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97-1795: Mamoru Gender Male Origin Word/name Japanese Meaning Different meanings depending on the kanji used Mamoru (まもる, マモル) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include: Marcus Mamoru Toji (born 1984), American actor Mamoru Fujieda ( 藤枝 守 , born 1955) , Japanese composer Mamoru Fujisawa or Joe Hisaishi ( 藤澤 守 or 久石 譲 , born 1950) , Japanese composer best known for his work with animator Hayao Miyazaki Mamoru Hamatsu ( 浜津 守 , born 1954) , anime director Mamoru Hatakeyama ( 畠山 鎮 , born 1969) , Japanese shogi player Mamoru Hosoda ( 細田 守 , born 1967) , Japanese film director Mamoru Imura ( 井村 守 , born 1948) , Japanese inventor, music composer, and Chief Executive Officer of VitaCraft and VitaCraft Japan Mamoru Inagaki ( 稲垣 守 , born 1949) , Olympics marksmen Mamoru Kanbe ( 神戸 守 , born 1962) , Japanese anime director Mamoru Kuroiwa ( 黒岩 守 , born 1962) , Japanese boxer Mamoru Morimoto ( 森本 葵 , born 1939) , Japanese middle-distance runner Mamoru Miyano ( 宮野 真守 , born 1983) , Japanese actor and voice actor Mamoru Mohri ( 毛利 衛 , born 1948) , Japanese astronaut Mamoru Nagano ( 永野 護 , born 1960) , Japanese mechanical designer, character designer, and manga artist Mamoru Oshii ( 押井 守 , born 1951) , Japanese film director Mamoru Samuragochi ( 佐村河内 守 , born 1963) , Japanese composer Mamoru Sato (born 1937), American modernist sculptor Mamoru Seki ( 関 衛 , 1909–1942) , Imperial Japanese Navy officer Mamoru Shigemitsu ( 重光 葵 , 1887–1957) , Japanese Minister of Foreign affairs at

194-413: A kun -reading) ; kun -only are common for Japanese-coined kanji ( kokuji ). Some common kanji have ten or more possible readings; the most complex common example is 生 , which is read as sei , shō , nama , ki , o-u , i-kiru , i-kasu , i-keru , u-mu , u-mareru , ha-eru , and ha-yasu , totaling eight basic readings (the first two are on , while

291-544: A ⟨g⟩ element to encode any non-standard character or glyph, including gaiji. The g stands for gaiji . There is no definitive count of kanji characters, just as there is none of Chinese characters generally. The Dai Kan-Wa Jiten , which is considered to be comprehensive in Japan, contains about 50,000 characters. The Zhonghua Zihai , published in 1994 in China, contains about 85,000 characters, but

388-445: A North American release. Forbidden Siren 2 received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic . Eurogamer ' s Kristan Reed said that the game improved on many of the problems of the predecessor (especially the difficulty level and trial-and-error nature of the gameplay), but simultaneously fell somewhat short of the original. VideoGamer.com's Chris Pickering (a fan of Siren ) also said that

485-885: A character in Higurashi no Naku Koro ni visual novel and anime series Mamoru Amami ( 天海 護 ) , a character in The King of Braves GaoGaiGar Mamoru Chiba ( 地場 衛 ) , a character in the Sailor Moon series Mamoru Endo ( 円堂 守 ) , a character in the Inazuma Eleven Mamoru Itou ( 伊東 守 ) , a character in From the New World Mamoru Itsuki ( 一樹 守 ) , a character in Forbidden Siren 2 Mamoru Izawa ( 井沢 守 ) ,

582-828: A character in the Captain Tsubasa series Mamoru Kagemori ( 陰守 マモル ) , a character in Kage Kara Mamoru! Mamoru Kodai ( 古代 守 ) , a character in Space Battleship Yamato Mamoru Takamura ( 鷹村 守 ) , a character in the Hajime no Ippo series Mamoru Yoshimura ( 吉村 護 ) , a character in Mamoru-kun ni Megami no Shukufuku wo! Mamoru-kun, the anthropomorphic canine mascot for Fukuoka Prefecture 's disaster prevention, created by CyberConnect2 . Mamoru-kun

679-476: A dog-like yamibito. Ichiko flees, and again becomes possessed by Otoshigo and mindlessly kills any yamibito she encounters. Yorito finds Ichiko's bracelet, and uses it to bring her back to her senses. Meanwhile, Mamoru boards the Bright Win to destroy as many yamibito as he can, knowing it was his fault they were released. He discovers that Tomoe has transformed into a dog yamibito roaming the ship. Having fled

776-400: A flare gun. He kills and frees the soul of Okita, before being confronted by Takeaki, transformed into a kou-yamibito. Yorito defeats Takeaki, but Ichiko appears, her face swollen into a single eye. She transforms into Otoshigo and attacks Yorito. He destroys the creature, celebrating, as he believes the nightmare is over. Back on the tower, Ikuko and Mamoru are reunited. Ikuko stabs Tomoe with

