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37-513: The Dutch summoned 39 Indonesians who represented the ( rajas ), Christians, and other ethnic groups from Kalimantan and East Indonesia and who were in favor of maintaining some sort of link with the Netherlands. The extent of Indonesian support for true autonomy, however, was not something the Dutch had anticipated. Plans for two states—one for East Indonesia and one for Kalimantan—came out of

74-662: A conference in Pangkal Pinang , Bangka at which they expressed support for the views expressed at Malino. Members of the General Government Commission subsequently met regional leaders and the Commission of Seven Indonesian representatives, who played only an advisory role. Because of the ongoing political instability in Borneo, it was decided to focus the endeavor to establish a federal state on

111-520: A conference to discuss the structure of a government in eastern Indonesia. In those regions such as Bali and South Sulawesi there were representative bodies in place, and these assemblies appointed delegates. In other areas, NICA officials and local leaders nominated representatives. There were a total of 53 delegates and advisers from across eastern Indonesia, including Borneo and West Papua, as well as from Bangka/Belitung. Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta claimed that these delegates were gathered "at

148-467: A guaranteed majority on the new body, which was established on 28 May 1949. However the constitution was never ratified before the State of East Indonesia was dissolved into the unitary Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1950. Exclusion of Western New Guinea from the State of East Indonesia would lead to the creation of Partai Irian Dalam Republik Indonesia Serikat (PIDRIS). Marthen Indey (as deputy leader of

185-527: A senate to represent regional interests. Finally, a majority called for the national anthem to be Indonesia Raya , and for the Indonesian red and white flag to be the national flag of East Indonesia. On 22 December, van Mook gave his response to the proposals. He supported the establishment of the senate and the use of the Indonesian national anthem, but was more cautious about the flag. He expressed

222-406: A total of 70. Although the Dutch claimed that the regional delegates were elected, they were in fact selected by Dutch-appointed officials, and the majority of them were either colonial officials or regional aristocrats. The composition was as follows: The conference was due to be opened on 7 December by van Mook, but he was delayed by the complications associated with the Dutch interpretation of

259-463: A wish for Western New Guinea to be an autonomous region with a special relationship with the United States of Indonesia. In later discussions, van Mook refused to compromise on the status of Western New Guinea as the 10 December statement by Dutch Foreign Minister Jonkman had given him no room for maneuver. It was decided that the status of the territory would be decided later. On 23 December,

296-519: Is 534,698.27 square kilometres (206,448 sq mi). The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Kalimantan and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Kalimantan is now divided into five provinces . It was administered as one province between 1945 and 1956, but in 1956 it was split into three provinces – East Kalimantan , South Kalimantan and West Kalimantan ; then in 1957,

333-614: The United States of Indonesia . It was at this conference that the Dutch government stated its position that control of Western New Guinea would not be handed over at the same time as the rest of the Dutch East Indies . The Malino Conference , organized by Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook and held from 16–25 July 1946, resulted in an agreement among

370-513: The 2010 census: Number of the largest population of religious groups according to the 2010 census: Number of the largest population of religious groups in 2023: Religion in Kalimantan (2023) Denpasar Conference The Denpasar Conference was held from 7–24 December 1946 at the Hotel Bali, Denpasar and resulted in the establishment of the State of East Indonesia , part of

407-530: The Australians allowed to take over governance. This was in sharp contrast to the policy of the British forces occupying Java and Sumatra, who prevented the Dutch from interfering in administrative concerns. By early 1946, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook had come to the conclusion that it was no longer possible to return to the pre-war status quo, and began to work towards

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444-550: The Dutch authorities, on 12 December 1946, Nicolaas Jouwe , Marthen Indey , and Corinus Krey sent a telegram to van Mook in Denpasar to oppose the formation of the State of East Indonesia as it did not include Western New Guinea . The Great East was divided into thirteen regions, with each region selecting a number of delegates in proportion to its population. Van Mook set a limit of 55 regional delegates, with an additional fifteen representing minority ethnic groups, making

481-654: The Great East region. Van Mook subsequently decided to hold the Denpasar Conference in December 1946 to discuss the establishment of a government in this region. Meanwhile, in November, the Dutch reached their first agreement with the republican side , and recognized republican authority over Java, Madura and Sumatra. In May 1948, a Second Malino Conference was held. It was attended by representatives of

