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100-620: They have been monitored by the Indonesian military for stockpiling weapons and other activities. Indonesian sources claim that the group first emerged in January 1999. One of their activities has been to fly the banned flag of the Republic of South Maluku in public places to commemorate an unsuccessful secession attempt in 1950. The leader of the FKM organisation Alex Manuputty has fled to

200-621: A draft . The Indonesian armed forces (military) personnel does not include members of law enforcement and paramilitary personnel such as the Indonesian National Police (Polri) consisting of approximately 440,000+ personnel, Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) of around 42,000+ armed personnel, and the Indonesian College Students' Regiment or Resimen Mahasiswa (Menwa) which is a collegiate military service consisting 26,000 trained personnel. Before

300-592: A Manadonese Christian, Sam Ratulangi , as the first republican governor of eastern Indonesia, was decisive in winning Minahasan support for the republic. A contra-revolution such as the Republik Maluku Selatan one in the Moluccas was averted. As the young republic lurched from crisis to crisis, Jakarta 's monopoly over the copra trade seriously weakened Minahasa's economy. As in Sumatra , there

400-564: A bastion of loyalty to colonial power. Where Minahasan are actually the subject of a study called Stranger King theory. Religion of Minahasan people in Indonesia The Minahasan indigenous religion is Malesung with Tonaas Walian as their leader. In 1907, Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland published a Bible in the Tontemboan language , a language of Minahasa. It was edited by M. Adriani-Gunning and J. Regar. At 93% of

500-466: A creole language and a dialect or variety of Malay. Minahasa Raya is the area covering Bitung City , Manado City , Tomohon City , Minahasa Regency , North Minahasa Regency , South Minahasa Regency and Southeast Minahasa Regency , which are altogether seven of the fifteen regional administrations in the province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Historically, the Minahasa region was located within

600-710: A decisive military victory against the Bolaang to the south. The Dutch influence flourished as the Minahasans embraced European culture and Christian religion. Missionary schools in Manado in 1881 were among the first attempts at mass education in Indonesia, giving their graduates a considerable edge in gaining civil service, military and other positions of influence. Relations with the Dutch were often less than cordial (a war

700-617: A fairer share of revenue, help in suppressing the Kahar Muzakar rebellion in Southern Sulawesi, and a cabinet of the central government led jointly by Sukarno and Hatta . At least initially the ' Permesta ' (Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam) rebellion was a reformist rather than a separatist movement. Negotiations between the central government and the Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in southern Sulawesi, but

800-689: A force in the early 1820s when a Calvinist group, the Netherlands Missionary Society, turned from an almost exclusive interest in Maluku to the Minahasa area. The wholesale conversion of the Minahasans was almost complete by 1860. With the missionaries came mission schools, which meant that, as in Ambon and Roti , Western education in Minahasa started much earlier than in other parts of Indonesia. The Dutch government eventually took over some of these schools and also set up others. Because

900-530: A result of a historical alliance to fight the Bolaang-Mongondow kingdom. However, the creation of Minahasan unity was in fact almost exclusively the product of the colonisation and Christian conversion enacted by the Dutch. The colonial administration and Dutch missionaries undertook various policies which resulted in ethnic unification and the increased use of the Manado Malay language. Among

1000-529: A ruling center of a group of villages called puak , later walak , comparable to the present-day district. Subsequently, a new group of people arrived in Pulisan peninsula. Owing to numerous conflicts in this area, they then moved inland and established villages surrounding a large lake. These people were therefore called Tondano, Toudano or Toulour (meaning water people). This lake is now the Tondano lake. In

1100-623: A soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Minahasa The Minahasans or Minahassa are an indigenous ethnic group from the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia , formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan pre-Christian creation myth entails some form of ethnic unification, before the nineteenth century

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1200-424: A three-stage war: a short initial period in which an invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla warfare followed by a final stage of expulsion, with the military acting as a rallying point for defense from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the entire population and enable

