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91-666: Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Political Constitution of 1899 ( Spanish : Constitución Política de 1899 ), informally known as the Malolos Constitution , was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic . It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno . After
182-688: A Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to lay down their weapons and give up the fight. General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino government, or what remained of it. Malvar surrendered, along with his sick wife and children and some of his officers, on April 13, 1902. Beginning with the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 the United States Congress passed
273-1189: A Spanish ship captain). Dr Joaquin Gonzalez y Lopez married Florencia Sioco y Rodríguez (1860–1925), youngest of the three daughters of D Josef Sioco of barrio Sulipan, Apalit and his second wife Da Matea Rodriguez y Tuason of barrio Santa Ines, Bacolor, Pampanga (Da Francisca Sioco, Da Sabina Sioco de Escaler [1858-1950], Da Florencia Sioco de Gonzalez). Dr Joaquin and Da Florencia had ten sons: Fernando Leonardo (married Clementina Elizalde y Cacnio of San Luis, Pampanga), Dr Jesus Lope (married Ysidora Espiritu y Dungo of barrio San Vicente, Apalit, Pampanga; married Mercedes Veloso of Palo, Leyte), Emilio Cosme (married Rosario Valdes y Liongson of Bacolor, Pampanga), Atty Augusto Diosdado, father of former Secretary of Education Andrew Gonzalez (married Marina Escaler y Sioco; married Rosario Lucia Arnedo y Espiritu; both of barrio Sulipan, Apalit, Pampanga), Octavio Florencio (died at 10 years old), Dr Virgilio Rufino (married Rosario Singson y Chiong-Veloso of Cebu), Atty Francisco Javier Eligio (married Josefa Mercado y Espiritu of barrio Sulipan, Apalit, Pampanga), Bienvenido Maria, 6th President of
364-574: A Spanish soldier, Sr D _____ Gonzalez, who was given a land grant in the area between San Rafael and Baliuag towns in Bulacan in the early 1700s. D Vicente Gonzalez and Da Venancia de Los Angeles of Baliuag, Bulacan had many children, among them, Maria Amparo ("Mariquita") and three sons all named Francisco --- Francisco Gonzalez Reinado ("Francisco Balbas"), Francisco Gonzalez ("Francisco Kalbo"), and Francisco Gonzalez ("Francisco Pugot"). The three brothers named Francisco Gonzalez purchased big portions of
455-648: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Joaquin Gonzalez (politician) Joaquín González (July 22, 1853 – September 21, 1900)
546-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
637-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
728-601: A famous villa called "La Sulipena" in barrio Sulipan, Apalit, Pampanga and because of their legendary hospitality became the most renowned and most documented hosts from the Spanish period.) Dr. González died of acute appendicitis in Malate , Manila , on September 21, 1900. A grand state of national mourning was declared, his funeral cortège attended by the whole Civil Commission led by its first president and American governor-general , William Howard Taft ; American military authorities; various notable Filipinos; and members of
819-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
910-445: A lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on January 21, 1899. The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which would have hampered rapid decision making. As it was created during the fight for Philippine independence from Spain, however, its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action during wartime. Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout
1001-415: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
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#17327718615741092-624: A new national legislature, the Malolos Congress . After the Malolos Congress was convened on September 15, 1898, a committee was selected to draft a constitution for the republic. The committee was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, Joaquín González , Gregorio Araneta , Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, Tomás del Rosario , José Alejandrino , Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, Antonio Luna , Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, Felipe Calderón , Arsenio Cruz and Felipe Buencamino. They were all wealthy and well educated. The Political Constitution of 1899
1183-674: A number of so-called organic acts in the American constitutional tradition which acted like constitutions for the colonial Insular Government . Eventually, the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 was passed leading to the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and subsequent charters, including the present 1987 Constitution . These were written in the American constitutional tradition and based upon American constitutional principles, often lifting wording directly from
1274-818: A payment from Spain and went into exile in Hong Kong . When the Spanish–American War broke out on April 25, 1898, the United States Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS ; Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy . On May 1, 1898, the American force defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay . Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to
1365-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1456-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1547-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
1638-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
1729-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
1820-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
1911-732: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
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#17327718615742002-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
2093-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