518-470: The Indonesian Republic rather than the Dutch plans for the federal state. The regional rulers also became concerned at losing the power and privileges they had enjoyed under the Dutch, and pushed for the establishment of a senate with one member for each of the 13 regions, which would have a veto over the final constitution. Due to their control of the majority of these regions, the rulers had

555-494: The Indonesian federation] will be put in a position to govern themselves." Delegates agreed that colonialism must not return to Indonesia, that there must be continued links between Indonesia and the Netherlands and that Indonesia should be united in the form of a federal United States of Indonesia . This would comprise four "autonomous territories", Java, Sumatra, the Great East (including West Papua) and Netherlands Borneo. It

592-481: The Linggadjati Agreement. In his absence, General Government Commissioner van Hoven chaired the opening session and presented a draft legal basis for an independent State of the Great East. Discussions on this paper continued until van Mook's arrival on 17 December. It included the following provisions: On 9 December, conference delegates expressed support for the Linggadjati Agreement as a basis for

629-641: The Republican forces in Java and Sumatra, van Mook decided to focus on the Great East, and to organize a conference in order to establish a state in this region. Before it was held, the Dutch concluded the Linggadjati Agreement with the Republicans. In this agreement, the Dutch recognized Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatra and Madura, and both sides agreed to work together to establish

666-600: The United States of Indonesia and its three component states. However, at the time of the Denpasar Conference, the Linggadjati Agreement had only been initialed by both sides, not formally signed, allowing the Dutch to claim that it was not yet valid. On 10 December 1946, the Dutch government announced its own interpretation of the Agreement in a statement from Foreign Minister Jan Jonkman . This stated that Western New Guinea would not after all be handed over to

703-476: The United States of Indonesia, a statement at odds with Article 3 of the Linggadjati Agreement. This was the result of pressure from the Dutch Catholic Party , which wished to continue the missionary activities in the region, although van Mook claimed that financial and ethnic issues were the reason. Due to the fact that the request for any Papuan representatives in the conference was rejected by

740-630: The conference. The conference delegates became the Provisional Parliament, and it was decided it would meet in Makassar, the capital, on 1 March 1947. Soon after, Soekawati was named first President of the State of East Indonesia and designated Nadjamoeddin Daeng Malewa as Prime Minister. After the conference ended, President Soekawati and Prime Minister Designate Nadjamoeddin traveled to Jakarta to hold meetings to establish

777-497: The delegates from eastern Indonesia, as well as Bangka and Belitung to work together to establish a federal United States of Indonesia which would comprise three constituent states: the Republic of Indonesia ( Java and Sumatra ), the State of Borneo , and the 'Great Eastern State' (the Great East or Groote Oost - which would include Western New Guinea ). Due to ongoing instability in Borneo, as well as open conflict with

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814-527: The draft for the Regulations on Forming the State of Indonesia were drawn up, and approved the following day. This supplemented the existing Dutch colonial law dating from 1927, and would become the provisional constitution. Balinese noble Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was elected head of state and Tadjoeddin Noor was elected chair of the Provisional Parliament, and subsequently took over the chairmanship of

851-454: The establishment of an Indonesian commonwealth linked to the Dutch crown. His proposal for such a commonwealth was approved by Dutch Colonial Affairs Minister Johann Logemann, and announced on 10 February. Negotiations in March between van Mook and Indonesia Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir led to recognition of de facto republican control over Java, Madura and Sumatra, and Dutch sovereignty over

888-589: The establishment of the United States of Indonesia, and called for it to be ratified immediately in cables sent to the Central Indonesian National Committee in Yogyakarta and to the Dutch parliament. On 18 December, following his arrival, van Mook officially opened the conference and an agenda was agreed on. Subsequently it emerged that the majority of delegates disagreed with the Dutch refusal to delegate complete authority to

925-564: The first cabinet, which was announced on 13 January 1947. It was inaugurated the same day in the presence of Dutch officials, including van Mook. Their presence, as well as the fact the ceremony took place in Jakarta rather than Makassar promoted criticism of Nadjamoeddin for the continuing influence of the Dutch in the affairs of the new nation. This criticism intensified when the provisional legislature held its first session in Makassar, at which many Dutch-appointed delegates expressed support for