873-512: A human so comfortable that she forgets her original purpose and settles into a normal life. Meanwhile, Yuri Kishida, an innocent young girl, is kidnapped by Mother and hidden in a warehouse in Sanzu Harbor. Mother creates another avatar using Yuri's identity, and sends her to visit Ryuko, killing her for failing in her mission. Yuri then heads to Sanzu Harbour to watch the departure of the protagonists for Yamijima Island, as Mother knows that

970-737: A label for its sound), kanji are also called mana ( 真名 , literally "true name", in reference to the character being used as a label for its meaning). In modern Japanese, kanji are used to write certain words or parts of words (usually content words such as nouns , adjective stems , and verb stems ), while hiragana are used to write inflected verb and adjective endings, phonetic complements to disambiguate readings ( okurigana ), particles , and miscellaneous words which have no kanji or whose kanji are considered obscure or too difficult to read or remember. Katakana are mostly used for representing onomatopoeia , non-Japanese loanwords (except those borrowed from ancient Chinese ),

1067-454: A long gairaigo word may be the reading (this is classed as kun'yomi —see single character gairaigo , below)—the character 糎 has the seven kana reading センチメートル senchimētoru "centimeter", though it is generally written as "cm" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space); another common example is '%' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading パーセント pāsento . There are many kanji compounds that use

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1164-614: A mixture of on'yomi and kun'yomi , known as jūbako ( 重箱 , multi-layered food box) or yutō ( 湯桶 , hot liquid pail) words (depending on the order), which are themselves examples of this kind of compound (they are autological words ): the first character of jūbako is read using on'yomi , the second kun'yomi ( on-kun , Japanese : 重箱読み ). It is the other way around with yu-tō ( kun-on , Japanese : 湯桶読み ). Formally, these are referred to as jūbako-yomi ( 重箱読み , jūbako reading) and yutō-yomi ( 湯桶読み , yutō reading) . In both these words,

1261-430: A new kanji spelling is produced. Most often the word is a noun, which may be a simple noun (not a compound or derived from a verb), or may be a verb form or a fusional pronunciation. For example, the word 相撲 ( sumō , “ sumo ”) is originally from the verb 争う ( sumau , “to vie, to compete”), while 今日 ( kyō , “today”) is fusional (from older ke , “this” + fu , “day”). In rare cases, jukujikun

1358-520: A number of Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Man'yōgana written in cursive style evolved into hiragana (literally "fluttering kana " in reference to the motion of the brush during cursive writing), or onna-de , that is, "ladies' hand", a writing system that was accessible to women (who were denied higher education ). Major works of Heian-era literature by women were written in hiragana . Katakana (literally "partial kana ", in reference to

1455-534: A problem for information interchange, as the code point used to represent an external character will not be consistent from one computer or operating system to another. Gaiji were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997 where the available number of code-points was reduced to only 940. JIS X 0213-2000 used the entire range of code-points previously allocated to gaiji , making them completely unusable. Most desktop and mobile systems have moved to Unicode negating

1552-440: A single word will have many such kanji spellings. An extreme example is hototogisu ( lesser cuckoo ) , which may be spelt in many ways, including 杜鵑 , 時鳥 , 子規 , 不如帰 , 霍公鳥 , 蜀魂 , 沓手鳥 , 杜宇 , 田鵑 , 沓直鳥 , and 郭公 —many of these variant spellings are particular to haiku poems. Forbidden Siren 2 The game tells the story of several characters who become trapped on Yamijima Island, off

1649-450: A surname). This phenomenon is observed in animal names that are shortened and used as suffixes for zoological compound names, for example when 黄金虫 , normally read as koganemushi , is shortened to kogane in 黒黄金虫 kurokogane , although zoological names are commonly spelled with katakana rather than with kanji. Outside zoology, this type of shortening only occurs on a handful of words, for example 大元帥 daigen(sui) , or

1746-696: A total of 2,528 characters, showing the standard for kanji used by ministries and agencies and in general society. In 1946, after World War II and under the Allied Occupation of Japan , the Japanese government, guided by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , instituted a series of orthographic reforms, to help children learn and to simplify kanji use in literature and periodicals. The number of characters in circulation

1843-542: A young woman washed up on the shore. The woman, Kanae, bears an extraordinary resemblance to Shu's dead mother. The two become inseparable and Kanae moves in with Shu and his father. The Yamijima locals fear her because of her aversion to sunlight. Kanae is actually an avatar of Mother, tasked with manipulating Shu into opening the seven gates of the Underworld, which are located on Yamijima Island, and keep Mother imprisoned. Before Kanae can complete her mission, Tsuneo Ohta,

1940-427: Is jukujikun for tonakai , from Ainu, but the on'yomi reading of junroku is also used. In some cases, Japanese coinages have subsequently been borrowed back into Chinese , such as 鮟鱇 ( ankō , “ monkfish ”). The underlying word for jukujikun is a native Japanese word or foreign borrowing, which either does not have an existing kanji spelling (either kun'yomi or ateji ) or for which

2037-455: Is a reading based on the pronunciation of a native Japanese word, or yamato kotoba , that closely approximated the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced. As with on'yomi , there can be multiple kun'yomi for the same kanji, and some kanji have no kun'yomi at all. Ateji ( 当て字 ) are characters used only for their sounds. In this case, pronunciation