2184-533: Is written in Spanish which was the official language of the Philippines at the time. It is composed of one hundred one articles divided into fourteen titles, with transitory provisions in eight further articles, and with one un-numbered additional article. The style of the document is patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , which many Latin American charters from the same period similarly follow. Calderón himself writes in his journal that
2275-676: The Ilustrado (the moneyed and educated class), Dr González actively supported the Katipunan during the Revolution from 1896 to 1899; he was an offspring of a union not unlike that of the fictional Padre Dámaso and the married Doña Pía Alba de de los Santos in José Rizal's banned novel, Noli Me Tángere . He believed in the Revolution and was a friend of its more educated members, as well as several of its generals. Dr González
2366-783: The Assize of Clarendon ( end to arbitrary arrest , a professional and independent judiciary ) and in Magna Carta ( due process of law )". According to Title III, Article 5 of the Malolos constitution: "The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs, as well as the separation of Church and State." According to Title II, Article 4 the Government of the Republic is to be popular, representative, alternative and responsible, and shall exercise three distinct powers: namely,
2457-624: The Constitution of the United States and other American sources. The Malolos Constitution, rooted in Spanish constitutionalism, has had limited influence on subsequent Philippine constitutions, rooted in American constitutionalism. Isagani Giron, a past president of the Samahang Pangkasaysayan ng Bulacan (Historical Society of Bulacan ; SAMPAKA), described the Malolos Constitution as "the best Constitution
2548-561: The National Assembly of Representatives (the unicameral legislature of the Republic) shall have the right of censure and each of the members the right of interpellation. Interpellation is a right granted to representatives to directly question members of the executive branch. In other words, there are Question Periods allotted to each member of the executive branch. While Title VII, Article 56 stated that executive power resides in
2639-668: The Philippine–American War which erupted soon after proclamation. After over 300 years of Spanish rule, the country developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were increasingly exposed to modern European ideas, including Liberalism , some studying in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. During
2730-645: The President of the Republic , who shall exercise it through his Secretaries convened in a Council of government that is led by the President of the council of government . The Constitution also stated in Title IX, Article 75 that the secretaries of government shall be held jointly responsible by the National Assembly for the general policies of Government, and individually for their personal actions like in most parliamentary systems . The parliamentary terminologies used in this constitution are different to
2821-542: The Spanish Empire , was the legal principle underlying the Spanish American wars of independence and Philippine Revolution . This principle was a preprocessor to the concept of popular sovereignty , currently expressed in most constitutional systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions to their civil servants while retaining the actual sovereignty. This concept of
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2912-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
3003-446: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
3094-597: The Tejeros Convention was convened and the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato drafted and ratified. It was drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer and based on the first Constitution of Cuba . However, it was never fully implemented. After several battles between the Spanish and Philippine Revolutionary Army , a truce called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed in 1897. Emilio Aguinaldo (who had replaced Bonfiacio as leader) and other revolutionary leaders accepted
3185-694: The Universidad Central de Madrid (now the Complutense University of Madrid ). He later attended the Ophthalmology Institute of Dr Louis de Wecker in Paris, France , to specialize in eye diseases. His compatriot Dr José Rizal studied in the same institute years later and Dr de Wecker told him that another Filipino, Dr Joaquin Gonzalez, had preceded him there. Unexpectedly, the Spanish mestizo and member of
3276-652: The University of the Philippines (married Concepcion Rafols y Miravalles from the Visayas), Joaquin Jorge (married Julia Salgado y Mendoza of San Fernando, Pampanga; married Luz Manankil y Elizalde of San Luis, Pampanga), and Fausto Felix, Congressman of Pampanga (married Amparo de la Rama of Bacolod, Negros Occidental; married Pastora Cordero y Gomez of Angeles, Pampanga). According to the memoirs of Dr Bienvenido Ma Gonzalez, his maternal grandfather D Josef Sioco (1786–1864)
3367-696: The Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ;
3458-608: The collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to
3549-424: The natural rights and popular sovereignty of Filipinos. The list is extensive, encompassing not just civil liberties and negative liberties , but also protections against self-incrimination and the limitation of criminal procedure . The inclusion of the rights of the accused in the national charter was done in direct response to numerous instances of abuse by police, a number of them specifically mentioned in