1300-585: Is a Minister-equivalent post) which was equipped with commanding authority until it was changed as Chief of Staffs (until now). In the present day, the Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces is the only military officer holding commanding authority for all the service branches under the overall authority of the President as Supreme Commander of the Forces. Indonesian Military Special Forces In

1400-402: Is a type of condiment similar to sambal , made of chopped chilli, shallots, and green tomato mixed with a little vinegar or lime juice. Another vegetables is sayur bunga papaya , papaya flower buds sauteed with shallots, chilli and green tomato. Kabasaran is the fierce and famous Minahasan wardance which reminds of the old Minahasa warrior societies. The dancers wear red garments which in

1500-473: Is defined as a capability based defense and force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defense interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defense strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipment. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of 3 strategic programs with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up to1.5–2% of

1600-506: Is held three times annually to organize and assist construction and development of civilian village projects. The current developments in Indonesia's defense policies are framed within the concept of achieving "Minimum Essential Force" or MEF by 2024. This concept of MEF was first articulated in Presidential Decree No. 7/2008 on General Policy Guidelines on State Defense Policy which came into effect on 26 January 2008. MEF

1700-424: Is often referred to as Kota Tinutuan , in reference to a popular local dish: a rice porridge made with corn, smoked fish, greens, and chilies. Known outside the province as Bubur Manado , tinutuan is supposed to improve health and vitality. Another popular minahasan cuisine is rica-rica and dabu-dabu. Rica-rica is dishes usually fish or meat, cooked in spicy red chili, shallots, garlic, and tomato, while dabu-dabu

1800-548: Is structured into the following in accordance with Article 9 of Presidential Regulation No. 66/2019. The organization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces consists of Indonesian National Armed Forces General Headquarters ( Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia ) based in the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta, of which it oversee the headquarters of the three branch of

1900-473: Is that the Austronesian people originally inhabited Taiwan, before migrating and colonising areas in the northern Philippines, the southern Philippines, Borneo, and Sulawesi before splitting into separate groups, with one heading west to Java, Sumatra, and Malaya, while the other moved east towards Oceania. According to Minahasa mythology the Minahasans are descendants of Toar and Lumimuut . Initially,

2000-518: The Armed Forces Special Operations Command ( Koopsus TNI ) which comprised 400 personnel each from Sat-81 Gultor of Kopassus, Denjaka, and Den Bravo of Kopasgat to conduct special operations to protect national interests within or outside Indonesian territory. The Indonesian National Armed Forces Reserve Component ( Komponen Cadangan TNI , abbreviated into KOMCAD) is the military reserve force element of

2100-643: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and, from 1817 onwards, through the administration of the Dutch nation state. There are nine languages that are indigenous to the Minahasan peninsula. All languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, and five of these (Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tontemboan, and Tonsawang) comprise the Minahasan microgroup , while three (Bantik, Toratan, and Sangir) are part of

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2200-711: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . To gain support from the Indonesian people in their war against the Western Allied force , Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military training and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called PETA ( Pembela Tanah Air ; Defenders of

2300-657: The "ABRI" commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the early warning system . After Suharto 's presidential era collapsed in 1998, the Indonesian National Police was separated from the Armed Forces making the Indonesian Armed Forces under the direct auspices command of the Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of

2400-528: The 19th century, the Minahasa was made up of rivaling warrior societies that practiced headhunting. Only during 'Pax Neerlandica' of the formal colonisation of the Dutch East Indies did the state of permanent internal warfare and the practice of headhunting subside. The province of North Sulawesi was the location of one of the first southward Austronesian migrations patterns in the late third and second millennia BC. The generally-accepted hypothesis

2500-507: The ABRI ( Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia , the name of the armed forces used during the New Order ) headquarters and staff. MoDS was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The ABRI Commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in

2600-732: The Armed Forces General Headquarters. TNI has three service branches, the Army (TNI-AD), the Navy (TNI-AL), and the Air Force (TNI-AU). Each service branch is led by a Chief of Staff ( Chief of Staff of the Army , Chief of Staff of the Navy , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force respectively) who is responsible for the administration and capability development for his/her own branch. These positions were previously called Commander or Panglima (for some period in 60s, it

