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103-669: When forces of the German Sixth Army launched their attack against the city centre of Stalingrad on 13 September 1942, Mamayev Kurgan (appearing in military maps as "Height 102.0") saw particularly fierce fighting between the German attackers and the defending soldiers of the Soviet 62nd Army. Control of the hill became vitally important, as it offered control over the city. To defend it, the Soviets had built strong defensive lines on

206-502: A triumphal arch that led to a granite staircase, followed by a brick staircase in an avenue of Lombardy poplar trees . A second granite staircase led to a circular plaza , with a large granite statue of a Russian man titled Stand To the Death! Behind the statue, a final granite staircase led to a plaza with an entrance to an underground complex called the "Panorama". A cupola -shaped hall would include an eternal flame to memorialise

309-524: A Moscow arbitration court requesting for Glavzarubezhstroy, which had not fulfilled its warranty obligations, to declare bankruptcy. Glavzarubezhstroy later filed for bankruptcy, was sued by the Battle of Stalingrad Museum-Reserve, and listed on a national registry of "unscrupulous suppliers". In a poll conducted by Bloknot Volgograd in March, a majority of Volgograd residents surveyed responded negatively to

412-467: A comprehensive safety and reliability program for the statue was developed and approved by the Russian Ministry of Culture . However, by 2009, concerns had been raised about its structural integrity; the statue's foundation was not anchored but held in place by its own weight, and was subsiding as a result of rising water levels. By this time, pieces of concrete had already begun to fall off

515-399: A concrete sculpture, 52 meters tall, and 85 meters from the feet to the tip of the 27-meters sword, dominating the skyline of the city of Stalingrad (later renamed Volgograd). The construction uses concrete, except for the stainless-steel blade of the sword, and is held on its plinth solely by its own weight. The statue is evocative of classical Greek representations of Nike , in particular

618-466: A day, and the Soviets would respond with fierce counter-attacks. The hill changed hands several times. By September 27, the Germans again captured half of Mamayev Kurgan. The Soviets held their own positions on the slopes of the hill, as the 284th Rifle Division defended the key stronghold. The defenders held out until January 26 1943, when the counterattacking Soviet forces relieved them. The battle of

721-522: A female personification of Russia , commonly referred to as Mother Russia, holding a folded banner; this was later changed to be a concrete statue of a lone Mother Russia wearing a windblown shawl resembling wings and holding a sword aloft in her right hand, with her left hand extended outward as she calls upon the Soviet people to fight against the enemy. The design was inspired by the Winged Victory of Samothrace , an ancient Greek sculpture of

824-405: A foyer would be built to allow visitors to honour the dead with commemorative gifts. The statue was designed according to the principles of neoclassicism and socialist realism , both artistic styles in which Vuchetich specialised. The original plan for the sculpture was to have it constructed entirely of granite, with a design featuring a Red Army soldier genuflecting and placing a sword before

927-615: A hospital after a heart attack in January 1942. He was succeeded by his former chief of staff, General Friedrich Paulus . Paulus led the 6th Army to a major victory at the Second Battle of Kharkov during the spring of 1942. On 28 June 1942, Army Group South launched Case Blue , the German Army 's summer offensive into southern Russia. The goals of the operation were to secure both the oil fields at Baku , Azerbaijan , and

1030-516: A special hydrostatic cement mixture that had been developed for the construction of the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. The statue's structure featured an internal framework of vertical and horizontal diaphragms forming cells that were 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, 3 metres deep, and 4 metres (13 ft) tall, extending from its 2-metre (6.6 ft) pedestal to its neck. The external surface

1133-510: A step back! From Stand To the Death! , a third flight of stairs leads between the Symbolic Ruined Walls ; these represent the ruins of Stalingrad, while immortalizing the Soviet heroes who defended the city. Carved into the walls are faces of numerous soldiers, their eyes closed to indicate death in battle. Also inscribed on the walls are numerous quotes from actual defenders of Stalingrad; these words were originally carved, by

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1236-399: A video to Instagram in which she pretended to tickle the breasts of the statue. In 2024, the grandson of Yevgeny Vuchetich inherited the rights to the monument's image and royalties, raising concerns among Volgograd residents about potential fees for using images of the monument on photographs, souvenirs, and banners. A representative for Vuchetich's grandson clarified that personal use of

1339-404: A windswept shawl resembling wings, and holds a sword aloft in her right hand. Her left hand is extended outward, as she calls upon the Soviet people to battle. The statue was originally planned to be made of granite and to stand only 30 metres (98 ft) tall, with a design consisting of a Red Army soldier genuflecting and placing a sword before Mother Russia holding a folded banner. However,