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2134-444: Is afraid of them, and can't bear the light from their torches. As the group talk, a red tsunami appears and an earthquake rocks the island as a siren rings out. Meanwhile, Shu awakens near his old house, which is unchanged from 1976. He enters to see his four-year-old self holding the body of his dead father. Tsuneo arrives, intending to kill Kanae, but Shu's father resurrects as a shibito and chases him. Elsewhere, Shigeru meets Ichiko,

2231-534: Is also applied to inflectional words (verbs and adjectives), in which case there is frequently a corresponding Chinese word. The most common example of an inflectional jukujikun is the adjective 可愛い ( kawai-i , “cute”), originally kawafayu-i ; the word ( 可愛 ) is used in Chinese , but the corresponding on'yomi is not used in Japanese. By contrast, "appropriate" can be either 相応しい ( fusawa-shii , as jukujikun ) or 相応 ( sōō , as on'yomi ). Which reading to use can be discerned by

2328-567: Is determined by contextual cues (such as whether the character represents part of a compound word versus an independent word), the exact intended meaning of the word, and its position within the sentence. For example, 今日 is mostly read kyō , meaning "today", but in formal writing it is instead read konnichi , meaning "nowadays", which is understood from context. Furigana is used to specify ambiguous readings, such as rare, literary, or otherwise non-standard readings. This ambiguity may arise due to more than one reading becoming activated in

2425-602: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Kanji Kanji ( 漢字 , Japanese pronunciation: [kaɲdʑi] ) are the logographic Chinese characters adapted from the Chinese script used in the writing of Japanese . They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequently-derived syllabic scripts of hiragana and katakana . The characters have Japanese pronunciations ; most have two, with one based on

2522-432: Is enveloped. Elsewhere on the island, Mother's siren sounds, signifying her release, prompting Ichiko to kill Shigeru. Back in the Underworld, Mother, now free from her prison, gives birth to hundreds of yamirei - albino slug-like creatures. Soji, Akiko, Ikuko and Mamoru flee, but Ikuko and Mamoru become trapped. As they are about to be killed, a group of shiryos (the spirits that animate the dead into shibito) pour down into

2619-430: Is horrified to see Shigeru's corpse at her feet. She has a flashback of falling overboard the Bright Win and sinking to the bottom of the ocean. She was resurrected and possessed by Otoshigo, Mother's mate. Meanwhile, Shigeru is resurrected as a yamibito. Takeaki encounters Ichiko, and demands answers, Yorito appears, and fearing for Ichiko's life, shoots Takeaki in the back. Yorito leaves with Ichiko and they are attacked by

2716-434: Is no longer a wanted felon. Elsewhere, Yorito awakens on a dimly lit boulevard. He notices yamibito strolling past, casually going about everyday activity; one pushing a pram, one purchasing items from a stall, child yamibito playing. The sun is hidden beyond a permanent total eclipse . Unable to tell if what he is seeing is reality or an illusion, he screams and opens fire on the yamibito, gunning down many as they flee. At

2813-953: Is still based on a standard reading, or used only for meaning (broadly a form of ateji , narrowly jukujikun ). Therefore, only the full compound—not the individual character—has a reading. There are also special cases where the reading is completely different, often based on a historical or traditional reading. The analogous phenomenon occurs to a much lesser degree in Chinese varieties , where there are literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters —borrowed readings and native readings. In Chinese these borrowed readings and native readings are etymologically related, since they are between Chinese varieties (which are related), not from Chinese to Japanese (which are not related). They thus form doublets and are generally similar, analogous to different on'yomi , reflecting different stages of Chinese borrowings into Japanese. Longer readings exist for non- Jōyō characters and non-kanji symbols, where

2910-765: Is traditionally used to keep evil spirits from the dead. Akiko finds a mysterious artifact, the Anunnaki Remains. Eventually, she destroys Ryuhei, stabbing him with the branch and freeing his soul. His body transforms into the Mekkoju tree. Akiko receives another vision – Ryuhei's murder. In the vision, Kanae flees, covered in Ryuhei's blood, but as she passes a mirror she sees Akiko's face. In the real world, Akiko collapses, and when she raises her head, she now looks and sounds like Kanae/Yuri. No longer able to resist Mother's power, she becomes another avatar. Ikuko discovers

3007-399: Is where Mother will pass from the fake reality into the real one. He and Yorito ascend the tower and obtain a Mekkoju branch for Tsuneo, now also a kou-yamibito. Tsuneo knocks Yorito off the tower, but Mamoru destroys him, also freeing his soul. Having survived his fall, Yorito vows to destroy every yamirei and yamibito. He discovers the yamirei are living in an old school and destroys it with

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3104-526: The Nihon Shoki and Kojiki , a semi-legendary scholar called Wani was dispatched to Japan by the (Korean) Kingdom of Baekje during the reign of Emperor Ōjin in the early fifth century, bringing with him knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese characters. The earliest Japanese documents were probably written by bilingual Chinese or Korean officials employed at the Yamato court. For example,

