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49-676: Mamasapano , officially the Municipality of Mamasapano ( Maguindanaon : Ingud nu Mamasapano ; Iranun : Inged a Mamasapano ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Mamasapano ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Maguindanao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 27,807. This municipality was formerly a barangay of the town of Shariff Aguak . However, by virtue of Republic Acts No. 6646 / 7160 and Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 54 dated April 27, 1997, issued on December 2, 1998, COMELEC Resolution No. 3051/3052 and Plebiscite conducted on October 31, 1998,

98-731: A Filipino lawyer who represented the First Philippine Republic , was denied participation in the negotiation. For almost a month, negotiations revolved around Cuba. The Teller Amendment to the declaration of war made it impractical for the United States to annex the island as it had with Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. At first, Spain refused to accept the Cuban national debt of four hundred million dollars, but ultimately, it had no choice. Eventually, it

147-455: A battle between armies. This changed the course of debate in the Senate in favor of ratification. The treaty was eventually approved on February 6, 1899, by a vote of 57 to 27, just over the two-thirds majority required. Only two Republicans voted against ratification: George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine . Senator Nelson W. Aldrich had opposed entry into

196-406: A close: By a protocol signed at Washington August 12, 1898 . . . it was agreed that the United States and Spain would each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and that the commissioners so appointed should meet at Paris not later than October 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty should be subject to ratification according to

245-459: A different basis. It is nonetheless true, however, that without any original thought of complete or even partial acquisition, the presence and success of our arms at Manila imposes upon us obligations which we cannot disregard. The march of events rules and overrules human action. Avowing unreservedly the purpose which has animated all our effort, and still solicitous to adhere to it, we cannot be unmindful that, without any desire or design on our part,

294-536: A duty universally acknowledged. It involves no ungenerous reference to our recent foe, but simply a recognition of the plain teachings of history, to say that it was not compatible with the assurance of permanent peace on and near our own territory that the Spanish flag should remain on this side of the sea. This lesson of events and of reason left no alternative as to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the other islands belonging to Spain in this hemisphere. The Philippines stand upon

343-591: A portion of one barangay (Libutan East) from Mamasapano, in addition to other barangays from Datu Piang , Datu Unsay , Datu Saudi-Ampatuan and Shariff Aguak . On Sunday, January 25, 2015, the area around Mamasapano was the site of a sharp clash between Philippines government armed forces and local rebel groups. During the fighting, 44 members of the Philippine National Police elite Special Action Force (SAF) were killed. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) stated that 18 people had died on

392-589: A valuation that had been estimated in internal discussions in October, and requested an answer within two days. Montero Ríos said angrily that he could reply at once, but the American delegation had already departed from the conference table. When the two sides met again, Queen-Regent Maria Christina had cabled her acceptance. Montero Ríos then recited his formal reply: The Government of Her Majesty, moved by lofty reasons of patriotism and humanity, will not assume

441-609: A vulgar, commonplace empire, controlling subject races and vassal states, in which one class must forever rule and other classes must forever obey. Some anti-expansionists stated that the treaty committed the United States to a course of empire and violated the most basic tenets of the constitution . They argued that neither the Congress nor the President had the right to pass laws that governed colonial peoples who were not represented by lawmakers. Some Senate expansionists supported

490-467: A written l , and the prevalence by which it is used or is dominant denotes the local dialects of Maguindanaon. /l/ may also be heard as a retroflex [ɭ] in intervocalic positions. The Laya (Raya) or lowland dialect of Maguindanaon, spoken in and around Cotabato City, prefers the flapped r over l , while the more conservative upland variety spoken in Datu Piang and inland areas favors l . As in

539-523: Is the native language of the Maguindanaon people of the province of Maguindanao located in the west of Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines. It was the language of the Sultanate of Maguindanao , which lasted until near the end of the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. The earliest works on the language by a European were carried out by Jacinto Juanmartí, a Catalan priest of

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588-725: The Maranao language , Maguindanaon pronouns can be also free or bound to the word/morpheme before it. Maguindanaon numerals: Maguindanao is written with the Latin script, and used to be written with the Jawi script . Among works on the language published by Jacinto Juanmartí, his sacred history Compendio de historia universal contains Maguindanao texts in both Jawi and the Latin script. Treaty of Paris (1898) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Treaty of Peace between

637-585: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards and went into exile to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders. The Spanish–American War that followed had overwhelming public support in the United States due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom. On September 16, President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the Spanish–American War drew to

686-535: The Society of Jesus who worked in the Philippines in the second half of the 19th century. Aside from a number of Christian religious works in the language, Juanmartí also published a Maguindanao–Spanish/Spanish–Maguindanao dictionary and reference grammar in 1892. Shortly after sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War ,

735-690: The American administration began publishing a number of works on the language in English, such as a brief primer and vocabulary in 1903, and a translation of Juanmartí's reference grammar into English in 1906. A number of works about and in the language have since been published by Filipino and foreign authors. Maguindanao has 3 major dialects: Ilud, Laya, and Biwangen. Maguindanao dialects are: The vowels [e] and [o] only occur in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. The phonemes /z/ and /dʒ/ only appear in loanwords. The sound [dʒ] also appears an allophonic realization for

