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81-610: Parts of the southern half of the Hawaiʻi Belt Road were known during the Territorial days as the Kaʻū Belt Road . The names "Hawaiʻi Belt Road" and "Māmalahoa Highway" refer to the road system that encircles the entire island; many sections are also referenced by local names. Māmalahoa Highway was named for the royal decree by King Kamehameha I after an incident he and his party experienced in 1783. As he prepared to unite

162-764: A fur-trading vessel, the Eleanora , while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe , captained the ship Fair American along the Pacific Northwest Coast ; the two parties were to rendezvous in the Hawaiian Islands . Fair American was held-up when it was captured by the Spanish and then quickly released in San Blas , north of Panamá . The Eleanora finally arrived in 1790, where it was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku . During their interactions,

243-538: A subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb ), with relatively uniform temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year, although rainfall is concentrated during the months of November through April. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,575 people in 1,228 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 45.4 inhabitants per square mile (17.5/km ). There were 1,740 housing units at an average density of 30.7 per square mile (11.9/km ). The racial makeup of

324-464: A crevice. The fishermen, seizing the opportunity to retaliate, returned and attacked. In the ensuing brawl, one of the King's steersmen was killed and Kamehameha himself received a blow to the head that was so hard that it splintered the man's weapon – a solid koa canoe paddle. The two Puna men escaped. Kamehameha I opted not to retaliate but instead took this as a lesson: The strong must not mistreat

405-516: A high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana , had defected to Kalanikūpule . Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports for Kalanikūpule's cannon. In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces pushed Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Pali Lookout . While Kamehameha moved on

486-400: A large percentage of his force was killed by the maʻi ʻokuʻu epidemic, which was thought to be either cholera or bubonic plague . Kamehameha I contracted the illness but survived. The second invasion of Kauaʻi was postponed. In April 1810, Kamehameha I negotiated the peaceful unification of the islands with Kauaʻi. His court genealogist and high priest Kalaikuʻahulu was instrumental in

567-493: A me ke kama A moe i ke ala ʻAʻohe mea nanā e hoʻopilikia. Hewa nō, make. Law of the Splintered Paddle O my people Honour thy God, Respect alike [the rights of] the great man     and the humble man; See to it that the old man,     the aged woman and the child Sleep by the side of the path Without the fear of harm. Disobey, die! Ke Kānāwai Māmalahoe

648-446: A metal grate roadway that causes tires to “sing” as vehicles pass over it. Leaving Hilo, the route assumes the name Hawaiʻi Belt Road, leaving Māmalahoa Highway to the older decommissioned portions of the original thoroughfare. Many former sugarcane plantation towns dot the highway, including Wainaku , Paukaʻa and Pāpaʻikou . Shortly after the mile 7 marker, part of the old Māmalahoa Highway crosses Hawaiʻi Belt Road. The road to

729-538: Is Kona coffee Country. Keala o Keawe Road (Route 160), just before mile 104, serves as access to Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historic Park and St. Benedict's Catholic Church . Further along is the town of Captain Cook , named for the famed English explorer Captain James Cook . Nāpōʻopoʻo Road (Route 160) leads down to Nāpōʻopoʻo and Kealakekua Bay , site of the monument to Cook's death. After mile 111 come

810-564: Is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County , Hawaii , United States located in the District of Puna with a small portion of the CDP in the District of Kaʻū . The population was 2,575 at the 2010 census , up from 2,231 at the 2000 census. Volcano is located on the east side of the island of Hawaiʻi , on the border of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and near the northeast rim of Kīlauea 's summit caldera . According to

891-494: Is at the crossroads of Palani Road (Route 190) at mile 100 where Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway continues as Route 11 . The continuation of Māmalahoa Highway from the Lindsey Road (Route 19) intersection is the beginning of Route 190 with the mile 0 marker posted on the corner. This was the original Hilo-to-Kona link which served as Highway 19 until the route was reassigned in 1975 to the newly opened Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway along

