Managua ( Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnaɣwa] ) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua , and one of the largest cities in Central America . Located on the shores of Lake Managua , the city had an estimated population of 1,055,247 as of 2020, and a population of 1,401,687 in its metropolitan area . The city also serves as the seat of Managua Department .
109-484: Founded in 1819, Managua became the national capital in 1852. The city underwent a rapid expansion and urbanization between 1842 and 1930, leading it to become one of the most developed cities in Central America. Several earthquakes have affected the city's growth, especially the 1931 earthquake and the 1972 earthquake , but the city has been rebuilt several times. Today, the city is a major economic hub for both
218-498: A pre-Columbian fishing town, the city was incorporated in 1819 and given the name Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua . Efforts to make Managua the capital of Nicaragua began in 1824, after the Central American nations formally attained their independence from Spain. Nicaragua became an independent nation in 1838. Managua's location between the rival cities of León and Granada made it a logical compromise site. Hence, Managua
327-668: A big role in the promotion of amateur games and tournaments. On the professional level, the National Nicaraguan Football team has still not had the public support nor the international exposure as the regional counterparts like the Costa Rican, Honduran or Salvadoran teams. However, with support of the FIFA, the first national soccer stadium in Managua is under construction. In Managua there are two golf courses,
436-494: A final landfall near Naples, Florida on November 5. Shortly after crossing the state, Mitch transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The NHC tracked this storm until November 9, when former Hurricane Mitch passed north of Scotland . Due to the threat, the government of Honduras evacuated some of the 45,000 citizens on the Bay Islands and prepared all air and naval resources. The government of Belize issued
545-550: A hospital while army soldiers fought the fire. Daniel I. Sultan , an American soldier who was leading the Nicaragua Canal Survey , organized a relief team of 34 soldiers, and was on an emergency committee for responding. He was charged with overseeing the restoration of railroads and water to the city, and chaired a food relief committee that provided 24,000 rations daily by April 24. The American Red Cross initially provided $ 10,000 towards relief, before increasing
654-496: A hurricane on October 24 and developed an eye . After turning to the west, Mitch rapidly intensified , first into a major hurricane on October 25 and then into a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale the next day. At peak intensity, Mitch maintained maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) while off the northern coast of Honduras. Hurricane Hunters reported
763-498: A large fire, which burned for five days, destroying 33 blocks in "the richest and most important area of the city". Around 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of the city were seriously damaged and a further 23 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi) saw "minor damage". All major government buildings in the city except for the National Bank of Nicaragua and most of the nation's archives were destroyed. The city, which at
872-551: A minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar (26.7 inHg), which at the time was the lowest in the month of October and tied for the fourth lowest for any Atlantic hurricane . Initially, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and various tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated a turn to the north, threatening the Yucatán Peninsula . Instead, Mitch turned to the south, due to a ridge that
981-439: A new, structurally improved foundation, homes were redesigned to be able to withstand another hurricane. However, lack of arable crop land took away the jobs from many, decreasing an already low income even lower. Following the passage of Mitch, disease outbreaks occurred throughout Central America, including cholera , leptospirosis , and dengue fever . Over 2,328 cases of cholera were reported, killing 34 people. Guatemala
1090-445: A purple alert and asked for citizens on offshore islands to leave for the mainland. Because the hurricane threatened to strike near Belize City as a Category 4 hurricane, much of the city was evacuated in fear of a repeat of Hurricane Hattie 37 years earlier. Guatemala issued a purple alert as well, recommending boats to stay in port, telling people to prepare or seek shelter, and warning of potential overflowing rivers. By
1199-531: A result of the extreme damage and loss of life caused by Hurricane Mitch, the name Mitch was retired by the World Meteorological Organization following this storm, and will never again be used for a North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Matthew for the 2004 season . After the disaster, countries around the world donated significant aid, totaling $ 6.3 billion (1998 USD). Throughout Central America, which
