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42-575: The monastery, dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist , was founded in 1107 by Heinrich of Kirchberg , a ministerialis of Niedermünster in Regensburg , and settled by monks from either the monastery of Michelsberg in Bamberg or St. Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg . Under Abbot Eppo (1122-1143) the reforming influences of the monasteries of St. Georgen im Schwarzwald and of Hirsau had

84-416: A triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs ( Latin : triumviri ). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are notionally equal, the actual distribution of power may vary. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader. Informally,

126-504: A beardless youth. The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art , where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates ; the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe and can be dated back as far as 4th-century Rome. In medieval works of painting, sculpture and literature, Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or feminized manner. Historians have related such portrayals to

168-469: A highly emotional style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity. Legends from the " Acts of John " contributed much to medieval iconography; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age. One of John's familiar attributes is the chalice , often with a snake emerging from it. According to one legend from the Acts of John, John

210-516: A period of joint rule began from 1249 until 1254. Kaykaus, controlled the capital, Konya, and everything further west, and the coast at Antalya , up to Ankara . Kilij Arslan was allocated everything to the east of Konya up to Erzurum . Kayqubad was granted minor estates on a scale sufficient for his personal expenses. The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times. The Three Pashas also known as Ottoman Triumvirate effectively ruled

252-490: A separate author known as " John the priest ." Historical critics like H.P.V. Nunn, Reza Aslan and Bart Ehrman , believe with most modern scholars that the apostle John wrote none of these works. Some scholars, though, such as John Robinson , F. F. Bruce , Leon Morris , and Martin Hengel , still hold the apostle to be behind at least some of the works in question, particularly the gospel. The Book of Revelation

294-411: A significant impact. At this time the community was subordinated to Otto I, Bishop of Bamberg and placed under the direct protection of Pope Innocent II (1130-1143). In 1136 Abbot Eppo dissolved the double monastery (i.e., including both men and women) which seems to have been there until that time; the women's convent was transferred to nearby Eitting . In the 12th century there was church building in

336-672: A triumvirate following the death of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE) and the installation of the child emperor Zhao . Despite the Three Excellencies – including the Grand chancellor , Grand Secretariat , and irregularly the Grand Commandant – representing the most senior ministerial positions of state, this triumvirate was supported by the economic technocrat and Imperial Secretary Sang Hongyang (d. 80 BCE), their political lackey. The acting Chancellor Tian Qianqiu

378-631: Is today generally agreed to have a separate author, John of Patmos , c.  95 with some parts possibly dating to Nero 's reign in the early 60s. The feast day of Saint John in the Catholic Church , Anglican Communion , and the Lutheran Calendar, is on 27 December, the third day of Christmastide . In the Tridentine calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January,

420-875: The Battle of Rephidim against the Amalekites . Later, when Moses was away on the Mount Sinai Aaron and Hur were left in charge of all the Israelites. In the Gospels as a leading trio among the Twelve Apostles at three particular occasions during public ministry of Jesus acted Peter , James, son of Zebedee and his brother John . They were the only apostles present at the Raising of Jairus' daughter , Transfiguration of Jesus and Agony in

462-811: The First Czechoslovak Republic . According to the Article 8 paragraph (3) from the Constitution of Indonesia , there are three head of government institutions that can act as a "temporary" triumvirate only if there are vacancies in the position of president and vice president at the same time (e.g. both president and vice president were assassinated, sick, not doing their duties, died, or resigned). They are Minister of Foreign Affairs , Minister of Home Affairs , and Minister of Defense . Those three ministers can act for president and vice president together for maximum 30 days. After that, during

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504-855: The Minangkabau Highlands were known as Rajo Tigo Selo, or "the three reigning kings." The Rajo Tigo Selo was descended from the same line in the same dynasty and ruled at the same reigning time. It consisted of three kings, the Rajo Alam who ruled the government and diplomatic affairs, the Rajo Adaik who ruled the customs and the Rajo Ibadaik who acted as a Grand Mufti . During the Roman Republic , triumviri (or tresviri ) were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from

546-522: The Octave of the 27 December feast. This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955. The traditional liturgical color is white. Freemasons celebrate this feast day , dating back to the 18th century when the Feast Day was used for the installation of Grand Masters . John is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways: either as an aged man with a white or gray beard, or alternatively as

588-705: The Ottoman Empire during World War I : Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior ; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), the Minister of the Navy . Post- war Bosnia and Herzegovina is ruled by a three-member Presidency . While French Huguenots had derisively bestowed the name Triumvirate on

630-488: The romanesque style, in the 13th a period of spiritual awakening, and in the 14th the reforms led by Kastl Abbey . In the mid 16th century the abbey narrowly escaped dissolution. The monastic grammar school enjoyed an excellent reputation. The abbey was finally dissolved in 1803 during the secularisation of Bavaria. The assets and estates were auctioned off. The monastery buildings were used from 1807 as offices for local officials. Since 1869 Franciscan sisters have lived at