2700-1083: The Armed Forces and the National Police. Under the regulation, the Reserve officially consists of army, naval, and air reserve forces. Membership in the reserve is voluntary for all citizens, even for members of the civil service. *the 2020 budget was changed due to COVID-19 outbreak , while the budget for the Ministry of Health , and Ministry of Education and Culture has been increased. The Indonesian National Armed Forces have three types of uniforms worn by its personnel, which are general service uniforms, specialized service uniforms and branch-specific uniforms. General service uniforms have three subtypes of uniform, which are dress uniform ( Pakaian Dinas Upacara /PDU), service uniform ( Pakaian Dinas Harian /PDH) and field Uniform ( Pakaian Dinas Lapangan /PDL). Each uniform subtypes also consists of several categories, which are: Each branches of

2800-467: The Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders. Under the 1945 Constitution , all citizens are legally entitled and obliged to defend the nation. Conscription is provided for by law, however the Forces have been able to maintain mandated strength levels without resorting to

2900-478: The Army General Reserve, "CADUAD", the precursor of today's Kostrad was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure. Following a decision in 1985, major reorganization separate the Ministry of Defense and Security from

3000-404: The Dutch occupied Pulau Sangir and, two years later, the Dutch governor of Maluku, Robert Padtbrugge, visited Manado. Out of this visit came a treaty with the local Minahasan chiefs, which led to domination by the Dutch for the next 300 years although indirect government only commenced in 1870. The Dutch helped unite the linguistically diverse Minahasa confederacy, and in 1693 the Minahasa scored

3100-582: The Dutch. Together eventually gained the upper hand in 1655, built their own fortress in 1658 and expelled the last of the Portuguese a few years later. By the early 17th century the Dutch had toppled the Ternate sultanate, and then set about eclipsing the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the usual case in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch colluded with local powers to throw out their European competitors. In 1677

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3200-470: The French imperial forces of Napoleon and the Minahasa came under English control. In 1817 Dutch rule was re-established until 1949. At the time of the first contact with Europeans the sultanate of Ternate held some sway over North Sulawesi, and the area was often visited by seafaring Bugis traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and the Portuguese, the first Europeans to arrive, landed in Minahasa via

3300-693: The GDP. The identity of the Indonesian National Armed forces is as defined by the Article 2 of the Law No 34/2004 on Indonesian National Armed forces is the TNI must aim to become the: The Indonesian armed forces have long been organized around territorial commands. Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of

3400-669: The Home guard (Dutch: Landstorm). During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in WWII many Menadonese soldiers were held captive as POW 's. The Japanese occupation of 1942–45 was a period of deprivation, and the Allies bombed Manado heavily in 1945. During the Revolution for independence that followed, there was bitter division between pro-Indonesian Unitarians and those favoring Dutch-sponsored federalism . The appointment of

3500-829: The Homeland). The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military training for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local's support for the Japanese Empire , but later it became the significant resource for the Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. Many of these men who served in PETA, both officers and NCOs alike like Sudirman , formed

3600-713: The Indonesian National Armed Forces. On January 12, 2021, President Joko Widodo, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, issued Government Regulation Number 3 of 2021 implementing Law 23 on the Management of National Resources for Defense of the Nation which established the Reserve as a directly reporting unit under the General Headquarters, in order to supplement the Principal Component , i.e.

3700-548: The Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese . Some of the indigenous soldiers that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education would later become important TNI officers, for example Suharto and Abdul Haris Nasution . Indonesian nationalism and militarism started to gain momentum and support in World War II during

3800-494: The KNIL had also provided military training and infrastructure for some of the future TNI officers and other ranks. There were military training centers, military schools and academies in the Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch volunteers and European mercenaries, the KNIL also recruited indigenous, especially Ambonese , Kai Islanders , Timorese , and Minahasan people. In 1940, with the Netherlands under German occupation and