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#17327656539111308-584: A severe earthquake every 50 years or less. Managua features four smaller crater lakes or lagoons within city limits . The most centrally located is the Tiscapa Lagoon in the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve . Managua, due to its tropical climate, varied topography, rich fertile soils, and abundant rain and water sources, boasts a great variety of flora . Many different types of trees, some of which are not found elsewhere in
1417-463: A shock to residents, and president Carlos Roberto Flores alike. The U.S. later increased their offer to $ 70 million (1998 USD). The Honduran government distributed food, water, and medical services to the hurricane victims, including the more than 4 million without water. In addition, the country initially experienced a sharp increase in the unemployment rate, largely due to the destruction of crop lands. However, rebuilding provided jobs in
1526-481: A temporary dam. Throughout the country, there were at least 7,000 fatalities, some reported in each department . Following the storm, officials in Honduras requested international assistance, which totaled $ 2.8 billion over a several-year period. Despite this, the gross domestic product began decreasing at the end of 1998, and contracted by 1.9 percent in 1999. Officials enacted a widespread curfew following
1635-704: A white-washed naked muse , which happens to have superb acoustics. There is also the bust of Professor Josefa Toledo de Aguerri, who was an educator, philanthropist, writer, social activist, and one of the first feminists in the Americas. Also, the tomb of Carlos Fonseca , founder of the FSLN , which is guarded by an eternal flame . Across from the Central Park, on the north side, is the Rubén Darío park and monument, dedicated to Nicaragua's greatest poet and one of
1744-551: Is Nicaragua's cultural capital , boasting several restaurants, theaters, museums, and a few shopping centers. The city is also home to many communities of immigrants and ex-pats from countries including but not limited to Taiwan , China, Germany, the United States, Palestine , and Latin American countries. Managua is home to the annual Miss Nicaragua pageant; it is the national beauty pageant of Nicaragua. The pageant
1853-507: Is a large established local market system that caters to the majority of Nicaraguans. In Mercado Roberto Huembes, Mercado Oriental, Mercado Israel Lewites and other locations one can find anything from household amenities, food, clothing, electronics, construction materials, and other contracting supplies. The markets enjoy a substantial amount of popularity, as many of the backpacking, ecotourism-focused tourists and tourists on-a-budget use these markets for their supplies and souvenirs. Managua
1962-568: Is also Nicaragua's main political, social, cultural, educational and economic hub. At the same time, the city is served by the Augusto C. Sandino International Airport, the country's primary international gateway, and regional Los Brasiles airport and Punta Huete military air base, recently renewed. Managua is also home to all of the major banks of the nation, Banco de la Producción (BANPRO), BAC Credomatic , Banco de Finanzas (BDF), Banco de Crédito Centroamericano (Bancentro) and its parent company
2071-553: Is designated to promote Nicaraguan culture . The library has 67,000 books, free internet, a newspaper archive, and economic information from the Central Bank. The library also has a gallery in the same building, where notable Nicaraguan paintings, as well as pieces from new promising artists, are exhibited. In the numismatic hall there is a permanent exhibition of Nicaraguan coins, bills, and memorial medals from throughout Nicaragua's history. Cultural centers in Managua include
2180-513: Is just south of Managua's Historical Center. The reserve is located within Managua's city limits, and is a tourist attraction . Restaurants and stores line the walls of the lagoon. 1931 Nicaragua earthquake The 1931 Nicaragua earthquake devastated Nicaragua 's capital city Managua on 31 March. It had a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum MSK intensity of VI ( Strong ). Between 1,000 and 2,450 people were killed. A major fire started and destroyed thousands of structures, burning into
2289-458: Is located in west Managua in the Acahualinca neighborhood. In addition to the footprints, the museum also displays artifacts found in other localities around the country. Artifacts such as mammoth footprints, pre-Columbian tools, a skull from León Viejo , and a small collection of pottery, among other archeological objects. Tiscapa Lagoon, located within the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve
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#17327656539112398-511: Is no longer illegal and no longer carries a prison sentence. Baseball is by far Nicaragua's most popular sport, followed by soccer and boxing . The Dennis Martínez National Stadium is home to many baseball games of Managua's Boer team. At the time of its construction in the late 1960s, it was the most modern stadium in Central America. The baseball league has 34 teams. There has been growing amateur interest in little football or "futbolin" among teens and adults. New private courts have played
