destroyed Simurrum (another mountain tribe ) and Lulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign. He is also known to have destroyed Karaḫar , Harši, Šašrum, and Urbilum. In his 30th year, his daughter

2720-576: The king, either present or past. The Ur III kings oversaw many substantial state-run projects, including intricate irrigation systems and centralization of agriculture. An enormous labor force was amassed to work in agriculture, particularly in irrigation, harvesting, and sowing. Textiles were a particularly important industry in Ur during this time. The textile industry was run by the state. Many men, women, and children alike were employed to produce wool and linen clothing . The detailed documents from

2788-420: The last one, Ipiq-Ištar, son of Apil-Ilišu, a contemporary of Ḫammu-rāpi of Babylon, who celebrated conflict with the city in two of his year names (10 and 35). A further three rulers have been proposed, Šu-Kakka, Nabi-Enlil (son of Šu-Kakka) and Šu-Amurrum (son of Nabi-Enlil), three generations of a dynasty, based upon Šu-Kakka’s year name honoring the goddess Damkina and seal impressions. Their absolute position

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2856-810: The low (short) chronologies. They are as follows: "Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk ." r.  c. 2055 – c. 2048 BC ( Short Chronology ) (7 or 26 years) "1 king; he ruled for 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur ." r.  c. 2048 – c. 2030 BC (SC) (18 years) r.  c. 2030 – c. 1982 BC (SC) (46, 48, or 58 years) r.  c. 1982 – c. 1973 BC (SC) (9 of 25 years) r.  c. 1973 – c. 1964 BC (SC) (7, 9, 16, or 20 years) r.  c. 1964 – c. 1940 BC (SC) (15, 23, 24, or 25 years) "5 kings; they ruled for 108 years. Then

2924-408: The mid-2nd millennium BC, accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty." The manner of death is unknown, only that it occurred in his 48th regnal year, in or before the 11th month. In the 3rd month of his successor, libations to the dead were first recorded for Shulgi and two wives Geme-Ninlila and Shulgi-simti. All three appear to have died in

2992-552: The mighty male, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the..., his beloved temple, built." . An etched carnelian bead , now located in the Louvre Museum (Sb 6627) and inscribed with a dedication by Shulgi was also found in Susa, the inscription reading: " Ningal , his mother, Shulgi, god of his land, King of Ur, King of the four world quarters, for his life dedicated (this)" . The Ur III dynasty had held control over Susa since

3060-459: The needy. The city of Nippur was one of the most important cities in the Third Dynasty of Ur. Nippur is believed to be the religious center of Mesopotamia. It was home to the shrine of Enlil , who was the lord of all gods. This was where the God Enlil spoke the king's name and was calling the king to his existence. This was used as a legitimacy for every king in order to secure power. The city

3128-415: The orders of An, Enlil and Nanna (the army of) Malgium was defeated by weapons ...", circa 1914 BC, Sin-Iddinam its defeat in his 5th year name ca. 1844 and Warad-Sîn commemorated mu ugnim mà-al-gu-um tukul ba(-an)-sìg, “Year : the army of Malgium was smitten by weapons”, ca. 1831 BC. Ḫammu-rāpi, in a coalition with Shamshi-Adad I (of Ekallatum )and Ibal-pi-El II (of Eshnunna ), campaigned against

3196-500: The orphan. Most legal disputes were dealt with locally by government officials called mayors, although their decision could be appealed and eventually overturned by the provincial governor. Sometimes legal disputes were publicly aired with witnesses present at a place like the town square or in front of the temple. However, the image of the king as the supreme judge of the land took hold, and this image appears in many literary works and poems. Citizens sometimes wrote letters of prayer to

3264-411: The prologue credits Ur-Nammu , the author is still somewhat under dispute; some scholars attribute it to his son, Shulgi . The prologue to the law-code, written in the first person, established the king as the beacon of justice for his land, a role that previous kings normally did not play. He claims to want justice for all, including traditionally unfortunate groups in the kingdom like the widower or

3332-531: The reign of Ur was abolished . The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin ." The list of the Kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur with the length of their reigns, appears on a cuneiform document listing the kings of Ur and Isin , the "List of Reigns of Kings of Ur and Isin" (MS 1686). The list explains: "18 years Ur-Namma [was] king, 48 years Shulgi [was] king, 9 years Amar-Suen , 9 years Su-Suen , 24 years Ibbi-Suen ." The power of

3400-617: The spoils of war. The rulers of Ur III were often in conflict with the highland tribes of the Zagros mountain area who dwelled in the northeastern portion of Mesopotamia. The most important of these tribes were the Simurrum and the Lullubi tribal kingdoms. They were also often in conflict with Elam . In the northern area of Mari , Semitic military rulers called the Shakkanakkus apparently continued to rule contemporaneously with

3468-410: The state were exclusively owned by the royal household. All inferior households were considered dependants of the higher ones. Inferior households contributed corvee labour to the royal household and received economic support, land, and protection in return. In each province, administrative and economic responsibility were split between two households: one headed by a governor (ensi) and one headed by

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3536-415: The tax system, and the national calendar. He captured the city of Susa and the surrounding region, toppling Elamite king Kutik-Inshushinak , while the rest of Elam fell under control of Shimashki dynasty . In the last century of the 3rd millennium BCE, it is believed that the kings of Ur waged several conflicts around the frontiers of the kingdom. These conflicts are believed to have been influenced by

3604-546: The title 'king of Sumer and Akkad.' Ur's dominance over the Neo-Sumerian Empire was consolidated with the famous Code of Ur-Nammu , probably the first such law-code for Mesopotamia since that of Urukagina of Lagash centuries earlier. Many significant changes occurred in the empire under Shulgi 's reign. He took steps to centralize and standardize the procedures of the empire. He is credited with standardizing administrative processes, archival documentation,