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972-626: Is considered such an important law to the Hawaiians that at the 1978 Constitutional Convention it was added to the Constitution of Hawaiʻi. In it, the law protects the public and the safety of all who travel throughout the Islands, including fishermen, gatherers, hunters and visitors alike. The Māmalahoa trail was a foot trail built in the nineteenth century, which developed into this highway. Various parts were widened and re-aligned over

1053-483: Is recognized as such by all the sovereigns and most genealogists. Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary, but sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761, with historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall believing it to be between 1748 and 1761. An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating because that date matched a visit from Halley's Comet , and would make him close to the age that Francisco de Paula Marín estimated he was. This dating, however, does not accord with

1134-476: The Fair American , they defeated Maui's army led by Kalanikūpule at the bloody Battle of Kepaniwai while the aliʻi Kahekili II was on Oahu. In 1791, Kahekili and his brother Kāʻeokūlani reconquered Maui and also acquired cannons. In April or May 1791, Kahekili tried to invade the island of Hawaiʻi, but was defeated in a naval battle called Kepuwahaʻulaʻula near Waipiʻo . Kamehameha had to wait for

1215-519: The Kaʻū District line, the entrance to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park at mile 28 marks another name change, back to Māmalahoa Highway. The two lane road crests (4,024 feet (1,227 m)) just before the mile 30 marker and then heads down a long downhill stretch through the Kaʻū desert towards the black sands of Punaluʻu Beach Park , passing macadamia orchards near the town of Pāhala at mile 51 and

1296-525: The Saddle Road . Route 11 then continues along Kanoelehua Avenue towards Keaʻau where it becomes Volcano Highway near milepost 4 before crossing into Puna District . Volcano Highway intersects with the terminus of Keaʻau-Pāhoa Road (Route 130) past mile 6 and Old Keaʻau-Pāhoa Road (Route 130), then continues through the towns of Kurtistown , Mountain View , Glenwood and Volcano Village . Just beyond

1377-536: The United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 58.6 square miles (151.7 km ), all of it land. Hawaii Route 11 passes through the southern part of the community, leading northeast 27 miles (43 km) to Hilo and southwest 37 miles (60 km) to Nāʻālehu . Its altitude ranges from below 2,800 feet (850 m) in the southeast to over 6,200 feet (1,900 m) at its uninhabited northern end. Due to this, Volcano features

1458-496: The crossroads of the “Queen K” and Palani Road, pinpointing the termini of all three Hawaiʻi Belt Road route numbers. Tucked away at the gates to Hilo Wharf on Kūhiō Street is the mile 0 marker for Route 19. One block later, it then turns right onto Kalanianaʻole Avenue, running between the waters of Hilo Bay and the Runway 8/26 of Hilo International Airport , before crossing Kanoelehua Avenue (Route 11) and Banyan Drive where

1539-454: The main street of Honokaʻa before providing access to Waipiʻo Valley . Old Māmalahoa Highway branches uphill to wind through rugged hills of Āhualoa and is a scenic but slower route to Waimea . Meanwhile, Hawaiʻi Belt Road makes its way through fog -shrouded eucalyptus stands. The Old Māmalahoa Highway rejoins Route 19 near mile 52 where they cross into South Kohala District . Now again called Māmalahoa Highway, Route 19 continues into

1620-572: The " T " intersection with Akoni Pule Highway (Route 270) past mile 67 outside Kawaihae . Completed in 1975, “The Queen K” connects the resort properties of Mauna Kea Beach (mile 68), Mauna Lani (mile 73), Waikōloa Beach (mile 76) and Kaʻūpūlehu (mile 87) with the Keāhole-Kona International Airport (mile 83) and the town of Kailua-Kona. Some beaches include Hāpuna , Holoholokai, ʻAnaehoʻomalu , Makalawena, Kekaha Kai State Park and Kaloko-Honokōhau . The terminus of Route 19

1701-418: The CDP was 51.53% White , 0.74% African American , 0.39% American Indian & Alaska Native , 11.57% Asian , 9.79% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander , 0.43% from other races , and 25.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.82% of the population. There were 1,228 households, out of which 17.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size

