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76-689: Mamund Tehsil ( Pashto : تحصیل ماموند ) is an administrative subdivision ( tehsil ) of Bajaur District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province , Pakistan . Mamund is the largest of Bajaur District's seven tehsils. Bajaur was declared as a subdivision of the former Malakand Agency in 1960, and Mamund was established as a tehsil within the Bajaur subdivision. Bajaur was declared a Federally Administered Tribal Agency in December 1973. Mamund Tehsil joined Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on May 31, 2018 with

152-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian

228-477: A 52 km border with Afghanistan 's Kunar Province , and lies 35 mi (56 km) north of the Torkham border crossing linking Jalalabad and Peshawar . 498 square kilometer miles in size, Bajaur occupies a small mountain basin and is into seven tehsil (subdistricts) with its district headquarters in the town of Khar , in the district's center. According to the 2017 Pakistani census, Bajaur District has

304-577: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Bajaur District The district lies on Pakistan's western border , sharing

380-623: A fourth seat in the Provincial Assembly. A PTI candidate for the new PK-22 Bajaur-IV constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in a market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in NA-8. A PTI candidate for the NA-8 constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in

456-569: A great part of the Kunar valley. It was the active hostility between the Amir of Kabul (who claimed sovereignty of the same districts) and Umra Khan that led, firstly to the demarcation agreement of 1893 which fixed the boundary of Afghanistan in Kunar; and, secondly, to the invasion of Chitral by Umra Khan (who was no party to the boundary settlement), and the siege of the Chitral fort in 1895. The area

532-413: A market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in NA-8. In Bajaur, the total number of SSC-level schools registered with Malakand Board are 150 (61 government-run, 89 private-run). The number of HSSC-level colleges are 56 (18 government-run, 38 private-run). In district school education rank of Pakistan, the position of is going downward, according to

608-574: A military embarrassment for Abkar. Bajaur was a princely state run by the Nawab of Khar. The Last and most prominent Nawab was Abdul Subhan Khan, who ruled until 1990. During the Soviet invasion in the 1980s , the area was a critical staging ground for Afghan and local mujahideen to organise and conduct raids. It still hosts a large population of Afghan refugees sympathetic to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ,

684-638: A mujahideen leader ideologically close to the Arab militants. Today, the United States believes militants based in Bajaur launch frequent attacks on American and Afghan troops in Afghanistan. An aerial attack, executed by the United States targeting Ayman al-Zawahiri , took place in a village in Bajaur Agency on January 13, 2006, killing 18 people. Al-Zawahiri was not found among the dead and

760-509: A population of 1,090,987. Before the 2018 incorporation of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas' (FATA) tribal agencies into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Bajaur Agency was both the northernmost and smallest of the seven tribal agencies, bordering the slightly larger Kurram Agency to its south. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. It lies at a high elevation to

836-418: A population of 1,287,960. The district has a sex ratio of 102.14 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 26.26%: 39.89% for males and 12.29% for females. 466,054 (36.32% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. The entire population lives in rural areas. Bajaur District is 99.91% Pakistani with a relatively small population of inhabitants identifying as of a non-Pakistani nationality. Bajaur

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912-665: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in

988-793: A spokesman for the Pakistani Taliban , as a response to the Bajaur offensive. after a few weeks, the Pak army came to battlefield. In an initial way toward the Loi sum Taliban did not resist and let them to come to middle position, when they reach to Rashakai, (3–4 km from Loi sum) Talaiban started to attack them but the Army was far stronger than their expectation. For several weeks they stayed in Rashakai, then 1st attempt Army come to loi sum, stay for whole day and come back to Rashakai, In 2nd attempt

1064-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that

1140-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto

1216-525: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of

1292-744: Is dated to around 5-6 CE. It proves the involvement of the Scythian kings of the Apraca , in particular King Indravarman, in Buddhism. The casket is made of schist. In 1518, Babur had invested and conquered the fortress of Bajaur, The Gabar-Kot from Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari the Jahangirian Sultan and gone on to conquer Bhera on the river Jhelum , a little beyond the salt ranges. Babur claimed these areas as his own, because they had been part of Taimur 's empire. Hence, "picturing as our own

1368-498: Is fertile but the no proper irrigation system. Harvest Crops; People grow wheat, maze and rices in some areas. All the crops is mainly dependent on rain. Vegetable and Fruits; The different types of vegetables are growing in Bajaur. Potato, tomato, onion, lady fingers, spinach, and orange parsimon, etc Marbles are found in various regions, mainly in Inzari and Nawagai . There are different types of marble supper white, Badle etc. In