3900-535: The MEF period 2010–2014. *the name TNI was still used during ABRI era when it came to the military itself and the branches excluding the Police (e.g. TNI-AD/AL/AU). But when it was Armed Forces as a whole including the Police the term ABRI was used instead. The Indonesian military philosophy about the defense of the archipelago is summarily civilian-military defence, called "Total People's Defense", consisting of

4000-503: The Malay term semangat and means 'soul/spirit substance'. This spiritual and physical force is expressed as courage, eloquence, virility and fertility. Even without the actual practice of headhunting and other old traditions and customs these core elements of original Minahasa culture are still held in high regard. To this day the deployment of wealth, bravery, obstinacy and the eloquence of verbal resistance are important to social mobility in

4100-400: The Minahasa region was in no way unified. Instead, a number of politically independent groups (walak) existed together, often in a permanent state of conflict. Minahasans are the most populous ethnic group in the Minahasan peninsula of North Sulawesi, a Christian -majority region in a Muslim-majority country (Indonesia). The indigenous inhabitants of Minahasa are 'Austronesian' people who are

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4200-477: The Minahasa. Minhasa dead were buried in waruga , a type of sarcophagus , until the practice was outlawed by the Dutch. Although after the Dutch came to Minahasa and after the treaty of 1699 between the Dutch and the Minahasan people, most Minahasan people. especially the upperclass and the ones living in Manado , slowly adopted European and Dutch culture and heavily westernized. In the 18th and 19th centuries,

4300-466: The Minahasan heroes in the wars against Bolaang-Mongondow are: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the war near Lilang village), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (in the war along Amurang Bay). Until the dominance of Dutch influence in the 17th and 18th century, the Minahassans lived in warrior societies that practised headhunting. In

4400-470: The Minahasan leaders were dissatisfied with the agreements and the movement split. Inspired, perhaps, by fears of domination by the south, the Minahasan leaders declared their own autonomous state of North Sulawesi in June 1957. By this time the central government had the situation in southern Sulawesi pretty much under control but in the north they had no strong local figure to rely upon and there were rumors that

4500-437: The Minahasan people had completely adopted a more European culture, clothing and lifestyle until the revival of ancient Minahasan culture in the late 20th century. Although even until today there are some Minahasan who are more Dutch or European cultured. This makes the Minahasan people a unique group of people among other Indonesians. And it was described that Minahasa itself is a lonely outpost of Western culture and Christianity,

4600-512: The Minahasans fought alongside the Dutch to subdue rebellions in other parts of the archipelago, such as for instance the Java War of 1825–1830. As a large percentage of Minahasans was formally equalised to the European legal class, young men were also obliged to serve as conscripts when mandatory military service for Europeans was introduced in 1917. Older men (as off 32) were obliged to join

4700-582: The President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (the then name "ABRI") was composed of four service branches: Indonesian Army , Indonesian Navy , Indonesian Air Force , and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name, in 1999, was changed to TNI ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia ) literally meaning: "The National Military of Indonesia" and

4800-434: The President, who is commander in chief. The commanding generals (later chiefs of staff) and the Chief of the National Police then all held ministerial status as members of the cabinet of the republic, while a number of higher-ranking officers were appointed to other cabinet posts. On 1 July 1969, the Police Force's name was reverted to "POLRI". After the fall of Suharto in 1998, the democratic and civil movement grew against

4900-627: The Sangiric group. Another language (Ponosakan) is considered moribund and is part of the Gorontalo-Mongondow microgroup. The language of wider communication, Manado Malay (also known as Minahasa Malay ), contains numerous loan words from Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch - a result of contact with European powers from 1523 onwards. While Manado Malay bears some similarities with other varieties of Malay spoken in eastern Indonesia, it also displays many differences. It has been termed both

5000-480: The TNI to achieve minimum standards of minimum strength called " Kekuatan Pokok Minimum " (Minimum Essential Force, or MEF). The MEF was divided into three strategic five-year plan stages, 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. Initially the government budgeted Rp156 trillion (around US$ 16 billion at the time) for the provision of TNI's main weapon system equipment (known as alutsista , an abbreviation for Alat Utama Sistem Senjata or "Main Weapons System") in