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1782-424: The CDP. The population density was 39.4 inhabitants per square mile (15.2/km ). There were 1,229 housing units at an average density of 21.7 per square mile (8.4/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 47.87% White , 0.49% African American , 0.54% Native American , 11.39% Asian , 12.24% Pacific Islander , 1.34% from other races , and 26.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.28% of

1863-735: The Great , was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii . The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C., as one of two statues it is entitled to install there. Kamehameha (known as Paiʻea at birth), was born to Kekuʻiapoiwa II , the niece of Alapainui , the usurping ruler of Hawaii Island who had killed the two legitimate heirs of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku during civil war. By most accounts he

1944-515: The Mahoe (twins) Keoua, and other chiefs rejected the prophecy of Ka Poukahi. The high chiefs of Kauai supported Kiwalaʻo even after learning about the prophecy. The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), and Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha). They defended Kamehameha as

2025-1042: The Native Hawaiian Past", Charles Ahlo, Jerry Walker, and Rubellite Kawena Johnson's "Kamehameha's Children Today", The Hawaiian Historical Society Reports, the genealogies of the Hawaiian Royal families in Kingdom of Hawaii probate, the works of Sheldon Dibble and David Malo as well as the Hawaii State Archive genealogy books. Notes: Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband) (w)= wahine (female/wife) Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodline Bold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins line Bold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree) Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject Notes: Volcano, Hawaii Volcano or Volcano Village

2106-528: The Nupepa article. Kamehameha was raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu. He achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kīwalaʻō , Kalaniʻōpuʻu's son, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position as guardian of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkaʻilimoku . He was also given control of the district of Waipiʻo Valley . The two cousins' relationship

2187-669: The Pacific Islands to the semi-continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand). He was supported by his most political wife Kaʻahumanu and father, High Chief Keeaumoku. Senior counselor to Kamehameha, she became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures. Kamehameha and his council of chiefs planned to unite the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Another major factor in Kamehameha's continued success

2268-470: The Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed to Kūkāʻilimoku. After his conquest of Oahu in the summer of 1795, Kamehameha I prepared his forces for the conquest of Kauaʻi , the last remaining island kingdom out of his control. In the spring of 1796, he attempted to continue with his forces to Kauaʻi but he lost many of his canoes in

2349-568: The Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon. He assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still-organized troops. A fierce battle at Nuʻuanu ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall. Using traditional Hawaiian spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed most of Kalanikūpule's forces. Over 400 men were forced over

2430-634: The Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations : "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter". A Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736. In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by Samuel C. Damon in

2511-570: The Sea Mountain Resort in Nīnole at mile 56. Next are Nāʻālehu (mile 63), the southernmost community in the US, and Waiʻōhinu (mile 65) which was a retreat for Mark Twain . A winding uphill climb yields to a meandering country lane where South Point Road, near mile 69, leads to Ka Lae (south point). Another comfortable stretch of two lane road and a return to highway speeds begins past

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2592-516: The Umauma Bridge (between mile 16 and mile 17). Between mile 18 and mile 19 is Nānue Stream with another picturesque waterfall. The highway negotiates three sharp curves: Maulua (mile 22), Laupāhoehoe (mile 26) and Kaʻawaliʻi (mile 28). Maulua Gulch has a small waterfall emptying into the ocean (visible from the Hilo side by looking across the gulch) and another in the back part of the gorge near

2673-404: The average family size was 2.92. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

2754-517: The base of the radio tower. Also, an abandoned railroad tunnel is sometimes visible from the Hāmākua side. The Laupāhoehoe Railroad Museum is located on the “mauka” side past mile 25. On the other side of Laupāhoehoe Gulch, an access road leads down to Laupāhoehoe Point Beach Park where the victims of the 1946 “April Fool’s Day” tsunami are memorialized. The Hāmākua District begins on the opposite side of Kaʻula Bridge (mile 30). Highway speeds are now

