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32-496: Maligne Lake is approximately 22.5 km (14.0 mi) long and is 97 m (318 ft) at its deepest point, in the south end of the lake. It averages 35 m (115 ft) in depth. It sits at approximately 1,670 m (5,480 ft) asl . Easily visible from the Maligne Lake Day Lodge are Leah and Samson Peaks and Mount Paul to the east, and Mounts Charlton, Unwin, Mary Vaux and Llysfran Peak to

64-548: A tropical rainforest and produces some of the most spectacular wildflowers in the world. It is however, severely threatened by climate change which has moved the winter rain belt south, and also by clearing for agriculture and through use of fertilizers , which is primarily driven by low land costs which make farming economic even with yields a fraction of those in Europe or North America. An example of oligotrophic soils are those on white-sands, with soil pH lower than 5.0, on

96-445: A historic mean sea level . In geodesy , it is formalized as orthometric height . The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and historic measurement periods. Climate change and other forces can cause sea levels and elevations to vary over time. Elevation or altitude above sea level is a standard measurement for: Elevation or altitude is generally expressed as " metres above mean sea level" in

128-476: A large abundance of psychrophiles that are well adapted to living in an Antarctic biome. Most oligotrophs live in lakes where water helps support biochemical processes for growth and survival. Below are some documented examples of oligotrophic environments in Antarctica: Lake Vostok , a freshwater lake which has been isolated from the world beneath 4 km (2.5 mi) of Antarctic ice

160-847: Is complex. Land mass subsidence (as occurs naturally in some regions) can give the appearance of rising sea levels . Conversely, markings on land masses that are uplifted (due to geological processes) can suggest a relative lowering of mean sea level. Oligotrophic An oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients . They may be contrasted with copiotrophs , which prefer nutritionally rich environments. Oligotrophs are characterized by slow growth, low rates of metabolism, and generally low population density. Oligotrophic environments are those that offer little to sustain life. These environments include deep oceanic sediments, caves, glacial and polar ice, deep subsurface soil, aquifers, ocean waters, and leached soils. Examples of oligotrophic organisms are

192-592: Is credited with stocking Maligne Lake with brook trout , packed overland in barrels. Then in the 1970 Parks Canada decided to introduce rainbow trout to make sport fishing in the lake more difficult. The largest rainbow trout in Alberta was subsequently caught in this lake (20 pounds 4 ounces or 9.2 kilograms) by the means of sport fishing. The record fish was mounted and is currently owned by Currie's Guiding and Tackle, Jasper. Jasper National Park staff later introduced brook trout. The third largest brook trout in

224-467: Is frequently held to be a primary example of an oligotrophic environment. Analysis of ice samples showed ecologically separated microenvironments. Isolation of microorganisms from each microenvironment led to the discovery of a wide range of different microorganisms present within the ice sheet. Traces of fungi have also been observed which suggests potential for unique symbiotic interactions. The lake’s extensive oligotrophy has led some to believe parts of

256-520: Is low, and remobilise them when demand increases. Oligotrophs occupy environments where the available nutrients offer little to sustain life. The term “ oligotrophic ” is commonly used to describe terrestrial and aquatic environments with very low concentrations of nitrates, iron, phosphates, and carbon sources. Oligotrophs have acquired survival mechanisms that involve the expression of genes during periods of low nutrient conditions, which has allowed them to find success in various environments. Despite

288-443: Is reduced by very slow growth rates, and by efficient use of low-availability nutrients; for example, the use of highly available ions to maintain turgor pressure , with low-availability nutrients reserved for the building of tissues. Despite these adaptations, nutrient requirement typically exceed uptake during the growing season, so many oligotrophic plants have the ability to store nutrients, for example, in trunk tissues, when demand

320-501: Is the boathouse, built by Donald "Curly" Phillips in 1928 to accommodate his wilderness guiding and fishing business. In the same year, he finished construction of the first Maligne Lake tour boat, Leah (named for Leah Samson, wife of Samson Beaver). Philips resided in his boathouse until his death in an avalanche (1936, aged 52). The historic buildings are maintained by Maligne Lake Tours, a company that dates back to Brewster's and Philips' early entrepreneurial endeavours. Curly Philips