3201-406: The kyōiku kanji, plus 1,110 additional kanji taught in junior high and high school. In publishing, characters outside this category are often given furigana . The jōyō kanji were introduced in 1981, replacing an older list of 1,850 characters known as the tōyō kanji ( 当用漢字 , general-use kanji) , introduced in 1946. Originally numbering 1,945 characters, the jōyō kanji list

3298-474: The on'yomi has a long vowel; long vowels in Japanese generally are derived from sound changes common to loans from Chinese, hence distinctive of on'yomi . These are the Japanese form of hybrid words . Other examples include basho ( 場所 , "place", kun-on , 湯桶読み ) , kin'iro ( 金色 , "golden", on-kun , 重箱読み ) and aikidō ( 合気道 , the martial art Aikido ", kun-on-on , 湯桶読み ) . Ateji often use mixed readings. For instance,

3395-655: The Latin alphabet , Cyrillic script , Greek alphabet , Arabic numerals , etc. for use in information processing. They have had numerous revisions. The current standards are: Gaiji ( 外字 , literally "external characters") are kanji that are not represented in existing Japanese encoding systems . These include variant forms of common kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional glyph in reference works and can include non-kanji symbols as well. Gaiji can be either user-defined characters, system-specific characters or third-party add-on products. Both are

3492-417: The yamibito ( 闇人 , yamibito , lit. "darkness people") ). Objectives are interconnected via a butterfly effect , and a character's actions in one scenario can trigger a secondary objective in another. The game's defining feature is "sightjacking," to see and hear from the perspectives of nearby shibito, yamibito, humans, and other creatures. The process is similar to tuning into a radio frequency , with

3589-580: The 1,026 first kanji characters that Japanese children learn in elementary school, from first grade to sixth grade. The grade-level breakdown is known as the gakunen-betsu kanji haitōhyō ( 学年別漢字配当表 ) , or the gakushū kanji ( 学習漢字 ) . This list of kanji is maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education and prescribes which kanji characters and which kanji readings students should learn for each grade. The jōyō kanji ( 常用漢字 , regular-use kanji) are 2,136 characters consisting of all

3686-498: The 5th century AD and has since had a profound influence in shaping Japanese culture, language, literature, history, and records. Inkstone artifacts at archaeological sites dating back to the earlier Yayoi period were also found to contain Chinese characters. Although some characters, as used in Japanese and Chinese, have similar meanings and pronunciations, others have meanings or pronunciations that are unique to one language or

3783-485: The 7th century, a record of trading for cloth and salt. The Japanese language had no written form at the time Chinese characters were introduced, and texts were written and read only in Chinese. Later, during the Heian period (794–1185), a system known as kanbun emerged, which involved using Chinese text with diacritical marks to allow Japanese speakers to read Chinese sentences and restructure them into Japanese on

3880-414: The Anunnaki Remains lodged into the Mekkoju tree, now entwined in the tower. With it, she destroys Shigeru, who has turned into a kou-yamibito, freeing his soul. Meanwhile, on the Bright Win, Mamoru and Yorito scale the tower. Mamoru believes their current reality is fake, a copy of the real world where time has folded back on itself. He believes the pylon reaches the point where two worlds intersect, and that

3977-615: The Chinese pronunciation but was not the Chinese pronunciation or reading itself, similar to the English pronunciation of Latin loanwords. There also exist kanji created by the Japanese and given an on'yomi reading despite not being a Chinese-derived or a Chinese-originating character. Some kanji were introduced from different parts of China at different times, and so have multiple on'yomi , and often multiple meanings. Kanji invented in Japan ( kokuji ) would not normally be expected to have on'yomi , but there are exceptions, such as

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4074-544: The Chinese sound. A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. After the Meiji Restoration , Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as shinjitai , by a process similar to China 's simplification efforts , with the intention to increase literacy among the common folk. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct

4171-419: The Japanese court. In ancient times, paper was so rare that people wrote kanji onto thin, rectangular strips of wood, called mokkan ( 木簡 ). These wooden boards were used for communication between government offices, tags for goods transported between various countries, and the practice of writing. The oldest written kanji in Japan discovered so far were written in ink on wood as a wooden strip dated to

4268-542: The Mekkoju branch, freeing her soul. Mother scales the tower to reach the real world and the tower crumbles as the fake reality fractures. Mamoru and Ikuko are sucked into Mother's plane of existence. As they battle her, Akiko/Kanae appears, imploring for Shu's forgiveness. Akiko exerts control over her body, and kills herself by plunging the Annunaki Remains into her stomach, injuring Mother, and allowing Mamoru and Ikuko to destroy her. Another red tsunami washes over

4365-402: The Underworld, Akiko notices a massive pylon reaching into the sky. She follows a psychic trail to where Shu and Kanae fell into the sea in 1976. Shu contacts Akiko from beyond the grave and asks her to save his father, Ryuhei, who has transformed into a kou-yamibito, a grotesque human/yamirei creature much stronger and more deadly than a normal yamibito. Shu leads her to a sacred tree branch which