2835-416: The boat had been broken-apart and the shipmate murdered. Previously, Metcalfe had resorted to violence when he fired muskets into another village near where he had been anchored, ultimately killing some of the residents. This time, furious, Metcalfe took-aim at Olowalu, ordering all cannons aboard the ship to be moved to one side, facing the island. As the captain initiated his trading calls and greetings to

2916-517: The chief is allegedly to have offended or insulted Captain Metcalfe somehow, causing him to strike the chief with a rope's end. Sometime later, while docked in Honolua, Maui , a small boat—which was tied to the larger ship, and had a crewman inside—was stolen by native islanders. When Metcalfe discovered where the boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village of Olowalu . There, he confirmed that

2997-560: The civil war that broke out in 1793 after the death of Kahekili to finally win control of Maui. In 1790, Keōua Kūʻahuʻula , who came to rule the districts of Kaʻū and Puna , took advantage of Kamehameha's absence in Maui and began raiding the west coast of Hawaii. He also advanced against the district of Hilo, deposing his uncle Keawemaʻuhili . When Kamehameha returned, Keōua escaped to the Kīlauea volcano, which erupted. Many warriors died from

3078-440: The civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . Keōua had died while Kamehameha was very young, thus the boy was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The traditional mele chant of Keakamahana (chiefess and wife of Alapainui) mentions that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā (autumn/winter), or around November; Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to Keaka and her sister, Hākau, to raise, once

3159-703: The coast. The road subsequently runs past Camp Tarawa , the Parker Ranch headquarters and the Waimea-Kohala Airport before traversing the rolling pasturelands of the South Kohala District . Few intersections are found along the next 20 miles (32.19 km). Saddle Road (Route 200) comes to its western terminus near mile 6 and Waikōloa Road ends its 12-mile (19.31 km) climb from Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway at Māmalahoa Highway's mile 11 marker. There are some sharp curves as

3240-471: The details of many well-known accounts of his life, such as his fighting as a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of age to father his first children by that time. The 1758 dating also places his birth after the death of his father. Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 placing the date of Kamehameha's birth around 1736. He wrote, "It was during the time of

3321-460: The gods he worshiped were his gods with mana , and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become supreme ruler over all of the islands. Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Vancouver decided against sending missionaries from England. After about 1812, Kamehameha returned from Oahu and spent the last years of his life at Kamakahonu , a compound he built in Kailua-Kona . As was the custom of

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3402-424: The head with a large paddle, which broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fishermen were brought before Kamehameha for punishment. The king instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fishermen gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman, and child lie by

3483-451: The islands of Hawaiʻi , Kamehameha I would conduct shoreline raids on the neighboring ahupuaʻa (traditional land divisions). It was on one such incursion that the King's warriors encountered two local fishermen along the Puna coast. The two fled to warn others of the pending attack and Kamehameha and his men took chase. When they crossed a lava field, one of the King's feet got caught in

3564-594: The islands remained a united realm after his death. He unified the legal system. He used the products collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States . The origins of the Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi. In 1782 during a raid, Kamehameha caught his foot in a rock. Two local fishermen, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on

3645-538: The kingdom. Family tree based on Abraham Fornander's "An Account of the Polynesian Race" and other works from the author, Queen Liliuokalani's "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" and other works by the author, John Papa ʻĪʻī's "Fragments of Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's "Rethinking

3726-520: The locals, hundreds of people—men, women, children and elderly—ventured down to the beach to trade, on foot and by canoe. When the islanders were within range, Metcalfe ordered the cannons to be fired on the Hawaiians, killing over 100 of them. Six weeks later, Fair American was stuck near the Kona coast of Hawaii where chief Kameʻeiamoku was living, near Kaʻūpūlehu . Kameʻeiamoku had decided to attack

3807-594: The mile 71 marker. Māmalahoa Highway crosses Mauna Loa 's 1907 Lava Flow — there is a scenic point at mile 75 — before passing through Ocean View between Tiki Lane and Aloha Boulevard. Just past mile 82 is the South Kona District line. Starting at mile 89, Māmalahoa Highway has sharp curves and a steep drop-off along the coastal side. Many small fishing villages dot the coast, including Miloliʻi , Pāpā Bay , Kona Paradise and Hoʻokena . The macadamia orchards soon give way to another tree crop. This