3640-637: The 1890s, the Katipunan , or KKK, a secret society dedicated to achieving Philippine independence from Spain, was formed and led by Andres Bonifacio . When the KKK was discovered by Spanish authorities, Bonifacio issued the Cry of Balintawak which began the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The revolutionary forces took steps to form a functioning government called the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . In 1897,
3731-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
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3822-595: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
3913-465: The Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on
4004-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
4095-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
4186-416: The June 12, 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence . This concept of constitutionally defining what is essentially administrative action is not unique to the Malolos constitution. In fact, the right defined in the Filipino charter is actually a shorter enumeration of the civil and political rights of the Spanish citizen enshrined in the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1869 which brought liberalism into
4277-423: The Malolos Constitution was never fully implemented across the Philippines. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War , the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 acquired the Philippines from Spain, along with several other territories. On February 4, 1899, the Philippine–American War started with the Battle of Manila of 1899 . On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured. On April 19, he issued
4368-424: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
4459-464: The Permanent Commission, with the obligation that the Commission choose a President and a Secretary on its first session. The powers of the commission were: The Malolos Congress had discussed the draft constitution article by article as a project of Calderon from October 25 to November 29, 1898. By the end of these discussions, the Congress was in general agreement except with regard to religion. An amendment adding an article guaranteeing religious freedom
4550-402: The Philippines. Aguinaldo took control of the newly re-formed Philippine revolutionary forces and quickly surrounded Manila on land while the American blockaded the city from the bay. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and followed that with several decrees forming the First Philippine Republic. Elections were held from June 23 to September 10, 1898 for
4641-424: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
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#17327718615744732-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
4823-399: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
4914-424: The cause, more than any of the big hacenderos of Bacolor, San Fernando, Mexico, and Guagua towns. (Don Josef Sioco [1786-1864] first married Da _____ Carlos also of barrio Sulipan, Apalit. Their only daughter, Da Maria de la Paz Sioco y Carlos [+1897], became the second wife of Capitan Joaquin Arnedo y Tanjutco [+1897] also of barrio Sulipan, Apalit. Capitan Joaquin Arnedo and Capitana Maria de la Paz Sioco lived in
5005-409: The charters of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala, in addition to using the French Constitution of 1793 , were also studied as these countries shared similar social, political, ethnological, and governance conditions with the Philippine Islands. The principle of the retroversion of the sovereignty to the people , which challenged the legitimacy of the colonial authorities of
5096-566: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
5187-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
5278-433: The country ever had". The original copy of the Malolos Constitution is kept in the historical archives of the Batasang Pambansa Complex , the current seat of the House of Representatives of the Philippines . The document is not available for public viewing. Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from
5369-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
5460-450: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
5551-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
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#17327718615745642-454: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
5733-678: The huge British, Smith Bell & Co "Hacienda Esperanza" (55,000 hectares spread out over Pangasinan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Bulacan) and migrated to Bayambang, Pangasinan where they raised their families. Fray Fausto Lopez y Palominas OSA of Valladolid, Spain and Da Maria Amparo Gonzalez y de Los Angeles ("Mariquita") of Baliuag, Bulacan had six children: Soledad (married Mariano Gonzales), Jose (married Francisca Carrillo y Arriola, daughter of Fray Arriola OSA, another Augustinian), Dr Joaquin (married Florencia Sioco y Rodriguez), Rita (married Jose Llora; they returned to Spain), Carmen (spinster), and Francisco (married Maria Lloret, 14-year-old daughter of
5824-450: The internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
5915-423: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
6006-497: The legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Any two or more of these three powers shall never be united in one person or cooperation, nor the legislative power vested in one single individual. The Government of the Republic is a Responsible Government , a very important aspect of parliamentarianism where the executive branch is directly responsible to the legislative branch. This is further emphasized in Title V, Article 50 and Title VII, Article 56. Title V, Article 50 stated that
6097-628: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
6188-437: The more usual Anglo-Saxon titles. Terms like Parliament, Cabinet, Prime Minister, Minister, and Member of Parliament (or MP) are replaced with Assembly, Council of Government, President of the Council of Government, Secretary, and Representative, respectively. The Permanent Commission is created to make decisions when the National Assembly is in recess. The National Assembly is empowered to elect seven of its members to constitute
