55-505: Maltesers are a British confectionery product manufactured by Mars Inc. First sold in the UK in 1937, they were originally aimed at women. They have since been sold in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States and Middle East. The slogan is "The lighter way to enjoy chocolate". Maltesers consist of a spheroid malted milk centre surrounded by milk chocolate . Maltesers are sold in
110-444: A wedding cake , birthday cake , or Halloween . The chocolate company Cadbury (under the guidance of Richard Cadbury ) was the first to commercialize the connection between romance and confectionery, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868. Tourists commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties
165-607: A "staple food" for tax purposes requires that the sugar or fat content be no more than 2% of the weight of the flour, so some products sold as bread in the US would be treated as confectionery there. Cakes have a somewhat bread-like texture, and many earlier cakes, such as the centuries-old stollen (fruit cake), or the even older king cake , were rich yeast breads. The variety of styles and presentations extends from simple to elaborate. Major categories include butter cakes , tortes , and foam cakes . Confusingly, some confections that have
220-693: A constitutional right to " freedom of contract ". This case marked the beginning of a "pro-employer, laissez-faire " era, later known as the Lochner era , which "would cast a long shadow over American law, society, and politics" until the late 1930s, when Lochner was repudiated. Frustrated with the rapid deterioration of working conditions, bakery workers in New York went on strike in August 1905. The first bakeries emerged in Jerusalem , after contact with
275-530: A high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous candies, is the glass transition process. This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. Both bakers' and sugar confections are used to offer hospitality to guests. Confections are used to mark celebrations or events, such as Christmas , Easter ,
330-424: A result, bakers have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Although their work is generally safe, bakers may endure back strains caused by lifting or moving heavy bags of flour or other products. Other common risks include cuts, scrapes, and burns. To reduce these risks, bakers often wear back supports, aprons , and gloves." Baker's asthma —commonly caused by flour allergens and
385-465: A soft, cake-like texture. Others are crisp or hard. Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as snack food . This includes sugar candies , chocolates , candied fruits and nuts, chewing gum , and sometimes ice cream . In some cases, chocolate confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. Different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections: In
440-535: A variety of packaging, including plastic bags (ranging in size from small 'fun-size' upwards), larger cardboard boxes and tubes, and plastic buckets (ranging in size from medium to very large). They also have medium-sized "teasers" in Celebrations boxes. Maltesers are also one of the types of chocolate included in Mars's Revels assortment. In a YouGov poll in 2020, they were the most popular confectionery in
495-485: Is table sugar , which is chemically a disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose . Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar , which is sweeter and is also a common commercial ingredient. Finally, confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch . These sweeteners include all types of corn syrup . Bakers' confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for
550-592: Is a subset of products produced by a baker . Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called sweets , short for sweetmeats , in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum, pastillage , and other confections that are made primarily of sugar. In some cases, chocolate confections (confections made of chocolate) are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. The words candy (Canada and US), sweets (UK, Ireland, and others), and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for some of
605-480: Is called "the bread of the strong" and preaching, religious teaching, "the bread of the word of God". In Hebrew, Bethlehem means "house of bread", and Jesus was born in a city called Bread. In Roman Catholic tradition, the patron saint of bakers and pastry chefs is Honoratus of Amiens (Honoré), a sixth-century bishop of Amiens in northern France for whom the St. Honoré cake is named. Lazarus of Bethany (Lazare)
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#1732794067559660-483: Is called a "tabernacle". In Ming dynasty China, bakers were divided into different social statuses according to their customers. Bakers were among the thousands of servants who served in the Ming Palace, including recruited cooks, imperial eunuchs , and trained serving-women ( Shangshiju ). Bakers often joined the occupation through apprenticeship , or by being born into a family of bakers. In addition to
715-491: Is expected the factory exports about 80 percent of its production to the United States. In Europe , the ingredients are: sugar, skimmed milk powder, cocoa butter, glucose syrup, barley malt extract, cocoa mass, palm fat, lactose, demineralised whey powder, milk fat, wheat flour, emulsifiers (E442, soya lecithin, E492), palm oil , raising agents (E500, E501, E341), salt, gelling agent (pectin), flavouring. In Canada ,
770-561: Is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat Sachertorte and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat Blackpool rock candy. Transportable confections like fudges and tablet may be purchased as souvenirs . Generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories . They may be fat-free foods , although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered empty calories and ultra-processed foods . Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in