3888-464: The missionary publication; The Friend , deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by James Jackson Jarves . But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from Abraham Fornander . At the time of Kamehameha's birth, his father, Keōua , along with his half-brother, Kalaniʻōpuʻu , were serving Alapaʻinui , ruler of the island of Hawai’i ; Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court, after defeating both of their fathers in

3969-424: The monarch's decision not to kill Kaumualiʻi , the ruler of that island, when he was the single member of the aliʻi council to agree with Kamehameha's own reluctance to do so. The other aliʻi continued with the plan to poison Kaumualiʻi when Isaac Davis warned him, making the ruler cut his trip short and return to Kauaʻi, leaving Davis to be poisoned by the aliʻi instead. As ruler, Kamehameha took steps to ensure

4050-492: The name changes to Kamehameha Avenue. Flanking the Wailoa River (Hawaii) Bridge is the 1960 Tsunami Memorial Clock with its hands frozen at the moment the killer waves struck early morning on May 23, 1960. The highway continues along Kamehameha Avenue, paralleling a closed section of Bayfront Highway (used as access and parking for Hilo Bayfront Park), then turns right onto Pauahi Street before quickly turning left onto

4131-647: The namesake 442-foot (135 m) tall waterfall and the slightly shorter Kahūnā Falls. These waters empty in the Pacific Ocean at Kolekole Beach Park past mile 14. The Hakalau Bridge carries Route 19 from the South Hilo District to North Hilo District. A number of cascades are visible from the road on the “mauka” side of the highway. Umauma Falls lies inside the World Botanical Gardens , but two other falls are viewed from

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4212-439: The next foreign ship to avenge the strike by the elder Metcalfe. He canoed out to the ship with his men, where he killed Metcalfe's son and all but one (Isaac Davis) of the five crewmen. Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship. Eleanora was at that time anchored at Kealakekua Bay , where the ship's boatswain had gone ashore and been captured by Kamehameha's forces because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe

4293-520: The norm but caution must be observed when crossing the narrow “Curved Bridge” near mile 32. This bridge was replaced in May 2010 by a new bridge with less curvature. Hamlets with names like Kūkaʻiau , Paʻauilo , Kalōpā and Pāʻauhau were once homes for sugar plantation workers from places like the Philippines , China and Japan . Māmane Street (Route 240, mile 42) spurs off to the right to become

4374-584: The old road passes Puʻu Lani Ranch (mile 20) in Puʻuanahulu and the entrance to Puʻu Waʻawaʻa Forest Reserve. A long narrow strip of asphalt stretches across the windswept rangelands and lava fields covered with fountain grass . As the road passes through a stand of eucalyptus and ʻohiʻa trees near mile 31, the upland neighborhoods of the North Kona District come into view: Kalaoa , Kona Palasades Estates, Koloko Mauka and Honokōhau. On

4455-538: The open section of Bayfront Highway. Bayfront Highway, which serves as a bypass for the downtown business district of Hilo, is often closed to traffic by the Hawaiʻi County Police Department in times of high surf. Past the intersection with Waiānuenue Avenue (Route 200, known as the Saddle Road ), Route 19 crosses over the Wailuku River via a converted railroad plate girder bridge with

4536-466: The other side of mile 35, a traffic light at the top of Hina Lani Street provides access to a Costco store. At a 3-way intersection, the Māmalahoa Highway turns left and becomes Route 180, while Route 190 continues straight, becoming Palani Road. Palani descends steeply towards Kailua-Kona, making many quick turns and narrow curves. Palani Road meets Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, marking the end of

4617-465: The poisonous gas emitted from the volcano. When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him. Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts, he dodged it but

4698-406: The population. There were 896 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and

4779-546: The right leads down the “Onomea Scenic Drive,” a 4-mile (6.44 km) loop road that crosses several one-lane wooden bridges and past the Hawaiʻi Tropical Botanical Garden overlooking Onomea Bay before returning to Hawaiʻi Belt Road at mile 10 in Pepeʻekeō . Hawaiʻi Belt Road meets the rugged Hāmākua coastline near mile 12. A left turn onto Honomū Road (Route 220) leads to ʻAkaka Falls State Park , home of