1442-575: Is a colossal neoclassicist and socialist realist war memorial sculpture on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd , Russia. Designed primarily by sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich with assistance from architect Yakov Belopolsky , the concrete sculpture commemorates the casualties of the Battle of Stalingrad , and is the predominant component of a monument complex, which includes several plazas and other sculptural works. Standing 85 metres (279 ft) tall from

1545-507: Is possible to find fragments of bone and metal still buried deep throughout the hill. After the war, the Soviet authorities commissioned the enormous Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex. Vasily Chuikov , who led Soviet forces at Stalingrad, lies buried at Mamayev Kurgan; this makes him the only Marshal of the Soviet Union to be buried outside Moscow . 34,505 soldiers who were defenders of Stalingrad are buried there; sniper Vasily Zaytsev

1648-581: The Battle of Belgium . The 6th Army was then involved in the breakthrough of the Paris defences on 12 June 1940, before acting as a northern flank for German forces along the Normandy coast during the closing stages of the Battle of France . The 6th Army took part in Operation Barbarossa as the spearhead of Army Group South . Reichenau died in an aircraft accident while being transported to

1751-749: The Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at Babi Yar while under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa . The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to relieve Budapest , and subsequently retreating into Austria in

1854-570: The Council of Ministers announced a competition for the design of a "State Museum of the Defence of Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad", which would include a large panoramic painting depicting the battle; by this time, Vuchetich and Belopolsky had already finalised drafts for the project's structural designs. On 23 January 1958, the Council of Ministers declared that the construction of "a memorial-monument in

1957-475: The Don , with the second thrust beginning a day later attacking far to the south of Stalingrad. The 6th Army's flanks were protected by Romanian troops, who were quickly routed, and on 23 November, the pincers met at Kalach-na-Donu , thereby encircling the 6th Army. A relief attempt was launched on 12 December by Hermann Hoth 's 4th Panzer Army , codenamed Operation Winter Storm . Despite initial progress, capturing

2060-626: The Jewish-Bolshevik system is the complete destruction of its sources of power and the extermination of the Asiatic influence in European civilization. In this eastern theatre, the soldier is not only a man fighting in accordance with the rules of the art of war, but also the ruthless standard bearer of a national conception and the avenger of bestialities which have been inflicted upon German and racially related nations. For this reason

2163-509: The Kharkov 's 300,000 remaining inhabitants suffered from starvation. Many would die in the cold winter months. Civilians survived the famine by making stews out of boiled leather and sawdust, and making omelets out of coagulated blood. Survivors bitterly remembered these "meals" for the rest of their lives. The Motherland Calls The Motherland Calls ( Russian : Родина-мать зовёт! , romanised :  Rodina-mat' zovyot! )

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2266-535: The 46-metre (151 ft) tall Statue of Liberty in a display of dominance over the United States, their geopolitical rival during the Cold War. The height of the statue alone was increased to 52 metres (171 ft), nearly double the originally planned height, a decision that further increased the project's cost, which had already substantially overrun its budget. Valentina Izotova, a 26-year-old waitress,

2369-567: The 6th Army became part of Army Group Dumitrescu, commanded by the Romanian general Petre Dumitrescu . The Army Group also included the Romanian 3rd Army . This instance marked the first time in the war when German commanders came under the actual (instead of nominal) command of their foreign allies. This came one month after Dumitrescu became the 5th non-German recipient of the Knight's Cross of

2472-655: The 6th Army had the Hungarian Second Army placed under its command, and it was known as "Army Group Fretter-Pico" ( Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico ). Command passed to General Hermann Balck on 23 December 1944. In December 1944, one of the 6th Army's subordinate units, the IX SS Mountain Corps , was encircled in Budapest . IV SS Panzer Corps was transferred to the 6th Army's command and a series of relief attempts, codenamed Operation Konrad ,

2575-473: The 70th anniversary of the Soviet victory in World War II in 2015, the statue was set to undergo further renovation, with 99 of its 117 steel cables requiring replacement. By 2017, the cables had not yet been replaced, though plans were made to address the replacement along with other maintenance needs, with additional restoration efforts set to be conducted after the end of the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which

2678-546: The Hall's circular main chamber; at the chamber's center is the Eternal Flame , a large sculpture of a hand holding a torch. The Eternal Flame is constantly under armed guard, which is changed every hour. The main chamber is considered sacred ground, with mournful music being played on a loop; out of respect, visitors are strongly discouraged from speaking aloud. The chamber's walls are covered in glass-foil mosaics; these bear

2781-548: The Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (4 April 1944). The 6th army was encircled and almost entirely destroyed during the Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive carried out by the Soviets. In October 1944, under the command of General Maximilian Fretter-Pico , the 6th Army encircled and destroyed three Soviet corps of Mobile Group Pliyev under the command of Issa Pliyev in the Battle of Debrecen . During this time,