825-824: Is relatively recent. By the fifth and sixth centuries BCE, the ancient Greeks used enclosed ovens heated by wood fires; communities usually baked bread in a large communal oven. Greeks baked dozens and possibly hundreds of types of bread; Athenaeus described seventy-two varieties. In ancient Rome several centuries later, the first mass production of breads occurred, and "the baking profession can be said to have started at that time." Ancient Roman bakers used honey and oil in their products, creating pastries rather than breads. In ancient Rome, bakers ( Latin , pistor ) were sometimes slaves , who were (like other slave- artisans ) sometimes manumitted . Large households in Rome normally had their own bakers. During those times, most of
880-800: The Occupational Outlook Handbook ( OOH ) published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor , Bakers typically do the following: Bakers produce various types and quantities of breads, pastries, and other baked goods sold by grocers, wholesalers, restaurants, and institutional food services. Some bakers create new recipes. Bakers encounter a number of occupational hazards . OOH reports that bakeries, "especially large manufacturing facilities, are filled with potential dangers such as hot ovens, mixing machines, and dough cutters. As
935-592: The Middle Ages and into the modern era. The oldest recorded use of the word confectionery discovered so far by the Oxford English Dictionary is by Richard Jonas in 1540, who spelled or misspelled it as "confection nere" in a passage " Ambre , muske , frankencense , gallia muscata and confection nere ", thus in the sense of "things made or sold by a confectioner". Also according to the OED,
990-574: The New York State Assembly passed a reformist "bakeshop law" which included protections for bakery workers; the law "banned employees from sleeping in the bakeries; specified the drainage, plumbing and maintenance necessary to keep the bakeries sanitary ( cats were specifically allowed to stay on the premise—presumably to deal with the rats); limited the daily and weekly maximum of hours worked; and established an inspectorate to make sure these conditions were met." The legislation
1045-474: The dessert course. Bakers' confections are sweet foods that feature flour as a main ingredient and are baked . Major categories include cakes , sweet pastries , doughnuts , scones , and cookies . In the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections predominate. The definition of which foods are "confectionery" vs "bread" can vary based on cultures and laws. In Ireland, the definition of "bread" as
1100-511: The 16th century, a cumfit was more specifically a seed, nut or small piece of spice enclosed in a round or ovoid mass of sugar. The production of comfits was a core skill of the early confectioner , who was known more commonly in 16th and 17th century England as a comfitmaker. Reflecting their original medicinal purpose, however, comfits were also produced by apothecaries and directions on how to make them appear in dispensatories as well as cookery texts. An early medieval Latin name for an apothecary
1155-539: The 1930s, advertisements claimed that the Maltesers malted milk centre is one-seventh as fattening as ordinary chocolate centres; this led marketers to claim it was beneficial for weight loss. In Australia, Mars signed a production deal with MacRobertson's in 1954, but then switched to Cadbury in 1963. In 2011, the product gained Fairtrade accreditation in the UK and Ireland by sourcing all their cocoa and sugar under Fairtrade Terms. In 2016, Maltesers’ commercials in
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#17327940675591210-563: The 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the Persians , followed by the Greeks , made contact with the Indian subcontinent and its "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and sugarcane agriculture. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . In the early history of sugar usage in Europe, it was initially the apothecary who had
1265-653: The Egyptians, from whom the Hebrews learned better manufacturing techniques and obtained the recipe. A short time later, there was already a famous bakers' street in the city. The prophet Elisha , then Jesus , performed the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves . The bread is at the center of the Christian Eucharist; it is "sacramental bread", "singing bread", or "angel's bread". Jesus defines himself as "the bread of life" (John 6:35). Divine "grace"
1320-569: The English city of Manchester from 1824–85, during the Industrial Revolution , determined that "baker and shopkeeper" was the third-most common occupation, with 178 male bakers, 19 female bakers, and 8 bakers of unknown sex in the city at that time. This occupation was less common that cloth manufacturer and tavern / public house worker, but more common than cotton spinner , merchant , calico printer, or grocer . In 1895,
1375-1187: The European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. In the United States, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520. Sugar confectionery items include candies, lollipops , candy bars , chocolate , cotton candy , and other sweet items of snack food . Some of
1430-663: The Golden Vase mentions baozi (steam bun). The Columbian Exchange , which began in 1492, had a profound influence on the baking occupation. Access to sugar greatly increased as a result of new cultivation in the Caribbean , and ingredients such as cocoa and chocolate became available in the Old World . In the eighteenth century, processors learned how to refine sugar from sugar beets , allowing Europeans to grow sugar locally. These developments led to an increase in
1485-539: The UK began featuring disabled actors, including actress Storme Toolis , which have promoted the brand. Celebrating universally awkward situations, the adverts were inspired by real-life stories from disabled people. In January 2017, Maltesers officially became available in the United States for the first time. The factory in Newmarket , Ontario , Canada produces the Maltesers for the North American market; it