4860-485: The roadside in safety." Young and Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with advanced weapons that helped in combat. Kamehameha was also a religious king and the holder of the war god Kūkāʻilimoku. The explorer George Vancouver noted that Kamehameha worshiped his gods and wooden images in a heiau , but originally wanted to bring England's religion, Christianity , to Hawaiʻi. Missionaries were not sent from Great Britain because Kamehameha told Vancouver that

4941-480: The route, though Palani Road continues downhill to its junction with Kuakini Highway and Aliʻi Drive. The entire route is in Hawaii County . The entire route is in Hawaii County . Kamehameha I Kamehameha I ( Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə] ; Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; c.  1736  – c.  1761 to May 8 or 14, 1819), also known as Kamehameha

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5022-573: The ruler discovered the infant had indeed survived. On February 10, 1911, the Kamakau version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko . After Kamakau's history was published again (this time to a wider, English-reading public in 1911 Hawaii), the Kaha version of these events was published by Kamaka Stillman , who had objected to

5103-735: The strong winds and rough seas of the Kaʻieʻie Waho channel. He returned to Hawaii to pacify the rebellion of Nāmakehā (brother of Kaʻiana) in Hilo and ruled from Hawaii for the next six years as he consolidated his conquests and prepare for a second invasion of Kauaʻi. At Hilo, Kamehameha I commissioned the building a large fleet of 800 (according to Kamakau) double-hulled war canoes called peleleu along with Western schooners, and he also stockpile large number of guns, canons and ammunition. He took his peleleu to Maui where he stayed from 1802 to 1803 and then to Oʻahu in late 1803 or early 1804. While in Oʻahu,

5184-587: The time, he had several wives and many children, though he outlived many of them. When Kamehameha died on May 8 or 14, 1819, his body was hidden by his trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu , in the ancient custom called hūnākele (literally, "to hide in secret"). The mana , or power of a person, was considered to be sacred. As per the ancient custom, his body was buried in a hidden location because of his mana . His final resting place remains unknown. At one point in his reign, Kamehameha III asked that Hoapili show him where his father's bones were buried, but on

5265-518: The total number of children to be 35: 17 sons and 18 daughters. While he had many wives and children, only his children through his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani , succeeded him to the throne. In Hoʻomana: Understanding the Sacred and Spiritual , Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of the Kapu system as the best way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would rule

5346-625: The town of Waimea (known as Kamuela by the Post Office ), the headquarters for Parker Ranch and the heart of paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy) country. At mile 57, the route turns right onto Lindsey Road (see Route 190 ). One block down, Route 19 spurs left onto Kawaihae Road, past a row of restaurants and before starting downhill towards the coast. Just beyond mile 59 is a “ Y ” junction with Kohala Mountain Road (Route 250) in front of Hawaiʻi Preparatory Academy . Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway begins at

5427-464: The towns of Kealakekua , Kainaliu and Honalo . At "Coffee Junction" (mile 114), Māmalahoa Highway continues straight and eventually becomes Route 180, Route 11 veers to left and becomes Kuakini Highway. A 5-mile (8.0 km) stretch from Honalo and then along the upper road until it rejoins the main Belt Road at Palani Junction is under consideration to be designated a National Scenic Byway . It

5508-554: The unifier Ka Naʻi aupuni. High Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the next in line for aliʻi nui. Both chose the younger nephews Kīwalaʻō and Kamehameha over themselves. Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated in the first key conflict, the Battle of Mokuʻōhai . Kamehameha and his chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island. The prophecy included far more than Hawaiʻi island. It went across and beyond

5589-420: The warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early, related to disputes over Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign visitors. Regardless, Abraham Fornander wrote in his book, An Account of