352-476: Is the presence of fungi, because Collimonas have the ability of not only hydrolyzing the chitin produced by fungi for nutrients, but also producing materials (e.g., P. fluorescens 2-79) to protect themselves from fungal infection. The mutual relationship is common in the oligotrophic environments. Additionally, Collimonas can also obtain electron sources from rocks and minerals by weathering . In terms of polar areas, such as Antarctic and Arctic region,

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384-518: The Cambrian and there has been no glaciation to renew soils since the Carboniferous . Thus, soils are extremely nutrient-poor and most vegetation must use strategies such as cluster roots to gain even the smallest quantities of such nutrients as phosphorus and sulfur . The vegetation in these regions, however, is remarkable for its biodiversity , which in places is as great as that of

416-526: The Maligne River , which enters the lake on its south side, near Mount Unwin and drains the lake to the north. Maligne Lake, as well as Maligne River , Maligne Mountain , and Maligne Pass, takes its name from the French word for malignant or wicked. The name was used by Father Pierre-Jean De Smet (1801–1873) to describe the turbulent river that flows from the lake (in the spring), and soon spread to

448-582: The Rio Negro basin on northern Amazonia that house very low-diversity, extremely fragile forests and savannahs drained by blackwater rivers ; dark water colour due to high concentration of tannins , humic acids and other organic compounds derived from the very slow decomposition of plant matter. Similar forests are found in the oligotrophic waters of the Patía River delta on the Pacific side of

480-603: The metric system , or " feet above mean sea level" in United States customary and imperial units . Common abbreviations in English are: For elevations or altitudes, often just the abbreviation MSL is used, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m MSL), or the reference to sea level is omitted completely, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m). Altimetry is the measurement of altitude or elevation above sea level. Common techniques are: Accurate measurement of historical mean sea levels

512-639: The Andes. In the ocean , the subtropical gyres north and south of the equator are regions in which the nutrients required for phytoplankton growth (for instance, nitrate , phosphate and silicic acid ) are strongly depleted all year round. These areas are described as oligotrophic and exhibit low surface chlorophyll . They are occasionally described as "ocean deserts". The oligotrophic soil environments include agricultural soil, frozen soil, et cetera . Various factors, such as decomposition , soil structure, fertilization and temperature , can affect

544-485: The area and live off the fish populations. Maligne Lake is the subject of a major painting by Group of Seven artist Lawren Harris . Harris and fellow Group of Seven painter A. Y. Jackson spent August and early September 1924 sketching in Jasper National Park, camping at the south end of the lake. Harris completed the painting "Maligne Lake, Jasper Park" later that year, a turning point in his career as

576-607: The capability to live in low nutrient concentrations, oligotrophs may find difficulty surviving in nutrient-rich environments. The presence of excess nutrients overwhelm oligotroph's metabolic systems, which cause them to struggle to regulate nutrient uptake. For example, oligotroph's enzymes function well in low nutrient environments, but struggle in high nutrient environments. Antarctic environments offer very little to sustain life as most organisms are not well adapted to live under nutrient-limiting conditions and cold temperatures (lower than 5 °C). As such, these environments display

608-781: The cave-dwelling olm ; the bacterium " Candidatus Pelagibacter communis ", which is the most abundant organism in the ocean (with an estimated 2 × 10 individuals in total); and lichens , with their extremely low metabolic rate . Etymologically , the word "oligotroph" is a combination of the Greek adjective oligos (ὀλίγος) meaning "few" and the adjective trophikos (τροφικός) meaning "feeding". Plant adaptations to oligotrophic soils provide for greater and more efficient nutrient uptake, reduced nutrient consumption, and efficient nutrient storage. Improvements in nutrient uptake are facilitated by root adaptations such as nitrogen-fixing root nodules , mycorrhizae and cluster roots . Consumption

640-546: The first of many paintings inspired by his expeditions to the Rocky Mountains. The painting was purchased by the National Gallery of Canada in 1928, where it is on display as part of the gallery's permanent collection. Above mean sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance ( height , elevation or altitude ) in reference to a vertical datum based on

672-527: The lake are completely sterile. This lake is a helpful tool for simulating studies regarding extraterrestrial life on frozen planets and other celestial bodies. Crooked Lake is an ultra-oligotrophic glacial lake with a thin distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms. The microbial loop plays a big role in cycling nutrients and energy within this lake, despite particularly low bacterial abundance and productivity in these environments. The little ecological diversity can be attributed to