962-436: The island by area, and 72.1% of its 2020 population of 23,053,723 (the population was 13,772,543 at the 2010 Census of Indonesia, and 16,625,796 at the 2020 Census). The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are of Brunei (460,345 in 2020 ) and East Malaysia (5,967,582 in 2020), the latter comprising the states of Sabah (3,418,785) and Sarawak (2,453,677), and the federal territory of Labuan (95,120). Kalimantan's total area

999-621: The island during the Age of Exploration , the entire island has come to be called Borneo in English, with Kalimantan being known as Indonesian Borneo , but this name is not used in Indonesia itself. In the early twentieth century, the British colonist Charles Hose described Kalimantan as being home to a " Klemantan people ", but this term is no longer in use as Kalimantan has always had many ethnic groups. The Indonesian territory makes up 73% of

1036-467: The new state, as this would that East Indonesia would not have equal status with the Republic of Indonesia , to which full authority had been delegated under the Linggadjati Agreement. There was also strenuous opposition to the non-inclusion of Western New Guinea. As more than 75% of the new nation would be autonomous regions headed by local rulers, delegates proposed the establishment of an upper house or

1073-480: The point of a bayonet", although the delegated subsequently denied this. There was also a large Dutch delegation headed by van Mook. The official opening ceremony was held on 16 July, with van Mook making a long speech in which he stated that "the Netherlands Government... considers it imperative that, in the quickest possible way and according to carefully thought out plans, these countries [within

1110-444: The province of Central Kalimantan was created when it was split away from the existing South Kalimantan. There remained four provinces until 25 October 2012, when North Kalimantan was split off from East Kalimantan . These are listed below with their areas in km and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Number of the largest population of ethnic groups according to

1147-572: The rest of Indonesia. When this became known, Sjahrir was briefly arrested by the Indonesian army. Meanwhile, van Mook began cultivating links with Indonesian leaders outside Java, particularly in west Java and eastern Indonesia, and subsequently decided to move ahead with attempts to establish a federal Indonesia by holding a conference in Malino. Van Mook began making approaches to prospective delegates in April 1946, asking them to attend and participate in

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1184-649: The self-governing areas in the State of East Indonesia, who proposed a law establishing a Provisional Senate . This proposal was turned into a law the following year. Kalimantan Kalimantan ( Indonesian pronunciation: [kaliˈmantan] ) is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo . It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan , East Kalimantan , North Kalimantan , South Kalimantan , and West Kalimantan . The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia . Colloquially in Indonesia ,

1221-712: The summit. Following the 17 August 1945 declaration of independence , the Indonesian War of Independence broke out between the Indonesians and the Dutch, who were tying to regain control over their colony . Following the surrender of Japan and the end of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , the eastern part of the country was occupied by Australian forces, accompanied by Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) officials, who

1258-546: The two words kal[a] ("time, season, period") and manthan[a] ("boiling, churning, burning") because of Indianized culture The native people of the Indonesian Borneo referred to their island as Pulu K'lemantan or "Kalimantan" when the sixteenth century Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes made contact with them. Due to Europeans encountering the Bruneian Sultanate in the north part of

1295-495: The unfinished capital officially celebrated Indonesian Independence Day for the first time and it was scheduled to be inaugurated as the capital city on 17 August 2024, but the move did not take place due to delays of construction. The name Kalimantan is derived from the Sanskrit word Kalamanthana , which means "burning weather island" or "very hot island", referring to its hot and humid tropical climate. It consists of

1332-542: The whole island of Borneo is also called "Kalimantan". In 2019, President of Indonesia Joko Widodo proposed that Indonesia's capital be moved to Kalimantan. The People's Consultative Assembly approved the Law on State Capital in January 2022. The future capital, Nusantara , is a planned city that will be carved out of East Kalimantan. A government official said construction is expected to be fully complete by 2045, but

1369-543: Was also resolved to hold a further conference to determine the form of governance for Borneo and the Great East and that Borneo and the Great East should be represented in negotiations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch. A committee of seven would be established to negotiate the future form of the government with the Dutch General Government Commission Three months after the conference, delegates from minority groups met at

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