5100-479: The US and flown by Filipino , Taiwanese and US pilots) were destroyed. US policy shifted, favoring Jakarta, and in June 1958 central government troops landed in Minahasa. The Permesta rebellion was finally put down in mid-1961. The effect of both the Sumatran and Sulawesi rebellions was to strengthen exactly those trends the rebels had hoped to weaken. Central authority was enhanced at the expense of local autonomy, radical nationalism gained over pragmatic moderation,

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5200-517: The United States, but continues to support independence. This article about an organization in Indonesia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a paramilitary organization or suspected paramilitary organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indonesian military The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia , lit.   'Indonesian National Military'; abbreviated as TNI ) are

5300-465: The United States, suspected of supplying arms to rebels in Sumatra, was also in contact with the Minahasan leaders. The possibility of foreign intervention finally drove the central government to seek military support from southern Sulawesi. Permesta forces were driven out of central Sulawesi, Gorontalo , Sangir island and from Morotai in Maluku (from whose airfield the rebels had hoped to fly bombing raids on Jakarta). The rebels' few planes (supplied by

5400-534: The War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia ( Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia , APRI), also absolving native personnel from within both the former KNIL and KM within the expanded republic. According to the official website of Indonesian veterans, there were 863,432 people who joined the struggle for Indonesian independence and this included those who were members of the militia, police, intelligence and auxiliary and as of 2023, there are still 25,676 Indonesian National Revolution veterans alive. On 21 June 1962,

5500-426: The acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As a result, the post-Suharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reforms, such as the revocation of the Dwifungsi doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reforms also involved law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. These reforms led to

5600-428: The archipelago developed during the 16th century. The first King of Manado (1630) named Muntu Untu was in fact the son of a Spanish Mestizo. Spain renounced her possessions in Minahasa by means of a treaty with the Portuguese in return for a payment of 350,000 ducats. Minahasan rulers sent Supit, Pa'at and Lontoh (their statues are located in Kauditan, about 30 km to Bitung) where they made an alliance treaty with

5700-457: The armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically. In June 1947, the TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia , TNI) which was a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations ( laskar ) across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the War Forces of the United States of Indonesia ( Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat , APRIS), by mid year

5800-443: The armed forces once more by inaugurating 4 new military units: Kostrad's 3rd Infantry Division, Navy's 3rd Fleet Command, Air Force's 3rd Air Force Operations Command, and Marine Force III. The new military units are intended to reduce response time against any threats and problems in Eastern Indonesia. He also officially renamed the Western and Eastern Fleet Commands to 1st and 2nd Fleet Commands. The Indonesian National Armed Forces

5900-408: The armed forces to manage all war-related resources. The civilian population would provide logistical support, intelligence , and upkeep with some of the population that is armed forces-trained to join the guerrilla struggle against the aggressor. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD/TMMD) program, begun in 1983,

6000-460: The armed forces. As of Nov 2019, the position of deputy commander remains vacant. The Principal Operational Commands ( Komando Utama Operasi TNI ) are the centralized TNI forces which are under the command of the Armed Forces General Headquarters. Some of these commands are actually part of the three military branches (such as Kostrad and Koarmada RI, armed and trained by the Army and Navy, respectively), but these are operationally controlled by

6100-454: The cat logo used by the battery), forest rat, and fruit bat ( paniki ), python snake or the local called it patola are commonly eaten. Other than these exotic meats, seafoods are abundant in Manado and other port cities in North Sulawesi. Popular fish such as cakalang ( skipjack tuna ), tuna, red snapper, and tude (mackerel). Cakalang fufu , the smoked skipjack tuna is a popular dish of Bitung fishing town. The provincial capital Manado

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6200-452: The central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform. Jakarta responded by bombing Menado city in February 1958, and then invading the Minahasa in June 1958, but were only able to end the Permesta revolt in 1961. In March 1957, the military leaders of both southern and northern Sulawesi launched a confrontation with the central government, with demands for greater regional autonomy. They demanded more local development,