2884-660: The Pantheon's mosaic walls in under a month for the complex's opening. Once finished, the full sculpture stood 85 metres (279 ft) tall from the base of the pedestal to the top of the sword, and was the tallest statue in the world upon its completion; it remains the tallest statue in Europe as of 2024. The dedication of the memorial occurred on 15 October 1967. The event drew tens of thousands of people to Mamayev Kurgan, along with reporters from official press outlets, including Izvestia and Pravda , who wrote extensively on

2987-563: The Red Army, progress was reduced to no more than several meters a day. Eventually, by mid November, the 62nd Army had been pushed to the banks of the Volga, but the 6th Army was unable to eliminate the remaining Soviet troops. On 19 November the Stavka launched Operation Uranus , a major offensive by Soviet forces on the flanks of the German army. The first pincer attacked far to the west of

3090-877: The Sixth Army bloodlessly captured the Ukrainian town of Bila Tserkva . Immediately after the town's capitulation, Sixth Army police units separated the Jewish population of the town into a ghetto and required that they wear the Star of David as identification. Two weeks after the occupation, members of Einsatzgruppen marched the Jews out of the town, 800 men and women in all, to be shot. The Sixth Army provided logistical support for this massacre, providing drivers, guards, weapons and ammunition. Afterwards ninety children aged twelve and under were left, their parents having been killed

3193-592: The Soviet Union , began discussing plans for a monument for the Battle of Stalingrad with architect Yakov Belopolsky , with whom he had previously collaborated on the development of the Soviet War Memorial in Berlin's Treptower Park . The project was intended to be built atop Mamayev Kurgan , an ancient burial mound that was the site of intense conflict during the battle. Vuchetich started petitioning high-ranking Soviet officials for permission to design

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3296-416: The Soviet victory in the Battle of Stalingrad originated in the final years of the war. Soviet politicians and artists had considered designs for monuments to the battle prior to the war's end, and the first Soviet museum commemorating World War II was established as early as March 1943. In 1944, the publication Arkhitektura SSSR issued a number of articles detailing possible designs for memorials. Following

3399-612: The Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945. The 6th Army was formed on 10 October 1939 with General Walther von Reichenau in command through the redesignation of the 10th Army that had fought during the Invasion of Poland . During the invasion of the Low Countries the 6th Army saw active service linking up with paratroopers and destroying fortifications at Eben Emael , Liège , and Namur during

3502-575: The U.S. Army on 9 May 1945. Soon after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa , the Sixth Army's surgeon, the staff doctor Gerhart Panning, learned about captured Russian expanding bullets by using Jewish POWs. To determine the effects of this type of ammunition on German soldiers, he decided to test them on other human beings after asking SD member and SS- Standartenführer Paul Blobel for some "guinea pigs" (Jewish POWs). In July 1941 while conducting operations in Right-bank Ukraine ,

3605-606: The artist committee in December 1962, and on 23 January 1963 the Council of Ministers ordered the development of blueprints for the statue. The process of building of the monument would prove to be more complicated than anticipated by its developers, primarily due to its size and the complexity of its details. After the Sculptural Group of the Artistic Fund requested to be relieved of their construction duties and

3708-422: The assembly of the statue's framework and its intricate features; these issues were further compounded by the statue's size. Delays were caused by cold weather and unforeseen geological issues, necessitating extensive foundation reinforcement and relocation of water systems. Additional complications arose with the statue's sword, which had to be redesigned due to problems with wind resistance. Despite these obstacles,

3811-469: The base of its pedestal to its peak, the statue was the tallest in the world upon its completion in 1967, and is the tallest statue in Europe if excluding the pedestal. The statue, along with the rest of the complex, was dedicated on 15 October 1967, and has been listed as a tentative candidate for UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites since 2014. The sculpture depicts a female personification of Russia , commonly referred to as Mother Russia. She wears

3914-402: The children were murdered by Sixth Army regulars. Groscurth, appalled by the murders, wrote to his wife that "We cannot and should not be allowed to win this war". The army's commander, Walther von Reichenau , a committed, fanatical Nazi, had this to say about the expected conduct of soldiers under his command. The order said, in part "The most important objective of this campaign against

4017-587: The city ended one week later with an utter German defeat . When the battle ended, the soil on the hill had been so thoroughly churned by shellfire and mixed with metal fragments that it contained between 500 and 1,250 splinters of metal per square meter. The earth on the hill had remained black in the winter, as the snow kept melting in the many fires and explosions. In the following spring the hill would still remain black, as no grass grew on its scorched soil. The hill's formerly steep slopes had become flattened in months of intense shelling and bombardment. Even today, it