672-475: The 13th century. There was also a legend that John was at some stage boiled in oil and miraculously preserved. Another common attribute is a book or a scroll, in reference to his writings. John the Evangelist is symbolically represented by an eagle , one of the creatures envisioned by Ezekiel (1:10) and in the Book of Revelation (4:7). Triumvirate#Biblical A triumvirate ( Latin : triumvirātus ) or

714-569: The Apostle , John of Patmos and John the Presbyter is historical – is disputed between Christian tradition and scholars. The Gospel of John refers to an otherwise unnamed " disciple whom Jesus loved ", who "bore witness to and wrote" the Gospel's message. The author of the Gospel of John seemed interested in maintaining the internal anonymity of the author's identity, although interpreting

756-551: The Evangelist John the Evangelist ( c. 8 AD - c. 100 AD) is the name traditionally given to the author of the Gospel of John . Christians have traditionally identified him with John the Apostle , John of Patmos , and John the Presbyter , although there is no consensus on how many of these may actually be the same individual. The exact identity of John – and the extent to which his identification with John

798-730: The Garden of Gethsemane . Later, at the time of the Early Christian Church this triumvirate of the leading apostles changed slightly after the former James's death, as it became composed of Peter, John and James, brother of Jesus , known collectively also as the three Pillars of the Church . During the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), statesmen Huo Guang (d. 68 BCE), Jin Midi (d. 86 BCE), and Shangguan Jie 上官桀 (d. 80 BCE) formed

840-551: The Gospel in the light of the Synoptic Gospels and considering that the author names (and therefore is not claiming to be) Peter, and that James was martyred as early as AD 44, Christian tradition has widely believed that the author was the Apostle John, though modern scholars believe the work to be pseudepigrapha . Christian tradition says that John the Evangelist was John the Apostle. John, Peter and James

882-815: The Grand Commandant was made a permanent official while the Minister over the Masses replaced the Grand Chancellor and the Minister of Works replaced the Grand Secretariat. Unlike the three high officials in Western Han when the Grand Chancellor was senior to all, these new three senior officials had equal censorial and advisory powers. When a young or weak-minded emperor ascended to the throne, these Three Excellencies could dominate

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924-611: The Johannine books to John the Apostle. Some today agree that the gospel and epistles may have been written by a single author, whether or not this was the apostle. Other scholars conclude that the author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel, although all four works originated from the same community. In the 6th century, the Decretum Gelasianum argued that the Second and Third Epistle of John have

966-644: The Just were the three pillars of the Jerusalem church after Jesus' death. He was one of the original twelve apostles and is thought to be the only one to escape martyrdom. It had been believed that he was exiled (around AD 95) to the Aegean island of Patmos , where he wrote the Book of Revelation . However, some attribute the authorship of Revelation to another man, called John the Presbyter , or to other writers of

1008-432: The abbey for over 40 years. Brewing at the abbey was revived in 1881. On brewing days, she is excused from morning prayers and starts work at the abbey brew house at 3:30 a.m. Depending on the season, Sister Doris will brew a maibock, a doppelbock, a dark zoigl, or a copper-hued vollbier (lager). 48°46′42″N 12°15′15″E  /  48.77833°N 12.25417°E  / 48.77833; 12.25417 John

1050-686: The affairs of state. There were also other types of triumvirates during the Eastern Han; for example, at the onset of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–189), the General-in-chief Dou Wu (d. 168), the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (d. 168), and another prominent statesman Hu Guang (91–172) formed a triumvirate nominally in charge of the Privy Secretariat , when in fact it was a regent triumvirate that

1092-588: The alliance formed in 1561 between Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise , Anne de Montmorency , and Jacques d'Albon during the French Wars of Religion , in later years the term would be used to describe other arrangements within France. At the end of the 1700s, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman magistrature names for their newly created institutions, the three-headed collective head of state

1134-424: The circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended. For instance, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women. Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that because of John's androgynous status, he could function as an 'image of a third or mixed gender' and 'a crucial figure with whom to identify' for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety ,

1176-650: The context of the Soviet Union , the term troika ( Russian : for "group of three") is used for "triumvirate". In the Roman Republic (1849), the title of two sets of three joint chiefs of state in the year 1849: Almost immediately following the Roman Republic, the Red Triumvirate governed the restored Papal States from 1849 to 1850: The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in

1218-430: The governing Committee of Public Safety , were accused by their political opponents of forming an unofficial triumvirate, pointing out the first triumvirate of Julius Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus which led to the end of the Roman Republic . Although officially all members of the committee shared equal power the three men's friendship and close ideological base led their detractors to declaim them as triumvirs which