6300-400: The country, while continuing to be a part of the cabinet. The administrative structure of Ministry of Defense and Security consisted of a minister, deputy minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, deputy minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers;

6400-420: The defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command ("Kodam"), or area command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the "ABRI" commander in chief to the ten "Kodam" commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from

6500-514: The descendants of Toar-Lumimuut were divided into three groups: Makatelu-pitu (three times seven), Makarua-siouw (two times nine) and Pasiowan-Telu (nine times three). They multiplied quickly. But soon there were disputes among these people. Their leaders named Tona'as then decided to meet and talk about this. They met in Awuan (north of the current Tonderukan hill). That meeting was called Pinawetengan u-nuwu (dividing of language) or Pinawetengan um-posan (dividing of ritual). At that meeting

6600-426: The descendants of earlier migrations from further North. Prior to contact with Europeans, people living in the Minahasan peninsula primarily had contact with the people of North Maluku and with Chinese and Malay traders from within the Indonesian archipelago. From the 1500s onwards, the region had contact with the Portuguese and Spanish . Ultimately, however, it was the Dutch who colonized the region; firstly through

6700-530: The descendants were divided into three groups named Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan corresponding to the groups mentioned above. At the place where this meeting took place a memorial stone called Watu Pinabetengan (Stone of Dividing) was then built. It is a favourite tourist destination. The groups Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan then established their main territories which were Maiesu, Niaranan, and Tumaratas respectively. Soon several villages were established outside these territories. These new villages then became

6800-399: The expression of personal virtues. Leadership positions and higher status were acquired via two main mechanisms: the deployment of wealth and the show of bravery. The first was achieved via 'status selematans', ceremonial feasts called foso , and the latter originally via successful headhunting . Headhunting helped the warrior gain a religious concept called keter , which is similar to

6900-416: The following years, more groups came to Minahasa. There were: There are the nine groups in North Sulawesi which are originally differentiated ethnically and linguistically. Of these nine, only the first five are of Minahasan descent: The first recorded use of the term Minahasa occurs in a treaty with the Dutch signed in 1790. A common misconception is that the unity among different ethnic groups arose as

7000-408: The formation of the Indonesian Republic , the military authority in the Dutch East Indies was held by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy (KM). Although both the KNIL and KM were not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took the role of foe during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949,

7100-455: The immediate aftermath of 2018 Surabaya bombings , President Widodo has agreed to revive the TNI Joint Special Operations Command ( Koopsusgab ) to assist the National Police in antiterrorism operations under certain conditions. This joint force is composed of special forces of the National Armed Forces as mentioned above, and is under the direct control of the Commander of the National Armed Forces. In July 2019, President Widodo officially formed

7200-476: The independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI ( Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia ) literally meaning: "The National Police Force of Indonesia". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces of Indonesia and the National Police of Indonesia has been separated, they still cooperate and conduct special duties and tasks together for the sake of the national security and integrity of Indonesia. On 13 May 2018, Commander Hadi Tjahjanto reorganized

7300-488: The majority of the personnel that would compose the future armed forces. The Indonesian Armed Forces started out as the People's Security Agency ( Badan Keamanan Rakyat , BKR), which was formed in the third PPKI meeting, on 29 August 1945. BKR united militias across the newly independent country to maintain civil order; it was more of a constabulary than an army. The decision to create a "security agency", and not an army,

7400-593: The military forces of the Republic of Indonesia . It consists of the Army ( TNI-AD ), Navy ( TNI-AL ), and Air Force ( TNI-AU ). The President of Indonesia is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. As of 2023 , it comprises approximately 400,000 military personnel including the Indonesian Marine Corps ( Korps Marinir RI ), which is a branch of the Navy. Initially formed with

7500-449: The military personnel to the government and people of Indonesia and to the principles of nationhood. The Soldier's Oath is a statement of determination expressed since the inception of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and has become a value system for Indonesian National Armed Forces soldiers that is still upheld and preserved. The Soldier's Oath as an oath, is uttered during the inauguration ceremony for each student soldier to become