4120-424: The city from the east side of the river Volga under heavy German artillery fire. The division's 10,000 men immediately rushed into the battle. On 16 September they recaptured Mamayev Kurgan and kept fighting for the railway station, taking heavy losses. By the following day, almost all of them had died. The Soviets kept reinforcing their units in the city as fast as they could. The Germans assaulted up to twelve times

4223-614: The city of Stalingrad on the river Volga to protect the forces advancing into the Caucasus. Two months after the beginning of Case Blue, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad on 23 August. On the same day, over 1,000 aircraft of the Luftflotte 4 bombed the city, killing many civilians. Stalingrad was defended by the 62nd Army (Soviet Union) under the command of General Vasily Chuikov . Despite German air superiority over Stalingrad, and with more artillery pieces than

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4326-403: The city of Stalingrad commemorating victory over the German fascist force" would be overseen by a committee led by Vuchetich and comprising Belopolsky and Anatoly Garpenko, an artist and Red Army veteran. Vuchetich and Belopolsky's initial designs for the project were ambitious and took much of their inspiration from the memorial at Treptower Park. The original plan for the monument featured

4429-487: The city of Volgograd. Mamayev Kurgan is open to the public 24 hours a day, and there is no charge for admission. The monumental memorial was constructed between 1959 and 1967, and is crowned by a huge allegorical statue of the Motherland on the top of the hill. The monument, designed by Yevgeny Vuchetich , has the full name The Motherland Calls! ( Russian : Родина-мать зовёт! Rodina Mat Zovyot! ). It consists of

4532-401: The construction firm Volgogradgidrostroi expressed reservations about taking over the project, structural engineer Nikolai Nikitin was appointed to lead the construction efforts. In 1963, Nikitin's design team began planning the construction process for the monument, finalising their designs by August. Nikitin began his role as head of the team by emphasising unresolved issues, specifically

4635-458: The design was changed in 1961 to be a large concrete structure at nearly double the height, a decision that was subject to criticism from Soviet military officials and writers. It was inspired by the Winged Victory of Samothrace , an ancient Greek sculpture of the goddess of victory, Nike . Construction of The Motherland Calls began in 1963, and was led by structural engineer Nikolai Nikitin . The project faced numerous challenges, including

4738-425: The early 21st century, with the statue in disrepair and at risk of collapsing. Comprehensive restoration efforts began later in the century, and by 2020, the monument had undergone extensive restoration, although post-renovation critiques and new structural issues have since arisen. The sculpture has been featured on various official Russian symbols, commemorative coins, stamps, and postcards. The Battle of Stalingrad

4841-465: The end of the war in 1945, several small-scale obelisks and commemorative plaques were erected across the Soviet Union; however, larger plans for monuments were curtailed by leader Joseph Stalin , who sought to refocus attention on emerging Cold War conflicts, virtually prohibiting all public observation of the war by 1948. In 1948, sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich , a member of the Academy of Arts of

4944-404: The enemy." . Groscurth himself sought out the district commander and insisted that the execution must be stopped. Sixth Army headquarters was faced with a decision on what to do with the children left behind now that their parents had been murdered. The division commander passed the decision up to Walter von Reichenau , then commander of the Sixth Army, who personally authorized the massacre. All

5047-565: The eventual triumph of the Russian army over the Germans. Past the Square of Heroes is the Hall of Military Glory , whose outer façade is decorated with Russian artwork of Soviet soldiers celebrating the war's end...and with the inscription "Our people will keep alive their memory of the greatest battle in the history of warfare, within the walls of Stalingrad." An indoor flight of stairs leads to

5150-467: The existing sword needed replacement; temporary measures were applied, included cutting holes in the current sword and reinforcing the joint until a permanent fix could be implemented. In February 1967, the Council of Ministers mandated that all remaining work on the memorial complex be completed by 15 October for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution . Labourers worked throughout

5253-477: The external membrane and creating the plaster moulds for the statue's surface. The concrete pedestal was poured, and by the end of 1963, the shawl pieces and the empty hand had been made and attached to the framework. However, the arrival of subfreezing temperatures halted further concrete pouring, which could not resume until the spring; plans were set to complete this phase of the construction by 1 July 1965. The statue's head and sword hand were then mounted, with

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5356-505: The flowing drapery, similar to that of the Nike of Samothrace . 48°44′33″N 44°32′13″E  /  48.74250°N 44.53694°E  / 48.74250; 44.53694 6th Army (Wehrmacht) The 6th Army ( German : 6. Armee ) was a field army of the German Army during World War II . It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the Red Army at