2507-425: Is one of the few buildings that survived the 1972 earthquake that destroyed 90% of Managua. Plaza de la Revolución (Revolution Square), formerly known as Plaza de la República (Republic Square) is home to Managua's historic center, located on the shores of Lake Xolotlan . The plaza has been partially rebuilt and many old buildings have been refurbished. Some of the more important buildings which managed to survive
2616-499: Is traditionally held at the Rubén Darío National Theatre and has been held since 1955. Managua's most famous festival is that of its patron saint Santo Domingo de Guzmán . It starts on the morning of August 1, when the "Bajada del Santo" (walk down of the saint) involves many joyful people walking and carrying the old statue of Santo Domingo from Las Sierritas Church in south Managua to another church across
2725-828: The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake include the Catedral de Santiago (St. James' Cathedral, known colloquially as the Old Cathedral), the Rubén Darío National Theatre, and the National Palace of Culture. Within the Revolution Square is the Parque Central (Central Park) which contains many historical monuments, some dedicated to national heroes and poets. Some of these include a centrally located Art Deco gazebo crowned with
2834-486: The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season , Mitch formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 22 October, and after responding to extremely favorable conditions, it rapidly strengthened to peak at Category 5 status, the highest possible rating on the Saffir–Simpson scale . After drifting southwestward and weakening, the hurricane hit Honduras as a minimal Category 1 hurricane. Mitch roved through Central America, regenerated in
2943-416: The Bay Islands had damage to their water facilities. Two days of winds exceeding 200 km/h (125 mph) destroyed nearly all of the plants and trees on Guanaja, uprooting or knocking down almost the entire mangrove forest. It is estimated that the hurricane produced waves of 44 ft (13 m) in height. While moving slowly for several days offshore Honduras, Hurricane Mitch drew moisture from
3052-736: The Bay of Campeche , and ultimately impacted Florida as a strong tropical storm. It then became extratropical and accelerated northeastward across the North Atlantic, before dissipating on 9 November. At the time, Mitch was the strongest Atlantic hurricane observed in the month of October, though it has since been surpassed by Hurricane Wilma of the 2005 season . In addition, Mitch is the ninth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, tied with Hurricane Dean in 2007 in terms of pressure. Being "the deadliest Atlantic hurricane" in over 200 years, Mitch caused catastrophic impacts across its path, but
3161-594: The Bay of Campeche . On November 3, the remnants redeveloped into a tropical storm just off the coast of the Mexican state of Campeche , and a day later the storm made another landfall just north of the city of Campeche . Mitch accelerated to the northeast ahead of a cold front , moving across the Yucatán peninsula and re-entering the Gulf of Mexico. The storm retained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before it made
3270-594: The Casita Volcano failed and turned into a lahar from excessive rain. The resulting mudslide ultimately covered an area 10 miles (16 km) long and 5 miles (8.0 km) wide. Two million people in Nicaragua were directly affected by the hurricane. Across the country, Mitch's heavy rains damaged 17,600 houses and destroyed 23,900, displacing 368,300 of the population. 340 schools and 90 health centers were severely damaged or destroyed. Sewage systems and
3379-478: The Isle of Youth and Cayo Largo del Sur to leave for safer grounds. In Jamaica , where officials declared hurricane warnings 12 hours prior to its closest approach, Mitch caused moderate rainfall and gusty winds for days. Strong waves hit western Jamaica, with wave heights unofficially estimated at nearly 7 feet (2.1 m) in height. The rainfall in outer rainbands, at times severe, flooded many roads across
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3488-489: The National Opposition Union began the reconstruction of Managua in earnest. More than 300,000 Nicaraguans returned from abroad bringing their expertise and needed capital. Businesses mushroomed, new housing projects and schools were constructed, the airport was expanded and modernized, streets were widened, older malls were repaired and new ones were built, and buildings were cleaned up. In 2006, after
3597-481: The Neil Armstrong Observatory was completed in Managua. About 18 percent of Nicaragua's total budget is invested in primary, secondary and higher education. University level institutions account for 6% of the 18 percent. The National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN) ( Spanish : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua ) is the main state-funded public university of Nicaragua. UNAN