7600-471: The military: The leadership elements of the Indonesian armed forces consist of the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( Panglima TNI ) and the Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces , both position are held by four-star Generals/Admirals/Air Marshals appointed by and reporting directly to the President of Indonesia , who is the overall commander-in-chief of

7700-401: The name Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) was changed to Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia, ABRI). The POLRI ( Indonesian National Police ) was integrated under the Armed Forces and changed its name to Angkatan Kepolisian (Police Force), and its commander maintained the concurrent status of Minister of Defense and Security, reporting to

7800-416: The name of the People's Security Army (TKR), then later changed to the Republic of Indonesia Army (TRI) before changing again its name to the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to the present. The Indonesian Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution , when it undertook a guerrilla war along with informal militia . As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security,

7900-477: The national armed forces have different color in their general service uniforms. Specialized service uniform consists of: Branch-specific uniforms consists of: On 2 March 2022, the Army unveiled their field uniform with new camo pattern, called as " Loreng Angkatan Darat " (Army camo pattern), that is specific only to the Army. This camo is a variant of Multicam based on US Army OCP with local DPM color palette. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace

8000-586: The north in subtle ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words not found elsewhere in Indonesia, like garrida for an enticing woman and buraco for a bad man, can still be found in Minahasa. In the 1560s the Portuguese Franciscan missionaries made some converts in Minahasa. The Spanish had already set themselves up in the Philippines and Minahasa was used to plant coffee that came from South America because of its rich soil. Manado

8100-477: The older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present. The Indonesian armed forces are voluntary . The active military strength is 395,500 with 400,000 reserves with available manpower fit for military service of males aged between 16 and 49 is 75,000,000, with a further 4,500,000 new suitable for service annually. In the Indonesian Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, and the Police Force,

8200-741: The population, the Minahasa Regency has one of highest proportions of Christianity in Indonesia. It has the highest density of church buildings in Indonesia, with approximately one church for every 100m road. This is due to a successful missionary campaign by European Christians in Northern Sulawesi. Minahasan cuisine is very spicy, and can feature ingredients not typically found in other parts of Indonesia. For example, dog (RW, short for rintek wuuk , or "fine hair" in Tontemboan), cat ( tusa' , also known as eveready because of

8300-532: The port of Makasar, but also landed at the Sulu archipelago (off the northeast coast of Borneo ) and at the port of Manado . The abundance of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European traders sailing to and from the spice island of Maluku . Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the Spanish and Portuguese influence was limited by the power of the Ternate sultanate. The Portuguese and Spaniards left reminders of their presence in

8400-525: The power of the communists and Sukarno increased while that of Hatta waned, and Sukarno was able to establish guided democracy in 1959. Five years after, Sukarno signed Law No. 13, creating the new province of North Sulawesi as enacted by the People's Representative Council, ending a long dream of a province of their own for the Minahasa. After the fall of New Order , the Indonesian government under B.J. Habibie has adopted policies to strengthen local autonomy,

8500-547: The prefix ma-, the infix -in-, and the independent word esa 'one'. In English this translates as 'become one' or 'united'. The name Minahasa appears in written sources for the first time in 1789. North Sulawesi never developed any large empire. In 670, the leaders of the different tribes, who all spoke different languages, met by a stone known as Watu Pinawetengan. There they founded a community of independent states, who would form one unit and stay together and would fight any outside enemies if they were attacked. Until well into

8600-463: The rank consists of officer ( Perwira ), NCO ( Bintara ) and enlisted ( Tamtama ). The rank titles of the Marine Corps are the same as those of the Army, but it still uses the Navy's style insignia (for junior ratings and Marine Corps enlisted personnel, blue replaces the red colour stripe in all orders of uniform dress). The Seven Commitments is a pledge of loyalty and fidelity of

8700-514: The region even pleaded with the Dutch to let it become a province of the Netherlands. The centuries-old strong bond between the Minahasa and the Netherlands has recently been studied and explained using the Stranger King concept. There is a considerable number of people from the Minahasa living in the Netherlands, as part of the Indo (Eurasian) community. The word 'Minahasa' is made up of

