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18-648: See text Malinae is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae . This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , which came into force in 2011 (article 19) for any group at the subtribe rank that includes the genus Malus but not either of the genera Rosa or Amygdalus . The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits , such as apples and pears , while others are cultivated as ornamentals. The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees characterised by

36-551: A pome , a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae, and by a basal haploid chromosome count of 17 (instead of 7, 8, 9, or 15 as in the other Rosaceae). There are approximately 28 genera with approximately 1100 species worldwide, with most species occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The Malinae as currently circumscribed include the following genera: Intergeneric hybrids: and graft chimeras : Rosaceae Rosaceae ( / r oʊ ˈ z eɪ s iː . iː , - s i . aɪ , - s i . eɪ / ),

54-524: A rose , or the receptacle -derived aggregate accessory fruit of a strawberry . Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain amygdalin , which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged. The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae , Spiraeoideae , Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors. More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae

72-638: A roughly radially symmetric inflorescence of the form known as a head, capitulum, or pseudanthium . Peloria or a peloric flower is the aberration in which a plant that normally produces zygomorphic flowers produces actinomorphic flowers instead. This aberration can be developmental, or it can have a genetic basis: the CYCLOIDEA gene controls floral symmetry. Peloric Antirrhinum plants have been produced by knocking out this gene. Many modern cultivars of Sinningia speciosa ("gloxinia") have been bred to have peloric flowers as they are larger and showier than

90-401: A variety of color petals, but blue is almost completely absent. The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be follicles , capsules , nuts , achenes , drupes ( Prunus ), and accessory fruits , like the pome of an apple, the hip of

108-409: Is most often serrate. Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae). The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface) to the petiole . Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and

126-904: Is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary , and the fruits are usually achenes. Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002) and Potter (2003). Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes : Maleae Gillenieae Kerrieae Exochordeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Lyonothamneae Spiraeeae Actinomorphic Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirally arranged. Most flowers are actinomorphic ("star shaped", "radial"), meaning they can be divided into three or more identical sectors which are related to each other by rotation about

144-516: The earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014), Li et al. (2015), Li et al. (2016), and Sun et al. (2016). Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes: Maleae Gillenieae Spiraeeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Kerrieae Exochordeae Neillieae Lyonothamneae Potentilleae Roseae Agrimonieae Rubeae Colurieae Ulmarieae Dryadeae outgroup The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae

162-564: The lily ( Lilium , Liliaceae ) and the buttercup ( Ranunculus , Ranunculaceae ). Zygomorphic (" yoke shaped", "bilateral" – from the Greek ζυγόν, zygon , yoke, and μορφή, morphe , shape) flowers can be divided by only a single plane into two mirror-image halves, much like a yoke or a person's face. Examples are orchids and the flowers of most members of the Lamiales (e.g., Scrophulariaceae and Gesneriaceae ). Some authors prefer

180-891: The rose family , is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera . The name is derived from the type genus Rosa . The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous , but some are evergreen . They have a worldwide range but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere . Many economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including various edible fruits, such as apples , pears , quinces , apricots , plums , cherries , peaches , raspberries , blackberries , loquats , strawberries , rose hips , hawthorns , and almonds . The family also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses , meadowsweets , rowans , firethorns , and photinias . Among

198-445: The center of the flower. Typically, each sector might contain one tepal or one petal and one sepal and so on. It may or may not be possible to divide the flower into symmetrical halves by the same number of longitudinal planes passing through the axis: oleander is an example of a flower without such mirror planes. Actinomorphic flowers are also called radially symmetrical or regular flowers. Other examples of actinomorphic flowers are

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216-736: The most species-rich genera in the family are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250), and Prunus (200), which contains the plums , cherries , peaches , apricots , and almonds . However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates—much taxonomic work remains. Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants. The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist, such as Aphanes arvensis . The leaves are generally arranged spirally , but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin

234-665: The plants and the visitor species. Plant taxa with zygomorphic flowers can have a greater risk of extinction due to pollinator decline . A few plant species have flowers lacking any symmetry, and therefore having a "handedness". Examples: Valeriana officinalis and Canna indica . Actinomorphic flowers are a basal angiosperm character; zygomorphic flowers are a derived character that has evolved many times. Some familiar and seemingly actinomorphic so-called flowers, such as those of daisies and dandelions ( Asteraceae ), and most species of Protea , are actually clusters of tiny (not necessarily actinomorphic) flowers arranged into

252-483: The rachis of compound leaves. Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy". They are radially symmetrical , and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals , five petals , and many spirally arranged stamens . The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a hypanthium . They can be arranged in spikes , or heads . Solitary flowers are rare. Rosaceae have

270-552: The same. While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.l. . Compounding the problem is that apomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including

288-562: The taxonomically complex dog roses ), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus between 200 and 1,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species. Identified clades include: The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. There are three competing hypotheses: Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Amygdaloideae has been identified as

306-530: The term monosymmetry or bilateral symmetry. The asymmetry allows pollen to be deposited in specific locations on pollinating insects and this specificity can result in evolution of new species. Globally and within individual networks, zygomorphic flowers are a minority. Plants with zygomorphic flowers have smaller number of visitor species compared to those with actinomorphic flowers. Sub-networks of plants with zygomorphic flowers share greater connectance, greater asymmetry and lower coextinction robustness for both

324-923: Was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae. They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic . Hutchinson (1964) and Kalkman (2004) recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies: Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained

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