3706-570: The Sandinista National Liberation Front came back into power, literacy, health and reconstruction programs were expanded. New governmental buildings, galleries, museums, apartment buildings, squares, promenades, monuments, boat tours on Lake Managua, restaurants, nighttime entertainment, and broad avenues have resurrected part of downtown Managua's former vitality. Commercial activity, however, remains low. Residential and commercial buildings have been constructed on
3815-645: The Yucatán Peninsula , with Cancún on the Quintana Roo coast being the worst hit. Nine people were killed from the flooding, though damage was relatively minimal. The maximum 24-hour rainfall total from Mitch was 13.4 inches (340 mm) in Campeche , while the highest rainfall total was 16.85 inches (428.0 mm) in Ciudad del Carmen . Mitch was also responsible for the loss with all hands of Windjammer Barefoot Cruises ' schooner Fantome . The story
3924-522: The fowl population. Crop and agricultural damage totaled about $ 1 billion, which would take the country years to recover. Honduras's Social Fund for Housing estimated that 35,000 houses nationwide were destroyed with another 50,000 damaged, leaving 1.5 million people homeless – about 20% of the total population. This was the highest number of victims from any natural disaster in Honduras's history. Overall, Hurricane Mitch killed about 7,000 people in Honduras, and damage
4033-505: The most disastrous impacts came from Honduras , which suffered over half of the total deaths. The president of Honduras, Carlos Roberto Flores , estimated that Mitch set back about 50 years of economic development. The storm wrecked about 35,000 houses and damaged another 50,000, leaving up to 1.5 million people homeless, about 20 percent of the country's population. Mitch directly caused $ 2.005 billion in damage, with an additional $ 1.8 billion in indirect costs. Most of
4142-573: The Archivo Fílmico de la Cinemateca Nacional. Natural history museums include the Museo del Departamento de Malacología UCA, Museo Gemológico de la Concha y el Caracol, and Museo Paleontológico "El Hato". The Santo Domingo de Guzmán Museum is an anthropology museum. History museums include the Museo de la Revolución, Museo Casa Hacienda San Jacinto and Museo Parque Loma de Tiscapa. The Doctor Roberto Incer Barquero Library, located in Managua,
4251-501: The Caribbean estimated that Mitch caused the worst floods of the 20th century in the country. An estimated 70–80% of transportation network was destroyed, including most bridges and secondary roads, amounting to $ 236 million in damage. Hurricane Mitch left widespread power outages after damaging more than 385 km (239 mi) of power lines and several power plants. About 70% of Honduras lost access to fresh water after
4360-992: The Centro Cultural Nicaragüense Norteamericano (CCNN) (Nicaraguan-North American Culture Center), the Centro Cultural Chino Nicaragüense ( Chinese Nicaraguan Culture Center), the Alliance Française de Managua Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine (French Alliance of Managua), among others. Managua features many bars , nightclubs , casinos , theaters and cinemas . Compared to western prices, alcoholic beverages, theater visits and cinema tickets are relatively inexpensive. There are cinemas in all major shopping centers; screening both English- and Spanish-language films. Foreign embassies in Managua also sponsor film festivals . Since
4469-700: The FIBA AmeriCup. The National Palace is one of Managua's oldest buildings, undamaged by the 1972 earthquake. It was commissioned by President Juan Bautista Sacasa in 1935 and built by architect Pablo Dambach, who also built the St. James Cathedral. For more than 50 years, the National Palace housed the Congress. Today, it houses the National Archive , the National Library, as well as
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4578-491: The Lafise Group. Several new hotels including Crowne Plaza , Best Western , InterContinental , Holiday Inn , and Hilton currently have facilities in Managua. As well as many hotels, Managua has opened four western style shopping centers or malls, such as Plaza Inter , Centro Comercial Metrocentro , Galerias Santo Domingo [ es ] , and Multicentro Las Americas, with many more being constructed. There
4687-714: The National Museum which is open to the public. The museum features pre-Columbian paintings, statues, ceramics, etc. Also part of the exhibit is the Hall of National History and the Hall of National Symbols. The National Palace was one of the few buildings that survived the 1972 earthquake . The Rubén Darío National Theatre is Nicaragua's most important theater, and is one of the most modern theaters in Central America. Both national and international artists present shows, concerts, exhibitions, and cultural performances such as El Güegüense among many others. The National Theatre
4796-737: The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, producing high amounts of rainfall of over 300 mm (12 in) per day. The highest official total was 928 mm (36.5 in) at Choluteca , which represented more than half of the annual precipitation average; at the same location, 466.7 mm (18.37 in) fell in a 24-hour period on October 31, which was more than double of the previous record set in 1985. There were unofficial rainfall totals in Central America as high as 1,900 mm (75 in); rain gauges in mountainous areas were washed away. The high rainfall caused many rivers in