8800-626: The schools taught in Dutch, the Minahasans had an early advantage in the competition for government jobs and places in the colonial army. Minahasans remain among the educated elite today. A relatively large number of Minahasans pursued professional military careers in the colonial army (KNIL). Next to the South Moluccan Ambonese, the Minahasa Menadonese were also considered a martial race and therefore particularly competent and trustworthy as soldiers. As KNIL soldiers

8900-638: The second half of the 16th century, both Portuguese and the Spanish arrived in North Sulawesi. Half-way through the 17th century, there was a rapprochement between the Minahasan chiefs and the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which was given concrete form in the treaty of 1679 (which can be found in the Corpus Diplomaticus Neerlando-Indicum 1934, vol. III, no 425). From 1801 to 1813, the Netherlands were occupied by

9000-539: The secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were, as is the case today, active-duty military officers, while employees and staff were personnel of the armed forces and of the civil service. The 1985 reorganization also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multi-service Regional Defense Commands ("Kowilhans") and the National Strategic Command ("Kostranas") were eliminated from

9100-438: The separation of the police force from the military. In April 1999, the Indonesian National Police officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the armed forces proper. The official name of the Indonesian armed forces also changed from Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI) back to Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI). At the beginning of 2010, the Indonesian government sought to strengthen

9200-705: The sphere of influence of the Ternate Sultanate . The links with the Ternate people are evidenced by lexical borrowings from the Ternate language ; moreover, Manado Malay originates from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay). The Minahasa people, however, resisted Islamization. In the Dutch East Indies the Minahasa people identified strongly with the Dutch language, culture and the Protestant faith – so strongly, in fact, that when Indonesia became independent in 1945 certain factions of political elites of

9300-461: The structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the "Kodam" staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operational Commands ("Ko-Ops") while the navy had its two Fleet Commands, the Western and Eastern Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command ("Kohanudnas") remained under

9400-431: The very idea that Permesta fought for. Ancient Minahasa society was both competitive and egalitarian. Important walian (religious shaman ) were often female and Minahasa culture does not show any particular discrimination against women. Important decisions concerning the community were made democratically. Owing to the virtual equality in birth a person's rise in status was mainly dependent on personal achievements and

9500-399: Was a general feeling that the central government was inefficient, development was stagnating and money was being plugged into Java . Circumstances favored the spread of communism . Illegal exports flourished and in June 1956 Jakarta ordered the closure of Manado port, the busiest smuggling port in the republic. Local leaders refused and Jakarta backed down. Soon Permesta rebels confronted

9600-459: Was formed on the basis of existing BKR units; this was a move taken to formalize, unite, and organize the splintered pockets of independent troopers ( laskar ) across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders. The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict

9700-439: Was fought around Tondano between 1807 and 1809) and the region did not actually come under direct Dutch rule until 1870. The Dutch and the Minahasans eventually became so close that the north was often referred to as the 12th province of the Netherlands. A Manado – based political movement called Twaalfde Provincie even campaigned for Minahasa's integration into the Dutch state in 1947. Portuguese activity apart, Christianity became

9800-577: Was further developed by Spain to become the center of commerce for the Chinese traders who traded the coffee in China. With the help of native allies the Spanish took over the Portuguese fortress in Amurang in the 1550s, and Spanish settlers also established a fort at Manado, so that eventually Spain controlled all of the Minahasa. It was in Manado where one of the first Indo-Eurasian (Mestizo) communities in

9900-477: Was taken to avoid the Allied forces seeing it as an armed revolution and invading in full force. One of the terms of surrender to Japan was to return the Asian colonies they had conquered to their previous rulers, certainly not to make them independent. When confrontations became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, on 5 October 1945 the People's Security Forces ( Tentara Keamanan Rakyat , TKR)

10000-403: Was the 1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution , in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important as the baptism of fire of the young armed forces. In January 1946, TKR renamed as the People's Safety Forces ( Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat , TKR), then succeeded by Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia ( Tentara Republik Indonesia , TRI), in a further step to professionalize

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