1444-515: Is inhabited near exclusively by Tarkanri ( Mamund , Kakazai , Wur and Salarzai ) Pashtuns , as well as a smaller population of Utmankhel , Wazir , Safi , and Yousafzai tribes. Gujaran and Swatis are also present. The Utmankhel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkalanri are at the north of Bajaur. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and

1520-522: Is nearly entirely Muslim. Constituents of Bajaur District are politically represented locally through elected union councils, town governments, and tehsil governments. The district government includes a deputy commissioner, additional deputy commissioner, two assistant commissioners, tehsildars (heads of tehsil), district agricultural officer, district educational officer, medical superintendent, district coordination officer, assistant director for local government, and district population welfare officer. At

1596-681: Is no clouds or Haze. It is an historical mountain, its history is found two thousands year back, here at the foot of the Koh-i-mor mountain, that Alexander the Great founded the ancient city of Nysa and the Nysaean colony, traditionally said to have been founded by Dionysus . The Koh-i-Mor has been identified as the Meros of Arrian's history—the three-peaked mountain from which the god issued For hiking, like Jahaz Banda and Fairy meadow , kon-I-mor

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1672-550: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in

1748-564: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged

1824-494: Is the best, it is about four hours trekking non-local and two and a half for locals. On the way you will see a lot of variation. In some places you will pass through thick forest of fine trees, some places have shrubs, and some place you will see some different kinds of trees. People are living in koh-i-mor up-to near the top. These people have simple houses with a single room, there is no extra boundary wall. Rooms are made like caves in mountain. Majority of them are shepherds . At

1900-513: Is the district of Malakand, while on its northeast is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and Dir . Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur; the Khan of Nawagai was previously under the British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road. An interesting feature in the topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range. The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from

1976-529: Is the precious stone, Rs 3000–5000 per kg. The mines are found in Inzari and some area in Utmankhail tehsil. It exports mainly to China , The Chinese thought so too, and for thousands of years, nephrite articles had a special value and signature and skilled artisans carved increasingly intricate designs. Maybe because it was so rare in China , yet useful for its toughness, nephrite became the status symbol of

2052-579: Is thought to be a reprisal for the October strike in Bajaur, in November, a suicide bomber killed dozens in an attack on an army training school in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Loi sum is on a strategic location, road come from four sides, ( khar , Nawagi , Tangai and Inzari), so approach was easy from Charmang and Ambar. That was the reason that this area was affected mostly. A military offensive by

2128-542: The Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) maintains an operational presence in Bajaur, conducting 4 attacks in 2021, 21 attacks in 2022, and 18 in 2023. The majority of ISIS-K attacks in Bajaur occur in Mamond tehsil, followed by Inayat Kali, Salarzo, and Khar tehsils. Bajaur District is currently subdivided into seven tehsils (subdistricts). As of the 2023 census , Bajaur district has 181,699 households and

2204-839: The Islamic faith along with 165 recorded Christians , 149 Ahmadi , 15 belonging to caste systems , 1 Hindu , and 18 'other'. Mamund Tehsil is politically represented in the National Assembly of Pakistan (the lower house of the national parliament ) in the NA-8 Bajaur constituency and in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the PK-19 Bajaur-I and PK-20 Bajaur-II constituencies. In both bodies, Mamund Tehsil (as well as Bajaur District and most of KPK ) historically elects candidates from

2280-713: The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party established by Pakistani cricketer and 22nd Prime Minister , Imran Khan , who is seen as a fierce advocate for the nation's Pakhtuns, many of whom feel disenfranchised by Islamabad . 34°47′41″N 71°24′40″E  /  34.7948°N 71.4112°E  / 34.7948; 71.4112 This Bajaur District location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )

2356-608: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to

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2432-825: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as

2508-540: The Alif Ailaan ranking, the rank of Bajaur in 2014, 2015 and 2016 is the following Bajaur is located near swat and District Dir , so the climates of these districts are comparatively same. Koh-i-Mor is the highest peak in Bajaur. It is also called three peak mountain. Its top is covered with snow in winter and clouds are touching its peak. The peak of Koh-i-Mor is visible from the Peshawar valley when there

2584-572: The Pakistani Army de-listed Bajaur as conflict zone. From 2008 through 2010, Al Jazeera English produced multiple features of the ongoing conflict between Pakistani military forces and Taliban militants in the agency. In early 2013, VICE News founder Shane Smith accompanied and documented a raid on suspected Taliban fighters by the Pakistani Frontier Corps ' Bajaur Scouts in Bajaur Agency. As of March 2024,