5459-526: The goddess of victory, Nike . Committee members initially suggested that the sculpture should be dressed in traditional Russian clothing . Vuchetich objected to the proposition, arguing that a traditional costume would diminish the idea of the battle as an international event and defy the neoclassical style he had envisioned for the statue. The sculpture was initially planned to be 30 metres (98 ft) tall from its pedestal to its peak; however, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev ordered it to be taller than

5562-412: The heroes of Stalingrad, a sculpture of a man shaping a sword into a ploughshare , and walls engraved with the names of those who died in the battle. An exit at the end of the hall led to a second observation platform with a panoramic painting depicting a prosperous post-war Stalingrad. The principal component of the project was to be a colossal statue at the top of Mamayev Kurgan; at the statue's base,

5665-408: The hill's base is a third shallow pool, this one surrounding a stone monument named Mother's Sorrow . The hill itself is an unmarked grave for over 34,500 Russian troops killed at Stalingrad; even this is a tiny percentage of the overall Soviet casualties from the battle. The grass on the hill is considered sacred, and visitors are forbidden to step on it. The top of the hill gives a panoramic view of

5768-455: The importance of the Panorama, which they thought to be the only structure that could faithfully represent the extent of the soldiers' experiences. Vuchetich rationalised the decision by asserting the monument should reflect the widespread recognition of the Battle of Stalingrad as the turning point of the war, and marketed the project as one part of a sculptural triptych that would encompass

5871-526: The lack of geological and hydrological studies that had been recommended earlier in the year. In a report to the Ministry of Culture made in September, he insisted these studies were crucial due to the extensive construction already completed and the need to ensure the foundation's durability and stability, particularly given the presence of mellite clays on Mamayev Kurgan; the hill could only support

5974-550: The latter including Field Marshal Paulus, 24 generals and 2,500 officers of lesser rank. Only 5,000 would survive Soviet internment and return to Germany after the war. A new 6th Army was deployed by renaming Armee-Abteilung Hollidt on 5 March 1943 under the command of General Karl-Adolf Hollidt . This new 6th Army later fought in Ukraine and Romania as part of Army Group South until transferred to Army Group A (later renamed to Army Group South Ukraine ). In May 1944,

6077-414: The memorial at Treptower Park and a planned monument in Moscow. The planned sculpture also attracted criticism from Soviet writers, including Viktor Nekrasov , who claimed the monument would defile the historic site. While construction on the rest of the monument complex began in 1961, work on The Motherland Calls did not start until late 1962. Vuchetich's final design for the sculpture was approved by

6180-425: The memorial was completed in 1967 for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution . After its dedication, the sculpture underwent numerous alterations and restoration attempts. In 1972, the statue's sword was replaced with a higher-grade steel alloy version to reduce wind resistance, and by 1986, the statue had tilted significantly from its original axis. Concerns about the statue's structural integrity arose by

6283-464: The memorial's scale and significance, describing the statue as a tribute to the heroism of Stalingrad's defenders. Vuchetich, along with the engineers and construction workers, were lauded for their contributions to the project, with reporters drawing parallels between their efforts and those of the soldiers who defended the city. The opening ceremony featured speeches from party leaders and military representatives, who highlighted various themes such as

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6386-414: The metal sword set to be installed later. During this period, the construction of other components of the memorial, such as the "Wall Ruins" and parts of the "Square of Heroes", progressed significantly. Despite initial forecasts for a November 1965 opening, the construction timeline was extended into the late summer of 1966. This delay was partly due to emerging issues with the sculpture's foundation and

6489-409: The monument in the early 1950s, including Politburo member Georgy Malenkov . In a letter to Malenkov dated December 1951, Vuchetich claimed that he had received multiple inquiries from veterans and family members of those who died in the war about the absence of a memorial on Mamayev Kurgan. After Stalin's death in March 1953, plans for a memorial on Mamayev Kurgan were revitalised. In March 1954,

6592-488: The monument's image, such as taking and sharing photographs online, would remain free. However, commercial use, including placing the image on merchandise or using it for profit, would require permission and could incur royalties ranging from several hundred to tens of thousands of roubles for each use, subject to how and where the statue was depicted. The Motherland Calls is featured on the coat of arms and flag of Volgograd Oblast . Postage stamps and postcards depicting

6695-469: The monument, the head and hands of the sculpture were treated with a waterproofing agent once a year. In 1972, the statue's sword was replaced with a higher-grade steel alloy version featuring jalousie -like slits to reduce wind resistance. The sculpture's surface received a maintenance inspection in 1986; by this time, it had tilted 60 millimetres (2.4 in) from its original vertical axis since its initial assessment in 1966. Between 2008 and 2009,