1260-652: The late first century AD. Bauckham argues that the early Christians identified John the Evangelist with John the Presbyter . Since at least the 2nd century AD, scholars have debated the authorship of the Johannine works —whether they were written by one author or many, and if any of the authors can be identified with John the Apostle. The gospel and epistles traditionally and plausibly came from Ephesus , c.  90–110 , although some scholars argue for an origin in Syria . Eastern Orthodox tradition attributes all of

1302-490: The regular duties of Roman magistrates . The term triumvirate is most commonly used by historians of ancient Rome to refer to two political alliances during the crisis of the Roman Republic : Tamil Triumvirate refers to the triumvirate of Chola , Chera , and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil country. Sivaperuman , Murugan and Agatiyar are considered triumvirate of Tamil language and Sangam literature . In 1246, Rum Seljuk sultan Kaykaus II

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1344-520: The site, and presently run the "Special Academy for Social Pedagogy of the Poor Clares of Mallersdorf" ( "Fachakademie für Sozialpädagogik der Armen Franziskanerinnen Mallersdorf" ). There is also a Realschule there. In August 2014, it was reported that Sister Doris Engelhard , a nun at the abbey and a certified master brewer, was the last beer making nun in Europe. She has been brewing beer at

1386-558: The term "triumvirate" may be used for any association of three. Under the influence of the Soviet Union , the term troika (Russian: for "group of three") may be used for "triumvirate". In the Bible triumvirates occurred at some notable events in both the Old Testament and New Testament . In the Book of Exodus Moses , his brother Aaron and, according to some views their nephew or brother-in-law, Hur acted this way during

1428-543: The term of the triumvirate, the People's Consultative Assembly must elect a new president and vice president from the two pairs of candidates nominated by the political party or coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up in the previous presidential election. The newly elected president and vice president will continue the remaining term of former president and vice president that were elected from previous general election, not five years. In

1470-463: The three brothers (Kaykaus, Kilij and Kayqubad) would share the throne. A khutbah was read on their behalf, and coins were struck in their names. However, influenced by some emirs, Kilij Arslan did not accept this and went into conflict with Kaykaus, but suffered an unexpected defeat. On 14 June 1249, he was caught and brought to his brother. However, he was well received and returned together to Konya . Both were enthroned alongside Kayqubad II . Thus

1512-620: The triumvirate of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk as a chairman, Edvard Beneš , who joined Masaryk in exile in 1915, as the organization's general secretary, and Milan Rastislav Štefánik , a Slovak who was an aviator in the French Army, designating to represent Slovak interests in the national council. During the closing weeks of the war, the Czechoslovak National Council was formally upgraded to a provisional government and its members were designated to hold top offices in

1554-520: Was also easily swayed by the decisions of the triumvirate. The Three Excellencies existed in Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE) as the Grand Chancellor, Grand Secretariat, and Grand Commandant, but the Grand Chancellor was viewed as senior to the Grand Secretariat while the post of Grand Commandant was vacant for most of the dynasty. After Emperor Guangwu established the Eastern Han (25–220 CE),

1596-465: Was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith, and thanks to God's aid the poison was rendered harmless. The chalice can also be interpreted with reference to the Last Supper , or to the words of Christ to John and James: "My chalice indeed you shall drink." According to the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia , some authorities believe that this symbol was not adopted until

1638-463: Was invited to Güyük Khan 's coronation. Instead he sent Kilij Arslan IV , who went to Karakorum with a delegation. Two years later, he was accompanied by a Mongolian military unit of 2000, returned to Anatolia with a jarlig given by Guyuk declaring him sultan. He was recognized as sultan in Sivas , Erzincan , Diyarbakır , Malatya , Harput . Later, a meeting was held, resulting in an accord where

1680-655: Was named the Consulat (1799–1804), a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included an office of First Consul who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government – a position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire in 1804. Prior to Napoleon and during the Terror from 1793 to 1794 Maximilien Robespierre , Louis Antoine de Saint-Just , and Georges Couthon , as members of

1722-480: Was overseeing the affairs of state and Emperor Ling. In Hinduism , the gods Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva form the triumvirate Trimurti , where they each represent the balancing forces of creation, preservation, and destruction, respectively. Their female counterparts and consorts, the goddesses Saraswati , Lakshmi and Parvati , make up the parallel Tridevi . Triumvirates during the Pagaruyuang era in

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1764-682: Was used against them in the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794). In the early days of the national struggle and before Gandhi, the Indian National Congress was known to be under Lal-Bal-Pal i.e. Lala Lajpat Rai , Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak , often dubbed Lokmanya Tilak. The Czechoslovak National Council , an organization founded in Paris in 1916 by Czech and Slovak émigrés during World War I to liberate their homeland from Austria-Hungary , consisted of

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