4462-519: The abyss and fight the yamirei, giving Ikuko and Mamoru the opportunity to escape. Back in the park, Ikuko destroys the seven gates, preventing the Underworld from releasing any more yamirei. Those already released become yamibito and begin converting the island's shibito. Mamoru and Ikuko escape through the amusement park and are surrounded by yamirei. But dawn breaks, and the light-sensitive yamirei are destroyed. Ikuko tells Mamoru they are both on their own now, and leaves. Coming back to her senses, Ichiko

4559-417: The brain. Kanji readings are categorized as either on'yomi ( 音読み , literally "sound reading" ) , from Chinese, or kun'yomi ( 訓読み , literally "meaning reading" ) , native Japanese, and most characters have at least two readings—at least one of each. However, some characters have only a single reading, such as kiku ( 菊 , "chrysanthemum", an on -reading) or iwashi ( 鰯 , "sardine",

4656-687: The broader sense "nowadays" or "current", such as 今日的 ("present-day"), although in the phrase konnichi wa ("good day"), konnichi is typically spelled wholly with hiragana rather than with the kanji 今日 . Jukujikun are primarily used for some native Japanese words, such as Yamato ( 大和 or 倭 , the name of the dominant ethnic group of Japan, a former Japanese province as well as ancient name for Japan), and for some old borrowings, such as 柳葉魚 ( shishamo , literally "willow leaf fish") from Ainu, 煙草 ( tabako , literally “smoke grass”) from Portuguese, or 麦酒 ( bīru , literally “wheat alcohol”) from Dutch, especially if

4753-400: The character 働 "to work", which has the kun'yomi " hatara(ku) " and the on'yomi " dō ", and 腺 "gland", which has only the on'yomi " sen "—in both cases these come from the on'yomi of the phonetic component, respectively 動 " dō " and 泉 " sen ". The kun'yomi ( 訓読み , [kɯɰ̃jomi] , lit. "meaning reading") , the native reading,

4850-431: The characters' individual on'yomi or kun'yomi . From the point of view of the character, rather than the word, this is known as a nankun ( 難訓 , "difficult reading") , and these are listed in kanji dictionaries under the entry for the character. Gikun are other readings assigned to a character instead of its standard readings. An example is reading 寒 (meaning "cold") as fuyu ("winter") rather than

4947-514: The characters, and only infrequently as konchō , the on'yomi of the characters. The most common reading is kesa , a native bisyllabic Japanese word that may be seen as a single morpheme , or as a compound of ke (“this”, as in kefu , the older reading for 今日 , “today”), and asa , “morning”. Likewise, 今日 ("today") is also jukujikun , usually read with the native reading kyō ; its on'yomi , konnichi , does occur in certain words and expressions, especially in

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5044-454: The city of Sapporo ( サッポロ ), whose name derives from the Ainu language and has no meaning in Japanese, is written with the on-kun compound [札幌] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |4= ( help ) (which includes sokuon as if it were a purely on compound). Gikun ( 義訓 ) and jukujikun ( 熟字訓 ) are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to

5141-406: The coast of mainland Japan. In 1976, during a blackout , the entire population of the island disappeared without a trace or explanation. Twenty-nine years later, in 2005, a journalist is visiting the island to conduct research for an article when the ferry he and a small group of other passengers are on capsizes. Shortly after this, a group of soldiers crash land on the island. The game is played from

5238-442: The creation of light. Mother's mate, Otoshigo, fled to the depths of the ocean. Over time, Mother has been determined to return to the surface, and has sent out avatars (possessed human beings whom she controls) to prepare for her return. However, they continually fail their mission, and never return to the Underworld. In 1976, an underwater cable was cut, and all power to Yamijima Island was lost and four-year-old Shu Mikami finds

5335-488: The diplomatic correspondence from King Bu of Wa to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 478 AD has been praised for its skillful use of allusion . Later, groups of people called fuhito were organized under the monarch to read and write Classical Chinese . During the reign of Empress Suiko (593–628), the Yamato court began sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large increase in Chinese literacy at

5432-618: The education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. There are nearly 3,000 kanji used in Japanese names and in common communication . The term kanji in Japanese literally means " Han characters". It is written in Japanese by using the same characters as in traditional Chinese , and both refer to the character writing system known in Chinese as hanzi ( traditional Chinese : 漢字 ; simplified Chinese : 汉字 ; pinyin : hànzì ; lit. ' Han characters'). The significant use of Chinese characters in Japan first began to take hold around

5529-547: The end of World War II Mamoru Sugiura ( 杉浦 守 , born 1964) , Japanese illustrator/manga artist Mamoru Takashima ( 高島 守 , born 1938) , Japanese ice hockey player Mamoru Takuma ( 宅間 守 , 1963–2004) , Japanese criminal/murderer Mamoru Watanabe ( 渡辺 護 , 1931–2013) , Japanese film director, screenwriter and actor Mamoru Yamada ( 山田 守 , 1894–1966) , Japanese architect Mamoru Yamaguchi ( 山口 マモル , born 1977) , Japanese mixed martial artist Fictional characters [ edit ] Mamoru Akasaka ( 赤坂 衛 ) ,