6798-428: The mosaics to the Pantheon's interior walls in early 1967, they discovered inconsistencies in the glass tiles. With only four months until the scheduled opening, Vuchetich urgently sought intervention from officials to expedite a solution. Supplementary glass was quickly produced and delivered, and several hundred soldiers from a local garrison were enlisted to aid in construction. The crews worked diligently, completing

6901-404: The mound to a distance of at least 273 metres (896 ft) from the statue's base to improve drainage around the structure. The statue's foundation was reinforced, and several thousand cubic metres of extra earth were backfilled to create a levee around the pedestal. However, these adjustments necessitated the removal of several graves previously located at the hill's summit and a reduction in

7004-498: The names of 7,200 Russian soldiers who died in the battle for Stalingrad. Around the ceiling of the chamber is the following inscription: "...Yes, we were mere mortals, and few of us survived (the German siege). But we all fulfilled our patriotic duty to our sacred Motherland." The hall's upper exit leads to the base of a pathway, which in turn zigzags uphill to the Mother Russia Is Calling! statue itself. Also at

7107-519: The night before. A staff officer with the division that made the town their headquarters wrote of their conditions: "The rooms were filled with about 90 children. There was an indescribable amount of filth; Rags, diapers, refuse lay everywhere. Countless flies cover the children, some of whom were naked. Almost all of the children were crying or whimpering. The stench was unbearable. In the above mentioned case, measures were taken against women and children which were no different from atrocities committed by

7210-457: The other side of the pool are six sculptures, the first of which bears the inscription: "We've stood out and defeated death." The second and third sculptures commemorate military nurses and, respectively, sea soldiers. The fourth sculpture is dedicated to the officers who led the battle to protect Stalingrad. The fifth sculpture tells the story of "Saving the Banner". The sixth sculpture commemorates

7313-410: The question of whether the sculpture looked better after its restoration, with some calling on those who worked on the project to "restore it themselves, with their own money". An assessment of the reliability and safety of the structure was planned to be conducted in 2023. As of 2024, the dark spots on the statue were still noticeable. In 2017, a supporter of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny

7416-548: The region west of Székesfehérvár . After the failure of the offensive, the army held the line until the Soviet Vienna Offensive on 16 March 1945. This offensive tore a gap in the 6th Army between the IV SS Panzer Corps and the 3rd Hungarian Army (subordinated to Balck's command), shattering the formation. By the end of March 1945, the 6th Army was retreating towards Vienna. It surrendered to

7519-437: The sculpture funded by the federal budget began in 2010. Initial steps included replacing the piezometric network (a system for measuring pressure) to allow for hydrogeological monitoring, studying the reinforced concrete's condition, and analysing cracks and other defects. In 2014, the sculpture, along with the surrounding complex, was listed as a tentative candidate for UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites . Following

7622-626: The sculpture were issued in the Soviet Union for the 20th anniversary of the founding of the International Federation of Resistance Fighters in 1971 and the 30th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad in 1973; a postcard with the statue was issued in Russia to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the battle in 2002. The sculpture also appears on a commemorative 100- rouble coin issued by the Central Bank of Russia in 2013, and

7725-477: The significance of the memorial in preserving the memory of the war and its heroes, and praised the Soviet people's enduring loyalty to the Communist Party and its Central Committee . The years after the statue's dedication were primarily marked by alterations and several attempts at restoration. A year after the monument's opening, cracks had already started to form on the statue's surface. To preserve

7828-593: The size of the plaza where the Grief of the Motherland statue and the Pantheon, which had replaced the Panorama due to issues with the latter's foundation, were situated. These remedial efforts continued into 1967. In May 1966, crews hoisted and secured the 14-ton, 28-metre-long (92 ft) sword into the statue's right hand. The sword was constructed from stainless steel and bolstered by plates made from titanium . However, by late August, strong winds revealed that

7931-507: The slopes of the hill, composed of trenches, barbed-wire and minefields. The Germans pushed forward against the hill, taking heavy casualties. When they finally captured the hill, they started firing on the city centre, as well as on the city's main railway station under the hill. They captured the Volgograd railway station on 14 September 1942. On the same day, the Soviet 13th Guards Rifle Division commanded by Alexander Rodimtsev arrived in

8034-1233: The soldier must learn fully to appreciate the necessity for the severe but just retribution that must be meted out to the subhuman species of Jewry. A further purpose of this retribution is the annihilation of revolts in hinterland which, as experience proves , have always been caused by Jews. Das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdisch-bolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis. Der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee und der Rächer für alle Bestialitäten, die deutschem und artverwandtem Volkstum zugefügt wurden. Deshalb muss der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben. Sie hat den weiteren Zweck, Erhebungen im Rücken der Wehrmacht, die erfahrungsgemäß stets von Juden angezettelt wurden, im Keime zu ersticken. — Conduct of Troops in Eastern Territories Immediately after this order

