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24-488: There are a number of theories on the origin of the name Mamilla . John Gray writes that it may be a corruption of the Hebrew word for 'the filler' (m'malle'), though that is uncertain. According to Vincent and Abel , the name of the pool may be derived from a Byzantine-period woman, Mamilla being a Latin female name, possibly abbreviated from Maximilla . They mention in this context a 9th-century pilgrim who wrote that

48-735: A "founder" of biblical archaeology , and he influenced much of future archaeological field work. Examples of his finds in Jerusalem include the Siloam tunnel and Robinson's Arch in the Old City ; the latter was named in his honor. The two men returned to Ottoman Palestine in 1852 for further investigations. In 1856, the enlarged edition of Biblical Researches was published simultaneously in English and German. Among those who later acknowledged Robinson’s stature, in 1941 G. Ernest Wright, reviewing

72-536: A death toll of 60,000 people before the Persian authorities put an end to the killing. The eyewitness account of Strategius of St. Sabas narrates: "Jews ransomed the Christians from the hands of the Persian soldiers for good money, and slaughtered them with great joy at Mamilla Pool, and it ran with blood." The Sulha al-Quds , the treaty of Jerusalem's capitulation to Muslim forces in 638, can only be understood in

96-402: A small room. There is a drainage pipe, measuring 53 cm in diameter at the exit of the pool and is later reduced to 23 cm, and which once allowed the flow of water into the city to be regulated. With the first rains, the pool hosts an ecosystem of crabs, frogs, and insects. During spring, it becomes a haven for migrating birds. In 1997, a previously unknown species of tree frog was discovered in

120-525: A year before by Marie-Joseph Lagrange . Vincent remained there all his life, with the exception of long stays in France during the World Wars. At the École Biblique, Louis Vincent studied and was ordained a Catholic priest. Soon he became one of the most learned scholars in the field of biblical archaeology, including ceramics and ancient objects, lecturing on archaeology at the school. He came to know all

144-412: Is more likely that the church was named after the pool, rather than the other way around, a theory proposed for instance by George Williams and Robert Willis in 1849, who saw the pool named for a church that once stood near the pool and dedicated to Saint Mamilla or Babila . The pool's original date of construction is unknown. Biblical scholar Edward Robinson speculated that the pool may have been

168-755: The Dominican Order , who was educated at Jerusalem's École Biblique . He undertook important archaeological research in Palestine (region) , primarily during the Mandatory Palestine period. He was born on 31 August 1872 in Isère in the commune of Vernioz , near Lyon . Immediately after his Dominican novitiate training, in 1891, he was sent to Jerusalem at the Biblical School (" École Biblique ") of St. Stephen's Basilica , founded

192-652: The Upper Pool mentioned in the Book of Isaiah ( Isaiah 36:2 ), seeing that it is the only pool situated on the highest ground outside of Jerusalem, and entraps the runoff waters of the upper watercourse of the Hinnom valley . Others have speculated that it may have been the Serpent's Pool mentioned by Josephus . A Herodian construction date, proposed by older researchers, has been disputed by more recent studies, which date

216-475: The 19th century, Horatio Balch Hackett described the pool: At the distance of several hundred yards we come to another pool, Birket el-Mamilla , generally supposed to be the Upper Gihon of Scripture, (Isaiah 36, 2.) This reservoir is still used, and on the ninth of April contained three or more feet of water. It is about three hundred feet long, two hundred wide, and twenty feet deep. It has steps at two of

240-767: The Jerusalem Center Site Preservation Council attributes the construction of the Mamilla Pool itself to Herod. The possibility that the pool was built during the Byzantine period has had its supporters among researchers for at least a century. Following the Persian capture of Jerusalem from the Byzantines in 614, tens of thousands of Christians were massacred by Jews at the pool. Israeli archaeologist Ronny Reich estimates

264-929: The New Testament (1836; last revision, 1850) became a standard authority in the United States and was reprinted several times in Great Britain. Robinson was born in Southington, Connecticut , and raised on a farm. His father was a minister in the Congregational Church of the town for four decades. Robinson taught at schools in East Haven and Farmington in 1810–11 to earn money for college. He attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York , where his maternal uncle, Seth Norton,

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288-683: The archaeological sites in the Holy Land. He carried out excavations with Father Roland de Vaux in Tirzah , now in the West Bank . Vincent was also involved in the excavations conducted at the underground street of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem during the 1930s, and which he proposed may have been part of the Antonia fortress , a view later rejected by Pierre Benoit who claimed that it was merely