5626-574: The entire word—rather than each part of the word being centered over its corresponding character, as is often done for the usual phono-semantic readings. Broadly speaking, jukujikun can be considered a form of ateji , though in narrow usage, " ateji " refers specifically to using characters for sound and not meaning (sound-spelling), whereas " jukujikun " refers to using characters for their meaning and not sound (meaning-spelling). Many jukujikun (established meaning-spellings) began as gikun (improvised meaning-spellings). Occasionally,

5723-462: The fly, by changing word order and adding particles and verb endings, in accordance with the rules of Japanese grammar . This was essentially a kind of codified sight translation . Chinese characters also came to be used to write texts in the vernacular Japanese language , resulting in the modern kana syllabaries. Around 650 AD, a writing system called man'yōgana (used in the ancient poetry anthology Man'yōshū ) evolved that used

5820-497: The girl from the ferry, and they run into Tsuneo, who transforms into a shibito and attacks them. He corners them in an ammo depot, but Ichiko smiles at him, causing him to panic and flee. Meanwhile, Tomoe is chased by a group of shibito, and falls down a ravine, fatally impaling herself on an antenna. After surviving the tsunami, the soldiers Takeaki and Yorito board the Bright Win. Takeaki acts strangely, having taken some hallucinogenic medication, and Yorito leaves him. Elsewhere, Soji

5917-421: The head of a group of fishermen, determines she must be killed. On a stormy night, Shu is awoken by the villagers, who have caught Kanae killing his father. Shu discovers the body but flees when he sees a man in the doorway of the house – the man is in fact his older self. Kanae escapes the villagers and reunites with Shu. Trapped by the group on the pier, the stone walkway gives out beneath them and they fall into

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6014-433: The historical male name suffix 右衛門 -emon , which was shortened from the word uemon . The kanji compound for jukujikun is often idiosyncratic and created for the word, and there is no corresponding Chinese word with that spelling. In other cases, a kanji compound for an existing Chinese word is reused, where the Chinese word and on'yomi may or may not be used in Japanese. For example, 馴鹿 (“reindeer”)

6111-449: The island as the fake reality is replaced with the real one, and the timeline is purged. Lying together on the pier, Mamoru and Ikuko are bathed in sunlight as dawn breaks. Looking into the sun, Ikuko squints, as if the light hurts her eyes. Soji is joined on the beach by Tsukasa, and together, they look out at the sun. With the purging of the timeline Soji's past has changed. In the wake of Mother's death, Ryuko Tagawa never existed, so Soji

6208-408: The island in the present day. Awakening on the pier, Mamoru sets out to explore. He encounters a shibito, then meets Yuri, who tells him her mother is imprisoned "in the island", and she needs help to save her. They are accosted by Tomoe, who attacks Yuri, calling her a witch, and accusing her of being the same entity as Kanae. Mamoru and Yuri flee, then encounter Yorito and Takeaki, the soldiers. Yuri

6305-455: The island is Shigeru Fujita, a police officer who has come to investigate reports of a young woman on the apparently deserted island. Also present is Ichiko Yagura, a young schoolgirl, who awakens on board the Bright Win, a ferry that has run aground. The ferry disappeared during a tsunami in 1986, but has inexplicably appeared in the present day, with Ichiko its only passenger. Meanwhile, the villagers who disappeared in 1976 have also reappeared on

6402-442: The island. Ikuko is a dock worker on the boat as a deckhand , but finds herself drawn to the island. A large mass passes the boat unseen, the waves turn red, and a tsunami capsizes the vessel, splitting the passengers up. A military helicopter carrying Private Yorito Nagai, Major Takeaki Misawa and Sergeant Hiroshi Okita crashes on Yamijima Island, killing Okita. Okita transforms into a shibito, forcing Yorito to shoot him. Already on

6499-428: The left analog stick serving as the dial. The clarity of each target depends on the distance from the player, and the direction of the dial depends on the target's orientation to the player. Once a signal is found, it can be assigned to one of the controller's four face buttons to switch between signals. Via sightjacking, the player can discover a shibito's position, patrol route, locations and items of interest. However,

6596-412: The limitation of kanji. After the Meiji Restoration and as Japan entered an era of active exchange with foreign countries, the need for script reform in Japan began to be called for. Some scholars argued for the abolition of kanji and the writing of Japanese using only kana or Latin characters. However, these views were not so widespread. However, the need to limit the number of kanji characters

6693-705: The majority of them are not in common use in any country, and many are obscure variants or archaic forms. A list of 2,136 jōyō kanji is regarded as necessary for functional literacy in Japanese. Approximately a thousand more characters are commonly used and readily understood by the majority in Japan and a few thousand more find occasional use, particularly in specialized fields of study but those may be obscure to most out of context. A total of 13,108 characters can be encoded in various Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji . Individual kanji may be used to write one or more different words or morphemes , leading to different pronunciations or "readings." The correct reading

6790-399: The menu for common interactions no longer pauses the game. Important items remain in the inventory if a player is killed instead of needing to be reattained. The combat system has also been overhauled; characters can now use a three-hit combo attack and attack barehanded. Guns can be used as melee weapons, and there are many more weapons available. The sequel also introduces a new enemy type -