8137-500: The soldiers themselves, upon the sides of various ruined buildings throughout the city. Atop the steps, past the walls, is the Square of Heroes ; this is dominated by another large pool of water. On one side of the pool is a wall bearing this inscription: With an iron wind blowing straight into their faces, they were still marching forward; and fear seized the enemy. Were these people who were attacking? Were they even mortal at all ? On

8240-416: The spring and summer to meet this deadline, completing the earthen levee surrounding the main monument's pedestal, relocating the remaining leaking irrigation pipes and reservoirs, reinforcing the sword, installing sound and lighting systems across the complex, and setting in place the final sculptural and landscaping elements. The last major obstacle arose from complications with the Pantheon; as crews applied

8343-410: The stability of the surrounding soil, prompting geological investigations that uncovered several critical deficiencies in the initial surveys. For instance, examinations of Mamayev Kurgan's substrata were only carried out to a depth of 9 metres (30 ft), rather than the necessary depth of at least 46 metres (151 ft). Additionally, there had been no measurement of the soil's compression under

8446-471: The statue be redesigned; Akhiyaretdinov argued that the statue did not comply with Islamic and Eastern Orthodox dress standards due to the depiction of the statue's nipples. A criminal investigation against Akhiyaretdinov was initiated on 10 May 2024 following orders from investigative committee chairman Alexander Bastrykin . On 5 April 2024, a 23-year-old woman from Samara was sentenced to ten months of forced labour for "rehabilitating Nazism " after posting

8549-508: The statue from its game after receiving criticism from users on Twitter . United States senator Ted Cruz was criticised for featuring the sculpture on the cover of his book Justice Corrupted: How the Left Weaponized Our Legal System . In February 2024, Bashkir activist Rasul Akhiyaretdinov faced criticism from pro-Russian online circles after he petitioned on social media for Vladimir Putin to order that

8652-466: The statue's base. In early 2019, the observation deck at the foot of the statue was closed off to visitors until March of the following year to allow for additional restoration work to its pedestal, surface, and framework. In May, the sculpture had begun to be covered in scaffolding, and the granite slabs at the pedestal were removed. Restoration on the external features of the monument continued from July to November, including cracks being filled in and

8755-429: The statue's post-renovation appearance, arguing that the statue was in a worse condition than it had been before its restoration; his comments received criticism from residents of Volgograd, who insisted that he be punished for insulting the memory of those who died in the Battle of Stalingrad. By early 2021, dark spots and more cracks were noticed on the surface of the statue, prompting the filing of an application with

8858-471: The statue's weight, nor was there any consideration of how the expansion of waterlogged clay could impact the foundation. No comprehensive assessment was made of potential groundwater sources, and no tests to evaluate the stability of the mound's slope were conducted. Addressing these issues required significant effort and expense; in early 1966, officials concluded that the only solution involved relocating all water supply pipes and reservoirs buried within

8961-548: The statue, nearly injuring passersby, and it had tilted approximately 20 centimetres (7.9 in), with further tilting risking collapse. Estimated costs to repair the structural issues were over $ 7 million USD (equivalent to $ 9,664,521 in 2023); however, efforts to secure funding for restoration were complicated by the Great Recession , and previous attempts to allocate government funds for restoration had been undermined by misappropriation. Large-scale restoration work on

9064-552: The structure if the moisture of its soil remained low. Nikitin noted that the foundation, initially designed for a statue half the height, required an investigation to confirm its suitability. Almost immediately following his report, the Ministry sent a team to Volgograd to thoroughly investigate the issues. Construction on The Motherland Calls commenced in November 1963. The statue, made entirely of reinforced concrete , used

9167-412: The structure. A radio transmitter was installed in the statue's head to transmit data on ground vibrations , surface temperatures, and humidity. Passageways within the statue were built to allow for interior inspections, while the exterior would be visually examined. Initially, crews focused on assembling the metal framework designed to support the internal diaphragms, followed by welding the rebar for

9270-467: The surface being painted with white lead . In November, the scaffolding and the pedestal's slabs were removed, with internal renovations to be finished before Victory Day on 9 May 2020, the 75th anniversary of the end of the battle. The restoration of the monument was completed in March 2020; however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the reopening ceremony that had originally been planned for Victory Day