5670-464: The way there Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he turned around. Kamehameha had many wives. The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. Hiram Bingham I lists 21 wives, but earlier research from Mary Kawena Pukui counted 26. In Kamehameha's Children Today authors Charles Ahlo, Rubellite Kawena Johnson and Jerry Walker list 30 wives: 18 who had children, and 12 who did not. They state

5751-694: The weak, his people must be assured protection from harm's way in their pursuits and that safe passage must be everyone's entitlement. A decade later, King Kamehameha I, upon reflecting on his deliverance that day in Puna and on the memory of his fallen warrior, proclaimed Ke Kānāwai Māmalahoe – "The Law of the Splintered Paddle" – at Kahaleʻioleʻole in the Kaipalaoa area of Hilo . Ke Kānāwai Māmalahoe E nā kānaka, E mālama ʻoukou i ke Akua, A e mālama hoʻi ke kanaka nui    a me kanaka iki; E hele ka ʻelemakule,    ka luahine

5832-551: The widening project from Kealakehe Parkway to Keāhole Airport Road, which provides access to Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport . The project is expected to cost $ 105 million and be completed in November 2018. The mile 0 marker is at the intersection of Kamehameha Avenue (Route 19), Banyan Drive and Kanoelehua Avenue in Hilo . After about a mile is the intersection with Pūʻāinakō Street (Route 2000), which connects to

5913-544: The years. Much of the Hawaiʻi Belt Road through North Hilo and Hāmākua districts was built on the roadbed and bridges of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway as part of the recovery from a tsunami that ravaged the island's northeast coast in 1946. In 2007, Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway was widened to four lanes from Henry Street in Kailua-Kona to Kealakehe Parkway. In September 2015, ground broke to extend

5994-477: Was 2.10. In the Volcano CDP the population was spread out, with 17.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 8.8% from 25 to 34, 16.4% from 35 to 49, 34.6% from 50 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 males there were 100.7 females. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,231 people, 896 households, and 498 families residing in

6075-499: Was born in Ainakea, Kohala, Hawaii . His father was Keōua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui; however, Native Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau says that Maui monarch Kahekili II had hānai adopted (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha at birth, as was the custom of the time. Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to as Kamehameha's father. The author also says that Kameʻeiamoku told Kamehameha I that he

6156-491: Was called the Kona Heritage Corridor by the state. A somewhat steep descent off Puʻuloa drops into the town of Kailua-Kona . Just past Lako Street is where Kuakini Highway branches to the left and Highway 11 becomes Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. In the vicinity of mile 121, Hualālai Road (Route 182, incorrectly signed as "180") crosses at an exaggerated angle (a rare concurrent route). Route 11 finally reaches

6237-457: Was planning more revenge. Eleanora waited several days before sailing off, apparently without knowledge of what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son. Davis and Eleanora's boatswain, John Young, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii. In 1790, Kamehameha's army invaded Maui with the assistance of John Young and Isaac Davis. Using cannons from

6318-527: Was strained after Kamehameha made a dedication to the gods instead of allowing Kīwalaʻō to do that. Kamehameha accepted the allegiance of a group of chiefs from the Kona district. The other story took place after the prophecy was passed along by the high priests and high chiefs. When Kamehameha was able to lift the Naha Stone , he was considered the fulfiller of the prophecy. Other ruling chiefs, Keawe Mauhili,

6399-458: Was the son of Kahekili II , saying, "I have something to tell you: Ka-hekili was your father, you were not Keoua's son. Here are the tokens that you are the son of Ka-hekili." King Kalākaua wrote that these rumors were scandals and should be dismissed as the offspring of hatred and jealousies of later years. Regardless of the rumors, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and he

6480-587: Was the support of Kauai chief Kaʻiana and Captain William Brown of the Butterworth Squadron . He guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited gunpowder from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: sulfur , saltpeter , and charcoal , all of which are abundant in the islands. Two westerners who lived on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Davis and John Young , married native Hawaiian women and assisted Kamehameha. In 1789, Simon Metcalfe had been captaining

6561-504: Was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed. With Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island. In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers. He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi at the Battle of Kawela . He moved on to the island of Oʻahu , landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī . Kamehameha did not know that one of his commanders,

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