3672-489: The two regions were conch shells. These were made by craftsmen who would turn them into lamps and cups dating back to the 3rd millennium. They have been discovered in graves, palaces, temples, and even residential homes. The fact that this item was mostly found in upper class contexts could show that only the wealthy at the time had access to the item. Additionally, Ur consumed jewelry, inlays, carvings, and cylinder seals in significant amounts. The high demand for these items shows

3740-461: The year 48. Several researchers have suggest Shulgi was assassinated, partly based on omen texts, including one based on an eclipse . He was succeeded by Amar-Sin . The name Amar-Sin was not recorded before his ascension and is a " throne name ". His original name, and whether he was actually the son of Shugi, is unknown. Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before

3808-557: The year following the year "Dunnum on the banks of the Tigris was destroyed," the great wall of Malgium he built. In 2017 Iraqi archaeologists, led by Abbas Al-Hussainy of the University of Al-Qadisiyah began an archaeological survey of an area east of the Euphrates. This team worked at Tulūl al-Fāj (the group of tells including Tell Yassir) in 2019. During this survey about 50 inscribed bricks or Malgium rulers were found, with 48 of

3876-547: Was a Sumerian dynasty based in the city of Ur in the 22nd and 21st centuries BC ( middle chronology ). For a short period they were the preeminent power in Mesopotamia and their realm is sometimes referred to by historians as the Neo-Sumerian Empire . The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as "Ur III" by historians studying the period. It is numbered in reference to previous dynasties, such as

3944-518: Was a contemporary of the Shakkanakku rulers of Mari , particularly Apil-kin and Iddi-ilum . An inscription mentions that Taram-Uram , the daughter of Apil-kin, became the "daughter-in-law" of Ur-Nammu , and therefore the Queen of king Shulgi. In the inscription, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu ", and "daughter of Apil-kin, Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin

4012-414: Was destroyed 25. Year: Simurrum was destroyed 27. Year after: "Šulgi the strong man, the king of the four corners of the universe, destroyed Simurrum for the second time" 27b. Year: "Harszi was destroyed" 30. Year: The governor of Anšan took the king's daughter into marriage 31. Year: Karhar was destroyed for the second time 32. Year: Simurrum was destroyed for the third time 34. Year: Anshan

4080-459: Was destroyed 37. Year: The wall of the land was built 42. Year: The king destroyed Šašrum 44. Year: Simurrum and Lullubum were destroyed for the ninth time 45. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, smashed the heads of Urbilum, Simurrum, Lullubum and Karhar in a single campaign 46. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, destroyed Kimaš, Hurti and their territories in

4148-475: Was historical — save one artifact for Dudu of Akkad (Shar-Kali-Sharri's immediate successor on the list). Akkad's primacy, instead, seems to have been usurped by Gutian invaders from the Zagros Mountains , whose kings ruled in Mesopotamia for an indeterminate period (124 years according to some copies of the king list , only 25 according to others). An illiterate and nomadic people, their rule

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4216-583: Was in charge of the acceptance of ritual animals. On their death "libation places" for her and Shulgi were established. Another important woman was Geme-Ninlilla who appears in texts at the end of the king's reign. Other, less well known royal women are Šuqurtum , Simat-Ea and Geme-Su'ena. Shulgi, with many wives and concubines, is known to have had at least sixteen sons including Etel-pū-Dagān, Amar- Da-mu, Lu- Nanna, Lugal-a-zi-da, Ur- Suen, and possibly Amar-Sin (his throne name) as well as one daughter, Peš-tur-tur. The name of another daughter, Šāt-Kukuti,

4284-402: Was married to the governor of Anshan ; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimaš and Ḫurti (cities to the east of Ur , somewhere near Elam ) in the 45th year of his reign. An inscribed brick recorded: "Sulgi, god of his land the mighty, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, when he destroyed the land of Kimas and Hurtum, set out

4352-414: Was more viewed as "national Cult Center." Because it was viewed this way it was thought that any conquest of the city would give the Mesopotamian rulers unacceptable political risks. Also as the city was seen as a holy site this enabled Nippur to survive numerous conflicts that wiped out many other cities in the region. This is an area where scholars have many different views. It had long been posited that

4420-534: Was not conducive to agriculture, nor record-keeping, and by the time they were expelled, the region was crippled by severe famine and skyrocketing grain prices. Their last king, Tirigan , was driven out by Utu-hengal of Uruk . Following Utu-Hengal's reign, Ur-Nammu (originally a general) founded the Third Dynasty of Ur, but the precise events surrounding his rise are unclear. The Sumerian King List states that Utu-hengal had reigned for seven years (or 426, or 26 in other copies), although only one year-name for him

4488-452: Was originally thought to have been authored by Ur-Nammu. He also built or rebuilt numerous temples throughout the empire. Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He had proclaimed himself a god by his 21st regnal year (there are indications this occurred as early as S12), and

4556-521: Was recognized as such by the whole of Sumer and Akkad . Some much later chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19), a literary composition written in the 1st millenium BC, states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals". CM 48, written late in the 1st millennium BC, charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20), written in

4624-485: Was the year that Ur-Nammu's daughter became en of the god Nanna and was renamed with the priestess-name of En-Nirgal-ana. This designation as en of Nanna makes the year's designation almost certain. The Ur III state followed a patrimonial system. The state was organized into a hierarchical pyramid of households with the royal household at the top. As described by Steinkeller it was a network of households linked together by mutual rights and obligations. All resources of

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