6279-498: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
6370-508: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
6461-481: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
6552-771: The precedence of popular sovereignty over the national sovereignty is derived from the French political document, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 (French: Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1793 ) and forms the philosophical basis for article 4 of the Malolos Constitution and echoes the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution . The twenty-seven articles of Title IV detail
6643-430: The public consciousness and inspired a generation of national heroes starting with governor-general Carlos María de la Torre and secular priest José Burgos , and later including Galicano Apacible y Castillo , Graciano López y Jaena , Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán and José Rizal . Calderón mentions in his journal that the draft constitution was meant to enshrine: "all those freedoms that Englishmen enjoyed in
6734-629: The seven-member Permanent Commission of the National Assembly under the Malolos Constitution. The body had oversight powers over the president, its legislators, Cabinet secretaries, the Chief Justice , and the Solicitor-General during adjournment of the Assembly. The Spanish mestizo Gonzalez clans (Gonzalez Doble Zeta) of San Rafael and Baliuag towns, Bulacan, and Bayambang and Bautista towns, Pangasinan trace their ur-ancestor to
6825-610: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
6916-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
7007-640: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
7098-403: The time the country may struggle for its independence." As amended, the draft constitution was approved by the congress on January 20, 1899 and was promulgated on January 21. The original was written in Spanish , which became the first official language of the Philippines and a number of translations have been published. The First Philippine Republic never gained international recognition and
7189-585: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
7280-506: The world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after
7371-410: Was a Filipino politician and a member of the Malolos Congress that wrote the Malolos Constitution , the first Philippine constitution , after the country declared independence from Spain in 1898. He was one of two elected delegates representing the province of Pampanga , the other being José Rodríguez Infante. Along with Felipe Calderón y Roca , the main author of the constitution, Dr. González
7462-425: Was approved by one vote on November 28. Mabini remained opposed to the draft constitution. He argued that this plan of government would not work well in time of war. As Aguinaldo's chief advisor, his opposition was significant. On January 21, Aguinaldo sent a message to the congress recommending changes to the draft. Following this, provisions were added essentially giving Aguinaldo the power to rule by decree, "during
7553-636: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
7644-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
7735-574: Was familiar with General Emilio Aguinaldo (the country's first acknowledged president ), Don Felipe Buencamino Sr. (widower of Doña Juana Arnedo, who died in 1883 and was the niece of Doña Florencia Sioco, Dr Gonzalez's wife), and other leaders of the movement. Dr González possessed contraband copies of Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and its sequel, El Filibusterismo , as well as writings of Madrid-based propagandistas , whom he knew socially. His house in Barrio Sulipan, Apalit , Pampanga ,
7826-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
7917-708: Was mistaken for the enemy because of his mestizo features, but on introducing himself fluently in the Bulaqueño dialect of Tagalog , the commanding general cleared him and said: "Not only is he one of us, he is my townmate!" On October 19, 1898, President Aguinaldo appointed Dr González as the first rector/president of the Universidad Cientifico-Literaria de Filipinas . The university had faculties of civil and criminal law, as well as medicine and surgery. He taught legal medicine, toxicology, and public hygiene. In April 1899, Dr González joined
8008-464: Was on a committee that debated over each article of the charter from October 25 to November 29, 1898. Dr. González was a Spanish mestizo born out of the union of Fray Fausto López Palomino OSA (from Valladolid , Spain ) and María Amparo "Mariquita" González y de los Ángeles (from Baliuag , Bulacan ). He was trained as a Doctor of Medicine in Spain at the Universidad de Valladolid and
8099-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
8190-568: Was the richest man in Pampanga province during his lifetime, owning many farmlands in Pampanga and Bulacan and a roomful of gold coins in his barrio Sulipan, Apalit residence. According to the memoirs of Zoilo Hilario, treasurer of the Katipunan in Pampanga, Da Matea Rodriguez y Tuason viuda de Josef Sioco, viuda de Juan Arnedo-Cruz (1835–1918) was the single biggest contributor to the Katipunan in Pampanga, contributing thousands of gold coins to
8281-486: Was the venue for clandestine meetings of the organization. The Katipunan's siege of Macabebe and other offensives in the province were planned in his house; he and his family viewed that attack from there using strong binoculars. His mother-in-law, Doña Matea Rodríguez, was the largest contributor to the Katipunan in Pampanga. Dr González accompanied Katipunero troops in their attacks around Pampanga and neighbouring Bulacan , tending to their wounds. During one skirmish, he
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