1540-569: The UK. Maltesers were created by the American Forrest Mars Sr. in the United Kingdom in 1936, and first sold in 1937. They were originally described as "energy balls" and aimed at slimming women. Maltesers' slogan, as of 2016, is " The lighter way to enjoy chocolate" . Earlier slogans have included: " The chocolates with the less fattening centre ", " No ordinary chocolate " and " Nothing pleases like Maltesers ". In
1595-664: The US, a chocolate-coated candy bar (e.g. Snickers ) would be called a candy bar , in Britain more likely a chocolate bar than unspecifically a sweet . The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, white chocolate ), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles. In
1650-520: The US. There is no specific maximum in the EU. Candy colorants, particularly yellow colorants such as E102 Tartrazine , E104 Quinoline Yellow WS and E110 Sunset Yellow FCF , have many restrictions around the world. Tartrazine, for example, can cause allergic and asthmatic reactions and was once banned in Austria, Germany, and Norway. Some countries such as the UK have asked the food industry to phase out
1705-671: The cake-bakers, pie-bakers, and rusk -bakers separated from an earlier Bread Bakers Guild and formed their own guild, regulating the trade. A fraternity of bakers in London existed as early as 1155, according to records of payments to the Exchequer ; the Worshipful Company of Bakers was formed by charters dated 1486, 1569, and 1685. The guild still exists today, with mostly ceremonial and charitable functions. Five bakers have served as lord mayor of London . A group of bakers
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1760-406: The categories and types of sugar confectionery include the following: Shelf life is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions. High-sugar candies, such as boiled candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage of low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture, and flavor, rather than
1815-568: The enactment of the Assize, "baking became a very stable industry, and was executed much more professionally than brewing, resulting in towns and villages having fewer bakers than brewers." Because ovens were expensive capital investments and required careful operation, specialized bakeries opened. Bakers were often part of the guild system, which was well-established by the sixteenth century: master bakers instructed apprentices and were assisted by journeymen . In Amsterdam in 1694, for example,
1870-419: The finished confection. Pastries can be elaborately decorated, or they can be plain dough. Doughnuts may be fried or baked. Scones and related sweet quick breads , such as bannock , are similar to baking powder biscuits and, in sweeter, less traditional interpretations, can seem like a cupcake . Cookies are small, sweet baked treats. They originated as small cakes, and some traditional cookies have
1925-427: The growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments. This process is due to the effects of water activity , which results in the transfer of unwanted water from
1980-656: The hierarchy. For example, in Feng Menglong's story, when Mr. Bo went out looking for the family's lost silver, his wife was ordered to take care of the bakery. Ming fiction and art records examples of various bakers; for example, in Feng Menglong 's story, the Bo couple owns a bakery to sell the cakes and snacks while in Water Margin , the character Wu Dalang does not have a settled store and sells pancakes on
2035-805: The ingredients are: sugar, milk solids, cocoa butter, glucose syrup (sources include wheat), barley malt extract, cocoa mass, vegetable fat, emulsifiers (soy lecithin, 492), wheat gluten, raising agents (501, 500), salt, natural flavour (vanilla extract), pectin. Confectionery Confectionery is the art of making confections , or sweet foods. Confections are items that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates although exact definitions are difficult. In general, however, confections are divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories: bakers' confections and sugar confections . Bakers' confectionery, also called flour confections , includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, and similar baked goods . Baker's confectionery excludes everyday breads , and thus
2090-491: The ingredients are: sugar, modified milk ingredients, malted milk powder (malted barley, corn syrup , modified milk ingredients, wheat flour, modified and hydrogenated palm oil, sugar, wheat gluten, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, salt), cocoa butter, cocoa mass, corn syrup, palm and palm kernel oil , lactose, malted barley extract, soy lecithin, ammonium salt of phosphorylated glyceride, pectin, sorbitan tristearate, artificial flavour. In Australia and New Zealand ,
2145-530: The microbial enzymes (often Aspergillus -derived) used to facilitate breadmaking—is one of the common causes of occupational asthma worldwide. Both bakers and pastry chefs make desserts and breads. In some restaurants and shops, a single individual serves in both roles. In other environments, there is a distinction between the two positions, with bakers making breads, rolls, and muffins, and pastry chefs making desserts, such as cakes, pies, tarts, and cookies. Even when both bakers and pastry chefs work in
2200-596: The most important role in the production of sugar-based preparations. Medieval European physicians learned the medicinal uses of the material from the Arabs and Byzantine Greeks. One Middle Eastern remedy for rheums and fevers were little, twisted sticks of pulled sugar called in Arabic al fänäd or al pänäd . These became known in England as alphenics, or more commonly as penidia, penids, pennet or pan sugar. They were
2255-465: The most popular varieties of sugar confectionery . The occupation of confectioner encompasses the categories of cooking performed by both the French patissier (pastry chef) and the confiseur (sugar worker). The confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records. Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times and continued to be eaten through