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704-536: The lake's low annual temperatures. Species discovered in this lake include Ochromonas , Chlamydomonas , Scourfeldia , Cryptomonas , Akistrodesmus falcatus , and Daphniopsis studeri (a microcrustacean). It is proposed that low competitive selection against Daphniopsis studeri has allowed the species to survive long enough to reproduce in nutrient limiting environments. The sandplains and lateritic soils of southern Western Australia , where an extremely thick craton has precluded any geological activity since

736-464: The lake, canyon, pass, mountain and range. It is also possible that early French traders applied the name to the river for its treacherous confluence with the Athabasca River . The lake was well known to First Nations of the area, including Samson Beaver , who knew it as Chaba Imne ("Beaver Lake"). He drew the first map of the lake and the route to it for Mary Schäffer in 1907. Schäffer

768-489: The lake. June 8, 1908, with the help of Samson Beaver's map, Schäffer, her travelling companion Mary (Mollie) Adams and the guides Billy Warren and Sid Unwin, set out from Lake Louise to reach the lake. When they arrived at the lake, they explored it with the means of a raft, nicknamed HMS Chaba . At the request of the Canadian government, Schäffer returned in 1911 to survey the lake in more detail. She also named several of

800-671: The mountains and peaks. Mary Schäffer's books of the area attracted tourists from all over the United States. Maligne Lake is the location of two Alberta registered historic buildings, the Maligne Lake Chalet and accompanying guest house, washhouse, and cache, all built in 1927 by Colonel Fred Brewster as a part of his "Rocky Mountain Camps". For a time, the Maligne Lake Chalet was the largest, most luxurious accommodation in Jasper National Park. The other historic building

832-406: The nutrient-availability in the soil environments. Generally, the nutrient becomes less available along the depth of the soil environment, because on the surface, the organic compounds decomposed from the plant and animal debris are consumed quickly by other microbes, resulting in the lack of nutrient in the deeper level of soil. In addition, the metabolic waste produced by the microorganisms on

864-403: The soil environment is considered as oligotrophic because the soil is frozen with low biological activities. The most abundant species in the frozen soil are Actinomycetota , Pseudomonadota , Acidobacteriota and Cyanobacteria , together with a small amount of archaea and fungi. Actinomycetota can maintain the activity of their metabolic enzymes and continue their biochemical reactions under

896-430: The soil provides the alternative sources for the species living in the oligotrophic soil. In terms of the agricultural lands, the application of fertilizer has a complicated impact on the source of carbon, either increasing or decreasing the organic carbon in the soil. Collimonas is one of the genera that are capable of living in the oligotrophic soil. One common feature of the environments where Collimonas lives

928-410: The south and west. The Charlton-Unwin, Maligne, and Coronet glaciers are visible from the lake, which boasts a self-sustaining population of introduced rainbow trout and brook trout . It is a popular spot for sport fishing, kayaking and canoeing. Parks Canada maintains three camping sites, accessible only by canoe, at Hidden Cove, Fisherman's Bay and Coronet Creek. Maligne Lake is fed and drained by

960-410: The surface also causes the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the deeper area. Furthermore, oxygen and water are important for some metabolic pathways, but it is difficult for water and oxygen to diffuse as the depth increases. Some factors such as: soil aggregates, pores and extracellular enzymes, may help water, oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into the soil. Moreover, the presence of mineral under

992-418: The world was also sport fished from this lake and is owned by David Robson of Hinton, Alberta . Wildlife is surprisingly abundant along this high altitude oligotrophic lake. Grizzly bear , black bear , mule deer , caribou , wolves , moose , and mountain sheep are some of the larger mammals that frequent the lake area during the summer season. Bald eagles , golden eagles and osprey also frequent

Maligne Lake - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-455: Was an explorer and artist of the Rocky Mountains area who, being the first non-native to visit Chabna Imne, was accredited with the discovery; which she attached the name Maligne Lake. The first European to actually see the lake was Henry McLeod, scouting routes for the CPR in 1875. When he sighted it, he was high in the mountain range and did not actually go into the lake area or identify the route to

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