784-556: The MILF as well as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) were involved in the action on the rebel side. In response to the clash and deaths of national police, President Aquino called for the peace talks with MILF to nevertheless continue but also demanded that MILF forces assist in identifying the persons responsible for killing the police and, in other ways, demonstrate sincerity in supporting

833-577: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the first session, on October 1, the Spanish demanded that before the talks got underway, the return of the city of Manila , which had been captured by the Americans a few hours after the signing of the peace protocol in Washington, to Spanish authority. The Americans refused to consider the idea and, for the moment, it was pursued no further. Felipe Agoncillo ,

882-461: The Municipality of Mamasapano then became the 11th municipality in the 2nd District of Maguindanao. The newly created municipality has eighteen (18) barangays taken from its mother municipality of Shariff Aguak. On July 30, 2009, upon the ratification of Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 225 (as amended by MMAA 252), the municipality of Shariff Saydona Mustapha was created from 4 barangays and

931-554: The Spanish–American War but supported McKinley after it began. He played a central role in winning the treaty's two-thirds majority ratification. The Treaty of Paris provided for the independence of Cuba from Spain, but the U.S. Congress ensured indirect U.S. control by the Platt Amendment and the Teller Amendment . Spain relinquished all claims of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. Upon Spain's departure, Cuba

980-567: The United States cannot accept less than the cession in full right and sovereignty of the island of Luzon. It is desirable, however, that the United States shall acquire the right of entry for vessels and merchandise belonging to citizens of the United States into such ports of the Philippines as are not ceded to the United States upon terms of equal favor with Spanish ships and merchandise, both in relation to port and customs charges and rates of trade and commerce, together with other rights of protection and trade accorded to citizens of one country within

1029-642: The United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain , commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War . Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to territories described there as the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and

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1078-650: The acquisition of only the naval base in Manila, as a "hitching post." Others had recommended retaining only the island of Luzon . However, in discussions with its advisers, the commission concluded that Spain, if it retained part of the Philippines, would be likely to sell it to another European power, which would likely be troublesome for America. On November 25, the American Commission cabled McKinley for explicit instructions. Their cable crossed one from McKinley saying that duty left him no choice but to demand

1127-449: The commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than Oct. 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries. The composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were senators, which meant, as many newspapers pointed out, that they would later vote on

1176-500: The considerate judgment of the world should not under any illusion of the hour be dimmed by ulterior designs which might tempt us into excessive demands or into an adventurous departure on untried paths. It is believed that the true glory and the enduring interests of the country will most surely be served if an unselfish duty conscientiously accepted and a signal triumph honorably achieved shall be crowned by such an example of moderation, restraint, and reason in victory as best comports with

1225-451: The dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Through the long course of repeated representations which preceded and aimed to avert the struggle, and in the final arbitrament of force, this country was impelled solely by the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs and removing long-existing conditions which disturbed its tranquillity, which shocked

1274-502: The enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. The commercial opportunity which is naturally and inevitably associated with this new opening depends less on large territorial possession than upon an adequate commercial basis and upon broad and equal privileges. . . . In view of what has been stated,

1323-422: The entire archipelago. The next morning, another cable from McKinley arrived: to accept merely Luzon, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none. The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required. This position

1372-556: The final draft of the treaty began on November 30. It was signed on December 10, 1898. In Madrid , the Cortes Generales , Spain's legislature, rejected the treaty, but Maria Christina signed it as she was empowered to do by a clause in the Spanish constitution. In the Senate , there were four main schools of thought on U.S. imperialism that influenced the debate on the treaty's ratification. Republicans generally supported

1421-481: The following precise demands: These demands were conceded by Spain, and their concession was, as you will perceive, solemnly recorded in the protocol of the 12th of August. . . . It is my wish that throughout the negotiations entrusted to the Commission the purpose and spirit with which the United States accepted the unwelcome necessity of war should be kept constantly in view. We took up arms only in obedience to

1470-537: The island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones, the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: (details elided), to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $ 20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. It

1519-549: The major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was reelected. The Spanish–American War began on April 25, 1898, due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10, 1898, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spain's loss of its control over

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1568-417: The moral sense of mankind, and which could no longer be endured. It is my earnest wish that the United States in making peace should follow the same high rule of conduct which guided it in facing war. It should be as scrupulous and magnanimous in the concluding settlement as it was just and humane in its original action. The luster and the moral strength attaching to a cause which can be confidently rested upon

1617-503: The peace efforts. Subsequently, it was reported that both the Philippines government and local MILF representatives were working to try to restore life to normal in the Mamasapano area. Representatives of the Philippines government visited the area in early February to deliver assistance to families who had lost relatives during the fighting. Representatives of the MILF also issued assurances that on-going efforts to establish peace in