6887-485: The names of plants and animals (with exceptions), and for emphasis on certain words. Since ancient times, there has been a strong opinion in Japan that kanji is the orthodox form of writing, but there were also people who argued against it. Kamo no Mabuchi , a scholar of the Edo period , criticized the large number of characters in kanji. He also appreciated the small number of characters in kana characters and argued for

6984-407: The need for gaiji for most users. Nevertheless, they persist today in Japan's three major mobile phone information portals, where they are used for emoji (pictorial characters). Unicode allows for optional encoding of gaiji in private use areas , while Adobe's SING (Smart INdependent Glyphlets) technology allows the creation of customized gaiji. The Text Encoding Initiative uses

7081-404: The ocean. Shu swims to a small boat, but watches Kanae drown; the experience so traumatic that he goes blind. Meanwhile, Mother sends a tsunami to destroy the villagers in revenge. Local authorities can't explain how Yamijima's undersea power cable was severed, or how the entire population of the island disappeared. In 2005, Ryuko Tagawa has been sent to earth as another avatar. She finds living as

7178-604: The original list published in 1952, but new additions have been made frequently. Sometimes the term jinmeiyō kanji refers to all 2,999 kanji from both the jōyō and jinmeiyō lists combined. Hyōgai kanji ( 表外漢字 , "unlisted characters") are any kanji not contained in the jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji lists. These are generally written using traditional characters, but extended shinjitai forms exist. The Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji and kana define character code-points for each kanji and kana , as well as other forms of writing such as

7275-402: The original, items scattered through scenarios give the player insight into the story. Once obtained, these items are collected in a catalog called "Archives" and can be viewed at any time. The catalog has been expanded to include additional media types such as audio, video, and other interactive supplements. Millennia ago, Mother was an ancient water deity who was imprisoned below the earth upon

7372-485: The other. For example, 誠 means 'honest' in both languages but is pronounced makoto or sei in Japanese, and chéng in Standard Mandarin Chinese . Individual kanji characters and multi-kanji words invented in Japan from Chinese morphemes have been borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese in recent times. These are known as Wasei-kango , or Japanese-made Chinese words. For example,

7469-423: The past when sightjacking in certain areas. Also added is the ability to crouch-walk, a proximity alert that warns the player of nearby enemies, a hint system that guides the player to the current mission objective, three selectable difficulty levels, and an optional first-person mode . Context-sensitive interactions now require only a single button press rather than having to bring up the list menu, and bringing up

7566-412: The person who will release her is among them. At the harbor a grown Shu, Mamoru Itsuki, Soji Abe, Akiko Kiyota and Ikuko Kifune board a small boat heading for Yamijima Island. Mamoru wants to investigate the mystery of 1976 for a magazine article. Shu is returning to the island in an attempt to rediscover lost childhood memories. Soji has been accused of Ryuko's murder and, along with Akiko, is fleeing to

7663-547: The perspective of these characters, and out of chronological order, as the protagonists attempt to survive the island's monsters and discover its mystery. Like its predecessor, Forbidden Siren 2 is divided into numerous scenarios, organized chronologically in a table called the "Link Navigator". In order to complete a scenario, the player must accomplish a primary mission objective that usually involves reaching an exit point, finding an item, or subduing certain enemies (called shibito ( 屍人 , shibito , lit. "corpse people") and

7760-427: The player is unable to move while sightjacking and is vulnerable to attack. In Forbidden Siren 2 , the sightjack system was altered to allow automatic sightjacking to the closest enemy without having to tune into its frequency. Character-specific features have been added, such as Shu's ability to move while sightjacking, Ikuko's ability to control sightjacked enemies, and Akiko's ability to reveal psychic impressions from

7857-407: The practice of using a part of a kanji character) emerged via a parallel path: monastery students simplified man'yōgana to a single constituent element. Thus the two other writing systems, hiragana and katakana , referred to collectively as kana , are descended from kanji. In contrast with kana ( 仮名 , literally "borrowed name", in reference to the character being "borrowed" as

7954-594: The presence or absence of the -shii ending ( okurigana ). A common example of a verb with jukujikun is 流行る ( haya-ru , “to spread, to be in vogue”), corresponding to on'yomi 流行 ( ryūkō ). A sample jukujikun deverbal (noun derived from a verb form) is 強請 ( yusuri , “extortion”), from 強請る ( yusu-ru , “to extort”), spelling from 強請 ( kyōsei , “extortion”). Note that there are also compound verbs and, less commonly, compound adjectives, and while these may have multiple kanji without intervening characters, they are read using

8051-402: The readings contradict the kanji), or clarification if the referent may not be obvious. Jukujikun are when the standard kanji for a word are related to the meaning, but not the sound. The word is pronounced as a whole, not corresponding to sounds of individual kanji. For example, 今朝 ("this morning") is jukujikun . This word is not read as *ima'asa , the expected kun'yomi of

8148-482: The rest are kun ), or 12 if related verbs are counted as distinct. The on'yomi ( 音読み , [oɰ̃jomi] , lit. "sound(-based) reading") , the Sino-Japanese reading, is the modern descendant of the Japanese approximation of the base Chinese pronunciation of the character at the time it was introduced. It was often previously referred to as translation reading , as it was recreated readings of