9373-441: The sword and its anchoring structure were subjected to lateral forces that had not been accurately accounted for. The sword's tip was observed wavering by nearly 1 foot (0.30 m) in either direction, posing a risk to the integrity of the joint connecting the arm to the metal framework. This movement resulted in visible cracks in the concrete surface around the area. A committee was formed to investigate further, who concluded that

9476-477: The tight spaces. Each 4-metre-high section was capped with a horizontal diaphragm, serving as the foundation for the next section. The statue's head, arms, and scarf were cast separately and attached using cantilevered junctions and large steel bolts, with the metal sword anchored in the right hand. Its stability was ensured by a complex system of steel tension cables to counteract wind forces, monitored by seismographic and meteorological instruments inside

9579-521: The town of Verkhne-Kumsky and reaching the river Myshkova, the 4th Panzer Army was eventually halted and later forced to withdraw due to the threat posed to its rear by Operation Little Saturn . Also contributing to Winter Storm's failure was Adolf Hitler's refusal to approve of Operation Thunderclap, a planned breakout attempt by the 6th Army, to occur simultaneously. The 6th Army surrendered between 31 January and 2 February 1943. German casualties were 147,200 killed and wounded and over 91,000 captured,

9682-532: The valour of those who fought in the battle, the importance of remembering past sacrifices, and the role of the Red Army in defeating fascism. Premier Leonid Brezhnev 's keynote address framed the monument as a testament to Soviet unity and postwar recovery, while also emphasising the USSR's commitment to peace and culture in contrast to American actions during the Vietnam War . The speeches collectively stressed

9785-585: Was a major conflict between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on the Eastern Front of World War II , fought over six months from July 1942 to February 1943. The battle resulted in a decisive Soviet victory but came at a tremendous cost, with over a million estimated Soviet deaths. The battle was quickly mythologised in Soviet culture, and was widely referred to as the turning point in the war in Soviet history textbooks. The idea of commemorating

9888-408: Was a reinforced concrete membrane varying in thickness from 25 to 60 centimetres (9.8 to 23.6 in). Construction involved pouring concrete in 50-centimetre (20 in) increments into the forms shaping the vertical diaphragms, allowing each layer to harden before proceeding. Workers used small vibrators to settle the concrete, eliminate air pockets, and ensure even pours, working manually due to

9991-585: Was accused of desecrating a Russian military symbol after publishing an edited image of the sculpture with its face and one of its hands recoloured green, mimicking Navalny's appearance after he was targeted by a zelyonka attack . Navalny was later blamed for the incident during a trial in February 2021. In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, a video game developer company in Belarus removed

10094-457: Was also reburied there, in 2006. Mamayev Kurgan is accessible by a flight of stairs leading to the Avenue of Poplars, flanked on either side by poplar trees . From there, a second flight of steps leads to the statue of a muscular and shirtless Russian soldier. This statue, named Stand To the Death! , is carved from rock and surrounded by a large pool of water; it bears the inscription ...And not

10197-408: Was chosen by Vuchetich to be the model for the sculpture, while the face of the statue is believed to have been based on that of Vuchetich's wife. The choice to make The Motherland Calls the primary feature of the monument complex was met with derision from Soviet military officials, including generals Andrey Yeryomenko and Mikhail Shumilov , who believed the statue's design would detract from

10300-418: Was held in Russia. In late 2018, the construction company Glavzarubezhstroy completed preparations for the external restoration of the sculpture, which included creating access for special equipment, fencing off the area for material storage and worker camps, installing a two-metre fence around the sculpture, removing the lawn, setting up external lighting for the duration of the work, and digging trenches around

10403-473: Was issued, Sixth Army records show a dramatic increase in shootings, rapes and massacres committed by Sixth Army constituent units. The BBC upon examining the now released records of the Sixth Army, stated that there were "so many executions, and so many victims that it was impossible to keep them a secret." The Sixth Army confiscated large quantities of food to be used by its troops, creating acute food shortages in Ukraine. By January 1942, around one-third of

10506-551: Was launched during the 46-day-long Siege of Budapest . After the failure of Konrad III, the 6th Army was made part of " Army Group Balck " ( Armeegruppe Balck ). This army group fell back to the area near Lake Balaton . Several units, including the III Panzer Corps, took part in Operation Spring Awakening , while the rest of the Sixth Army provided defence for the left flank of the offensive, in

10609-494: Was postponed. A virtual tour of the structure and the surrounding complex was made available online in lieu of public visitations. The monument complex was reopened on 24 June 2020, with a ceremony hosted by Volgograd governor Andrey Bocharov and Russian Minister of Culture Olga Lyubimova . In total, the cost of renovating the sculpture alone cost approximately 750 million roubles (equivalent to $ 11,296,607 USD in 2023). In August, Russian designer Artemy Lebedev criticised

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