2660-529: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in

2736-681: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,

2812-680: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are

2888-632: The US bombing in January 2006. Maulana Liaqat, the head of the seminary, was killed in the attack. Liaqat was a senior leader of the pro- Taliban movement Tanzim Nifaz Shariat Mohammadi (TNSM), that spearheaded a violent Islamic movement in Bajaur and the neighbouring Malakand areas in 1994. The TNSM had led some 5,000 men from the Pakistani areas of Dir , Swat and Bajaur across the Mamund border into Afghanistan in October 2001, to fight US-led troops. In what

2964-538: The area. The Acuphis, the chief man of the city, who has been sent to them along with other thirty leaders, begged him not to harm their towns as they were descendants of settlers that the god Dionysus placed their generation before. Their prolific ivy, a plant sacred to Dionysus that nowhere else in the mountain, was proof they were the people blessed by god. Then they were only commanded to give him 300 cavalry, after which he restored their freedom and allow them to live under their own laws, having made Acuphis governor of

3040-511: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If

3116-537: The base of Koh-i-Mor a lot of chenar trees along with spring. Locals people are coming here and enjoy the nature, making their own cooking, some have load speakers, music, etc. majority people come along with their families. It is situated in Tehsil Salarzai , it has snowy water, people are come from all over the Bajaur and DIR to enjoy it especially in Ramadan and Eids. It is a historically spring, once here

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3192-513: The city. Alexander took his son and grandson as hostages. He sacrificed there to Bacchus under this god's others name of Dionysus . The Bajaur casket , also called the Indravarma reliquary , year 63, or sometimes referred to as the Avaca inscription, is an ancient reliquary from the area of Bajaur in ancient Gandhara , in the present-day Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It

3268-711: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936

3344-613: The countries once occupied by the Turks ", he ordered that "there was to be no overrunning or plundering [of the countryside]". It may be noted that this applied to areas which did not offer resistance, because earlier, at Bajaur, where the Pashtun tribesmen had resisted, he had ordered a general massacre, with their women and children being made captive. Babur justifies this massacre by saying, "the Bajauris were rebels and at enmity with

3420-689: The dead lay, in what numbers! Those walking around had to jump over the corpses. From late 1585 into 1586, forces of the Mughal army led by Zain Khan Koka , at the direction of the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great , waged a military campaign to subdue the Yusufzai tribes of Bajaur and Swat. The Mughal operation, which culminated in the Battle of the Malandari Pass resulted in an Afghan victory and

3496-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with

3572-524: The east of the Kunar Valley of Afghanistan from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills. The old road from Afghanistan's Kabul to Pakistan went through Bajaur before a new pass, Khyber Pass , was constructed. To the south of Bajaur is the district of Mohmand . To the east, beyond the Panjkora River , are the hills of Swat District . On its east side, there

3648-515: The eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora river, so that the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora . Jandol, one of the northern valleys of Bajaur, has ceased to be of political importance since the 19th century, when a previous chief, Umra Khan, failed to appropriate himself Bajaur, Dir and

3724-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as

3800-400: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still

3876-458: The first century CE. Alexander turned south from Aornus and continued march towards the Indus , but the greatest surprise during the march came when he neared the town of Nysa (former name of Bajaur). The local people and even the flora seemed strangely out of place in these mountains. The Nysains placed their dead in cedar coffin in the trees - some of which Alexander accidentally set on fire - and made wine from grapes, unlike other tribes in

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3952-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or

4028-503: The hundreds. The offensive was launched in the wake of Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani 's visit to Washington in late July, and is believed by some to be in response to U.S. demands that Pakistan prevent the FATA being used as a safe haven by insurgents fighting American and NATO troops in Afghanistan. However, the offensive was decided by the military, not the civilian government. The bloody bombing of Pakistan Ordnance Factories in Wah on August 21, 2008, came according to Maulvi Omar ,

4104-414: The incident led to severe outrage in the area. On October 30, 2006, 80 people were killed in Bajaur when Pakistani forces attacked a religious school they said was being used as a militant training camp. There are many unconfirmed reports that the October attack was also carried out by the United States or NATO forces, but was claimed by Islamabad over fears of widespread protest similar to those after

4180-459: The junction of the three. Representing Bajaur District's north-central region, Mamund shares a 16.55 km border with Salarzai Tehsil to the east, a 23.27 km border with Khar Bajaur Tehsil to the south, a 13.06 km border with Nawagai Tehsil to the southwest, a 9.33 km border with Afghanistan 's Shaigal District , Kunar Province to the northwest, and 12.97 km border with Afghanistan's Marawara District , Kunar Province to

4256-426: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In

4332-430: The local areas are marble factories, cut to into different sizes of the base of demand, and supply to all over the country and even abroad. The marble cutting factories are found in Shaikh kali and Umary. The supply to the factories of marble mainly from the local mountains and they also bring the marble from ambar and Zairat. These different types and variety of marble then supply all over the country Nephrite ( jade )