8245-568: The same given name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamoru&oldid=1225791919 " Categories : Given names Japanese masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with short description Short description

8342-575: The standard readings samu or kan , and instead of the usual spelling for fuyu of 冬 . Another example is using 煙草 (lit. "smoke grass") with the reading tabako ("tobacco") rather than the otherwise-expected readings of *kemuri-gusa or *ensō . Some of these, such as for tabako , have become lexicalized , but in many cases this kind of use is typically non-standard and employed in specific contexts by individual writers. Aided with furigana , gikun could be used to convey complex literary or poetic effect (especially if

8439-411: The usual kun'yomi . Examples include 面白い ( omo-shiro-i , “interesting”, literally “face + white”) and 狡賢い ( zuru-gashiko-i , “sly”, lit. “cunning, crafty + clever, smart”). Typographically, the furigana for jukujikun are often written so they are centered across the entire word, or for inflectional words over the entire root—corresponding to the reading being related to

8536-575: The very end, Kyoya Suda, the protagonist of the first game, arrives on Yamijima Island with the Homuranagi sword and the Uryen, swearing he will destroy every monster still lurking on the island. The western release had both Japanese and English audio unlike the last game which only had English audio. The game was released on February 9, 2006, in Japan on the PlayStation 2. The game never received

8633-623: The word for telephone , 電話 denwa in Japanese, was derived from the Chinese words for "electric" and "conversation." It was then calqued as diànhuà in Mandarin Chinese, điện thoại in Vietnamese and 전화 jeonhwa in Korean. Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from China . The earliest known instance of such an import

8730-725: The word was borrowed before the Meiji period . Words whose kanji are jukujikun are often usually written as hiragana (if native), or katakana (if borrowed); some old borrowed words are also written as hiragana , especially Portuguese loanwords such as かるた ( karuta ) from Portuguese " carta " (English “card”) or てんぷら ( tempura ) from Portuguese " tempora " (English “times, season”), as well as たばこ ( tabako ). Sometimes, jukujikun can even have more kanji than there are syllables, examples being kera ( 啄木鳥 , “woodpecker”), gumi ( 胡頽子 , “silver berry, oleaster”), and Hozumi ( 八月朔日 ,

8827-538: The yamibito, who are more resilient, aggressive, and intelligent. They are repelled by light, and can be weakened by a flashlight or turning on the lights in a room. Like the shibito, a yamibito can be defeated, but is revived when a yamirei ( 闇霊 , yamirei , lit. "darkness spirit") re-enters the corpse. Eliminating the yamirei (who are also intolerant to light) renders the yamibito unconscious indefinitely, but yamibito will not fall for distractions that may work on shibito, and are much harder to defeat in combat. As in

8924-475: Was expanded to 2,136 in 2010. Some of the new characters were previously jinmeiyō kanji; some are used to write prefecture names: 阪 , 熊 , 奈 , 岡 , 鹿 , 梨 , 阜 , 埼 , 茨 , 栃 and 媛 . As of September 25, 2017, the jinmeiyō kanji ( 人名用漢字 , kanji for use in personal names) consists of 863 characters. Kanji on this list are mostly used in people's names and some are traditional variants of jōyō kanji. There were only 92 kanji in

9021-443: Was originally planned to be the main character of Tail Concerto II , but due to the poor sales of the last game , it never came to fruition. See also [ edit ] Kage Kara Mamoru! , series of light novels written by Achi Taro Mamoru-kun ni Megami no Shukufuku o! , a light novel series by Hiroki Iwata 4613 Mamoru , a main-belt asteroid [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share

9118-526: Was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established. Some characters were given simplified glyphs , called shinjitai ( 新字体 ) . Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. These are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used; these are known as hyōgaiji ( 表外字 ) . The kyōiku kanji ( 教育漢字 , lit. "education kanji") are

9215-529: Was separated from Akiko, but encounters Shu, and they head to an abandoned amusement park, where Shu believes he can rediscover his lost memories. Meanwhile, Yuri leads Mamoru to the same park, where she manipulates him into opening the seven gates to the Underworld. She then reveals her true form, Mother. Ikuko arrives and uses her psychic power to bring Mamoru back to his senses. Soji sees Mother as his murdered flatmate, Ryuko, whilst Shu sees Mother as Kanae. Unable to resist her call, Shu gives himself over to her and

9312-550: Was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Wa emissary in 57 AD. Chinese coins as well as inkstones from the first century AD have also been found in Yayoi period archaeological sites. However, the Japanese people of that era probably had little to no comprehension of the script, and they would remain relatively illiterate until the fifth century AD, when writing in Japan became more widespread. According to

9409-639: Was understood, and in May 1923, the Japanese government announced 1,962 kanji characters for regular use. In 1940, the Japanese Army decided on the "Table of Restricted Kanji for Weapons Names" ( 兵器名称用制限漢字表 , heiki meishō yō seigen kanji hyō ) which limited the number of kanji that could be used for weapons names to 1,235. In 1942, the National Language Council announced the "Standard Kanji Table" ( 標準漢字表 , hyōjun kanji-hyō ) with

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