312-716: The company of Eli Smith . He published Biblical Researches in Palestine in 1841, for which he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1842. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1847. Together with Smith, Robinson made scores of identifications of ancient places referenced the Bible. His work established his enduring reputation as

336-629: The construction of the pool to the Byzantine period. The older theory is based on the fact that during the rule of Herod the Great (37–4 BCE), improvements were made to the water supply system in Jerusalem. It posits that two new pools constructed during his reign, the Pool of the Towers and the Serpent's Pool ( Birket es-Sultan or Sultan's Pool), were fed by the Mamilla Pool via aqueducts. Itzik Schwiki of

360-661: The context of the massacre at Mamilla. In it, the Christian Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem required that the Arab ruler Umar protect the people of Jerusalem from the Jews. During the period of Crusader rule over Jerusalem in the 12th century, Mamilla pool was known as the Patriarch's Lake , and the Pool of Hezekiah inside the city walls that it fed was known as the Pool of the Patriarch's Bath . In

384-415: The corners, which enable the people not only to descend and fetch up water, but to lead down animals to drink. It is customary, also, to bathe here. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli war , the Jerusalem municipality temporarily tried to connect the pool to the Jerusalem water supply, and coated the pool with cement. Eventually, the pool fell into disuse. The pool's dimensions as recorded by Edward Robinson in

408-561: The couple returned to the United States, Robinson was appointed professor extraordinary of sacred literature at Andover Theological Seminary (1830–1833). Robinson founded the Biblical Repository (1831), which he edited for four years. In 1836, Robinson published both a translation of Wilhelm Gesenius ' Hebrew Lexicon and a Greek New Testament Lexicon. He established the Bibliotheca Sacra (1843), into which

432-421: The mid-19th century give a depth of 18 feet (5.5 m), a length of 316 feet (96 m), and a width of 200 feet (61 m) at its western end and 218 feet (66 m) at its eastern end. In 2008, the dimensions are given as 291 feet (89 m) x 192 feet (59 m) x 19 feet (5.8 m). Scholars have noted that a cistern at the bottom, below the lower end of a Mamilla pool, leads to a staircase that ends in

456-645: The pavement of the eastern forum of Aelia Capitolina built by Hadrian in the 2nd century CE. He published many articles in the Revue Biblique journal, of which he was the editor-in-chief between 1931 and 1938. Vincent died on 30 December 1960. His tomb is in the Old City of Jerusalem in the courtyard of the Dominican convent near the Damascus Gate . Edward Robinson (scholar) Edward Robinson (April 10, 1794 – January 27, 1863)

480-560: The pool was named after a pious matron, Mamilla, the wife of Thomas, who survived the 614 fall of the city . This they find to be plausible, conceding that there was no proof for the connection as of 1922. They further speculated that she might have sponsored the construction of the pool in a year of drought, for the benefit of the quarter adjacent to the Church of the Resurrection . Pringle concurs in 1993 with Vincent & Abel that it

504-414: The pool. The researchers named their find Hyla heinzsteinitzi , in honor of Heinz Steinitz , a deceased Israeli marine biologist. Hyla heinzsteinitzi is now a synonym for H. japonica and thought to have been introduced. As of 2007, the species is assumed to be extinct. Louis-Hugues Vincent Louis-Hugues Vincent OP (31 August 1872 – 30 December 1960) was a French archaeologist , friar of

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528-702: Was a professor. He graduated in 1816. In 1821, he went to Andover, Massachusetts , where he published his translation of books i–ix, xviii and xix of the Iliad . There he aided Moses Stuart in the preparation of the second edition (1823) of the latter's Hebrew Grammar. He translated into English (1825) Wahl's Clavis Philologica Novi Testamenti . Robinson went to Europe to study ancient languages, largely in Halle and Berlin (1826–30). While in Halle, in 1828 he married German writer Therese Albertine Luise von Jakob . After

552-568: Was an American biblical scholar known for his magnum opus, Biblical Researches in Palestine , the first major work in biblical geography and biblical archaeology , which earned him the epithets "Father of Biblical Geography" and "Founder of Modern Palestinology." He studied in the United States and Germany, centers of biblical scholarship and exploration of the Bible as history . He translated scriptural works from classical languages as well as German translations. His Greek and English Lexicon of

576-614: Was merged the Biblical Repository . He spent three years in Boston working on a lexicon of scriptural Greek. Illness caused him to move to New York City . He was appointed as professor of biblical literature at Union Theological Seminary , serving from 1837 until his death. At the Union Theological Seminary, he served as the first librarian of the Burke Library . Robinson traveled to Palestine in 1838 in

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