4408-405: The merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. It was previously a tehsil before the FATA Interim Governance Regulation, 2018 was signed by President Mamnoon Hussain . With FATA's merger to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, its status was upgraded to a tehsil. [REDACTED] Mamund Tehsil, the largest in Bajaur District, is 250 km in area and encompasses two mountain valleys, a small basin, and

4484-583: The military of Pakistan (FC and Leaves) was launched in early 8 August 2008 to retake the border crossing near the town of Loi-Sum, 12 km from khar from militants loyal to Tehrik-e-Taliban , the so-called Pakistani Taliban. In the two weeks following the initial battle , government forces pulled back to Khar and initiated aerial bombing and artillery barrages on presumed militant positions, which reportedly has all but depopulated Bajaur and parts of neighbouring Mohmand Agency, with an estimated 300,000 fleeing their homes. The estimate of casualties ran into

4560-420: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.

4636-456: The north. As of the 2017 Pakistani national census , Mamund Tehsil has a population of 311,873 people and 35,269 households, representing a +3.29% population increase from its 1998 census population of 168,283 compared to a +3.23% population growth in the overall Bajaur District. Residents of Mamund comprise 28.54% of the Bajaur District population as of 2017. The vast majority of Mamund residents expectedly speak Pashto as their mother tongue,

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4712-427: The people of Islam , and as, by heathenish and hostile customs prevailing in their midst, the very name of Islam was rooted out...". As the Bajauris were rebels and inimical to the people of Islam, the men were subjected to a general massacre and their wives and children were made captive. At a guess, more than 3,000 men met their death. We entered the fort and inspected it. On the walls, in houses, streets and alleys,

4788-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of

4864-471: The predominant language of ethnic Pakhtuns (Pashtuns) and of the derivatively-named Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK). As of 2017, 98.92% of Mamund residents recorded Pashto as their mother tongue with other residents recording Urdu (1,278), Brahui (510), Sindhi (356), Saraiki (166), Balochi (158), Kashmiri (157), Punjabi (116), Hindko (6), and 'others' (110) as mother tongues. As of 2017, 99.98% of Mamund Tehsil residents reported belonging to

4940-405: The provincial level, constituents are represented by the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , an elected unicameral legislature of 145 seats in the provincial capital of Peshawar, with 115 general seats, 26 reserved for women, and 4 reserved for non-Muslims. The 8 February 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election , based on the results of a 2023 digital census , granted Bajaur District

5016-509: The region. The mother tongue of the majority of Bajauris are expectedly 99.85% Pashto , reflective of the indigenous Pashtun (also 'Pakthtun') population that inhabits much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK, for which the province derives its name) and eastern Afghanistan. Other residents are first-language Urdu speakers, the national language of Pakistan, while relatively small numbers are native Balochi , Sindhi , Kashmiri , Saraiki , Brahvi (Brahui), and Punjabi speakers. Bajaur District

5092-533: The region. According to figures provided by the Government of Pakistan, 1,600 militants were killed and more than 2,000 injured, while some 150 civilians also died and about 2,000 were injured in the fighting. The military operation forced more than 300,000 people to flee their homes and take shelter in IDP camps in settled districts of the province. To date, more than 180,000 IDPs have returned to their homes in Bajaur Agency, facing widespread destruction to their lives, livelihoods and massive unemployment. In August, 2012,

5168-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes

5244-417: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in

5320-418: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto

5396-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto

5472-658: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and

5548-485: Was a undefeated king .... The Charmang hills in Bajaur are covered with pine trees and also the roads is made up to top of hill. The road goes on top of hill from bottom to top. In winter, the whole mountain is covered with snow for months. Raghagan Dam is situated in Tehsil Salarzai. It a tourist spot nowadays. Boats are present here for tourists. Bajaur is a semi-independent in agriculture field, The soil

5624-579: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended

5700-444: Was the same, and 3rd attempt they come to loi sum and took the control of the area. Army continues there journey, control the main road of Bajaur from Khar to Nawagi, and the peripheral areas were still in the hold of Taliban. After nine months of vigorous clashes between government security forces and Taliban, military forces have finally claimed to have forced militants out of Bajaur Agency, and advanced towards strongholds of Taliban in

5776-628: Was the site of the ancient Gandhara kingdom of Apraca from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE, and a stronghold of the Aspasioi , a western branch of the Ashvakas (q.v) of the Sanskrit texts who had earlier offered stubborn resistance to the Macedonian invader Alexander the Great in 326 BCE. The whole region came under Kushan control after the conquests of Kujula Kadphises during

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