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2310-431: The past for military use as a high-density food energy source. Many sugar confections, especially caramel-coated popcorn and the different kinds of sugar candy , are defined in US law as foods of minimal nutritional value . Contaminants and coloring agents in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of lead , have been restricted to 1 ppm in
2365-404: The people used to bake their own bread but bakeries (pistrina) were popular all over the town. The Gauls are credited with discovering that the addition of beer froth to bread dough made well-leavened bread, marking the use of controlled yeast for bread dough. In Medieval Europe , baking ovens were often separated from other buildings (and sometimes located outside city walls ) to mitigate
2420-494: The precursors of barley sugar and modern cough drops . In 1390, the Earl of Derby paid "two shillings for two pounds of penydes. " As the non-medicinal applications of sugar developed, the comfitmaker, or confectioner gradually came into being as a separate trade. In the late medieval period the words confyt, comfect or cumfitt were generic terms for all kinds of sweetmeats made from fruits, roots, or flowers preserved with sugar. By
2475-555: The risk of fire. Because bread was an important staple food, bakers' production factors (such as bolting yields, ingredients, and loaf sizes) were heavily regulated. For example, Henry III of England promulgated the Assize of Bread and Ale in 1267, subjecting all commercial bakers and brewers to various fees in order to practice their trade and imposing various regulations, such as inspection and verification of weights and measures , quality control , and price controls . Soon after
2530-412: The secular aspect of baking, Ming bakers also were responsible for providing pastries for use in various rituals, festivals and ceremonies, such as zongzi . In "Shi Fu Meets a Friend at Tanque" buns were provided for the construction ceremony. Within bakeries, traditional patriarchal hierarchy controlled. For the family-owned bakery, the eldest male figure (usually the father) in the highest position of
2585-506: The sense of "the art and business of a confectioner" is first recorded in 1743, and the earliest use in the sense of a "confectioner's shop" dates to 1803. Before sugar was readily available in the ancient western world, confectionery was based on honey . Honey was used in Ancient China , Ancient India , Ancient Egypt , Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create sweetmeats. Between
2640-643: The shoulder pole along the street The Ming-era painter Qiu Ying 's work Along the River During the Qingming Festival shows food stores alongside the street and peddlers who are selling food along the streets. The Ming work Ming Dai Tong Su Ri Yong Lei Shu , which records techniques and items needed in Ming daily life, devotes a full chapter to culinary skills, including the preparation of pancakes and other types of cakes. The work The Plum in
2695-694: The sophistication of baking and pastries, and the development of new products such as puff pastries and Danish dough. Two important books on bread-baking were published in the 1770s: Paul-Jacques Malaouin published L'art du meinier, du boulanger et du vermicellier ( The Art of the Miller, the Bread-Baker, and the Pasta-Maker ) in 1775, and Antoine-Augustin Parmentier published Le parfair boulanger ( The Perfect Bread-Baker ) in 1778. A study of
2750-434: The use of these colorants, especially for products marketed to children. Baker A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery . Since grains have been a staple food for millennia, the activity of baking is a very old one. Control of yeast , however,
2805-440: The word cake in their names, such as cheesecake , are not technically cakes, while others, such as Boston cream pie are cakes despite seeming to be named something else. Pastry is a large and diverse category of baked goods, united by the flour-based doughs used as the base for the product. These doughs are not always sweet, and the sweetness may come from the sugar, fruit, chocolate, cream, or other fillings that are added to
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#17327940675592860-639: Was confectionarius , and it was in this sort of sugar work that the activities of the two trades overlapped and that the word "confectionery" originated. In the cuisine of the Late Ottoman Empire diverse cosmopolitan cultural influences were reflected in published recipes such as European-style molded jellies flavored with cordials. In Europe, Ottoman confections (especially "lumps of delight" ( Turkish delight ) became very fashionable among European and British high society. An important study of Ottoman confectionery called Conditorei des Orients
2915-648: Was originally a competitor to Honoré for the title of patron saint of bakers, but in the 17th century the French bakers' guild settled in favor of Honoré. Baker is an easily recognizable English surname of medieval occupational origin; Baxster is the female form. Equivalent family names of occupational origin meaning "baker" exist in other languages: Boulanger , Bulinger , Dufour , and Fournier in French , Bäcker in German , and Piekarz in Polish . According to
2970-480: Was published by the royal confectioner Friedrich Unger in 1838. The first confectionery in Manchester, England was opened by Elizabeth Raffald who had worked six years in domestic service as a housekeeper. Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners. These are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free candies, such as sugar-free peppermints . The most common sweetener for home cooking
3025-467: Was soon replicated in other states . Joseph Lochner, a bakery owner in Utica, New York , was subsequently convicted of violating the law for forcing his employees to work more than sixty hours a week. He appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court , which decided, in the highly influential case of Lochner v. New York (1905), over a dissent from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , that the labor law violated
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