1666-463: The ratification of their own negotiations. These were American delegation's members: The Spanish commission included the following Spanish diplomats: The American delegation, headed by former Secretary of State William R. Day , who had vacated his position as U.S. Secretary of State to head the commission, arrived in Paris on September 26, 1898. The negotiations were conducted in a suite of rooms at

1715-548: The rebel side. Some local civilians were also reportedly killed during the incident. The unexpected clash, and the deaths of 44 SAF police as well as the wounding of 12 others, triggered bitter recriminations among leaders at the national level and threatened to derail on-going reconciliation negotiations between the Philippines Government and various rebel groups in Mindanao. It was reported that members of both

1764-605: The region would not be disrupted by the clash. Nevertheless, in the following weeks local fighting continued between government forces and the BIFF rebel group. In early March government forces were reported to have captured a BIFF camp where bombs and weapons were being manufactured. Mamasapano is politically subdivided into 15 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . Poverty Incidence of Mamasapano Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Maguindanao language The Maguindanaon language

1813-478: The remains of its overseas empire. After much of mainland in the Americas had achieved independence, Cubans tried their hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí . The Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule. August 26, 1896, presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio , succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy . Aguinaldo then negotiated

1862-411: The respective constitutional forms of the two countries. For the purpose of carrying into effect this stipulation, I have appointed you as commissioners on the part of the United States to meet and confer with commissioners on the part of Spain. As an essential preliminary to the agreement to appoint commissioners to treat of peace, this government required of that of Spain the unqualified concession of

1911-407: The responsibility of again bringing upon Spain all the horrors of war. In order to avoid them, it resigns itself to the painful task of submitting to the law of the victor, however harsh it may be, and as Spain lacks the material means to defend the rights she believes hers, having recorded them, she accepts the only terms the United States offers her for the concluding of the treaty of peace. Work on

1960-409: The sequences /d + s/ (e.g. [dʒaɭumˈani ka] /(ə)dsalumani ka/ 'repeat that!') and /d + i/ (only before another vowel before vowel, e.g. [ˈmidʒas] /midias/ 'stockings'); the sound [z] also appears as an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. /ɾ/ can also be trilled [ r ] . Intervocalic /d/ is realized as [ɾ] . /ɾ/ and /l/ are interchangeable in words which include

2009-459: The territory of another. You are therefore instructed to demand such concession, agreeing on your part that Spain shall have similar rights as to her subjects and vessels in the ports of any territory in the Philippines ceded to the United States. Article V of the peace protocol between United States and Spain on August 12, 1898, read as follows: The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and

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2058-505: The traditions and character of our enlightened republic. Our aim in the adjustment of peace should be directed to lasting results and to the achievement of the common good under the demands of civilization, rather than to ambitious designs. The terms of the protocol were framed upon this consideration. The abandonment of the Western Hemisphere by Spain was an imperative necessity. In presenting that requirement, we only fulfilled

2107-502: The treaty and reinforced such views by arguing: Suppose we reject the Treaty. We continue the state of war. We repudiate the President. We are branded as a people incapable of taking rank as one of the greatest of world powers! Providence has given the United States the duty of extending Christian civilization. We come as ministering angels, not despots. Expansionists said that the Constitution applied only to citizens, an idea that

2156-559: The treaty, but those opposed either aimed to defeat the treaty or exclude the provision that stipulated the acquisition of the Philippines. Most Democrats favored expansion as well, particularly in the South. A minority of Democrats also favored the treaty on the basis of ending the war and granting independence to Cuba and the Philippines. During the Senate debate on ratification, Senators George Frisbie Hoar and George Graham Vest were outspoken opponents. Hoar stated: This Treaty will make us

2205-421: The war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. It is just to use every legitimate means for

2254-561: Was agreed that Cuba was to be granted independence and for the Cuban debt to be assumed by Spain. It was also agreed that Spain would cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. The negotiators then turned to the question of the Philippines . Spanish negotiators were determined to hang onto all they could and hoped to cede only Mindanao and perhaps the Sulu Islands . On the American side, Chairman Day had once recommended

2303-716: Was later supported by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases . As the Senate debate continued, Andrew Carnegie and former President Grover Cleveland petitioned the Senate to reject the treaty. Both men adamantly opposed such imperialist policies and participated in the American Anti-Imperialist League , along with other such prominent members as Mark Twain and Samuel Gompers . Fighting erupted between Filipino and American forces in Manila on February 4, and quickly escalated into

2352-429: Was proposed by U.S. negotiators, though they considered it unsound, and was formally rejected on November 4. Seeking a solution to avoid collapse of the negotiations, Senator Frye suggested offering Spain ten or twenty million dollars for the islands. The State Department approved, though they considered this odious. After some discussion, the American delegation offered twenty million dollars on November 21, one tenth of

2401-473: Was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty . The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire , apart from some small holdings. It had a major cultural impact in Spain known as the " Generation of '98 ". It marked the beginning of the United States as a world power . In the U.S., many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of

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