4905-565: The Sierras, has a tropical climate with constant temperatures averaging between 28 and 32 °C (82 and 90 °F). Under Köppen's climate classification , the city has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw ). The city spends most of the year seeing strong heat and a bright shining sun. The temperature varies from 72 °F (22.2 °C) at night to 86 °F (30 °C) during the daytime. Temperatures are highest in March, April and May when
5014-593: The United Kingdom. In Ireland, the storm produced gusts as high as 90 mph (140 km/h) and 30 ft (9.1 m) waves. The winds knocked down trees and power lines, leaving over 30,000 homes without power. One tree fell onto a car in Louth , severely injuring the driver. In Dublin , high winds knocked the roof off of a building, and several other buildings nationwide were damaged. The storm caused airports to close and ferry service to be suspended. As
5123-458: The amount to $ 100,000. People from Mexico and Panama, as well as other Central American countries, were sent to assist in relief and rebuilding efforts. America flew in medical supplies, working to prevent the outbreak of various diseases. In March 1932, The New York Times reported that "the Nicaraguan capital Is slowly emerging from ruins caused by 1931 earthquake". Rents fell by 40% in
5232-409: The areas of electronics , computer systems and sciences , agroforestry , construction and trade -related services. The educational system includes 1 United States accredited English language university, 3 bilingual university programs , 5 bilingual secondary schools and dozens of English Language Institutes . In 2005, almost 400,000 (7%) of Nicaraguans held a university degree . In 2014,
5341-447: The bean production, 19% of the corn production, and 20% losses in sugar canes. There were heavy losses in livestock as well, including the deaths of 10,000 cattle. Total agricultural and livestock damaged amounted to $ 154 million (1998 USD). In addition, the flooding destroyed two bridges and damaged 1,200 mi (1,900 km) of unpaved roads. In all, Mitch caused nearly $ 400 million in damage (1998 USD) and 240 deaths. Similar to
5450-552: The better-known of which is Nejapa Golf & Country Club. Managua is home to the basketball team Costa Caribe . The team reached the Final Four at the 2016 Liga Centroamericana de clubes de baloncesto . Managua is also home to the Polideportivo Alexis Argüello an indoor arena with 8,500 seat capacity. The venue will host the 2025 FIBA AmeriCup where their national team will make their debut at
5559-469: The city directed emergency workers to clear away much of the city's ruins quickly while burying the deceased in mass graves. Residences, government buildings and entire avenues were demolished. Escaping the city center, earthquake victims found refuge in the outskirts of the city. To add insult to injury, corruption within the Somoza regime which allocated part of the relief funds hindered the reconstruction of
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#17327656539115668-509: The city to the north, in the area destroyed by the 1972 earthquake. It remains here for ten days until the morning of August 10, when the "Subida del Santo" (walking up of the saint) returns the statue to Las Sierritas Church where it remains for the rest of the year. Thousands of people attend this event which involves dancing, eating, drinking and the marching of musical bands, mainly for traditions that date back to pre-colonial times, or to ask for personal miracles, make promises, or give thanks to
5777-472: The city's center which remains somewhat isolated from the rest of the capital. The Nicaraguan Revolution of 1979 to overthrow the Somoza regime and the 11-year-long Contra War of the 1980s further devastated the city and its economy. To make matters worse, a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Mitch in 1998, made economic recovery more difficult. After winning the presidential election in 1990,
5886-406: The coral. However, the hurricane's upwelling cooled the warm water temperatures, preventing significant bleaching and destruction of the coral reef. Mitch caused such massive and widespread damage that Carlos Roberto Flores , the president of Honduras , claimed it destroyed fifty years of progress in the country. Honduras, the country most affected by the hurricane, received significant aid for
5995-563: The country and Central America. There are two possible origins for the name "Managua". It may have originated from the term Mana-ahuac , which in the Nahuatl language translates to "adjacent to the water" or site "surrounded by water". Or, it may have come from the Mangue language , where the word managua was said to mean "place of the big man" or "chief". Residents of the city are called managuas , managüenses , or capitalinos . Nicaragua
6104-612: The country to overflow "to an unprecedented extent this century", as described by the United Nations. The rainfall collected in rivers, causing extensive river flooding across the country. The greatest depth recorded was 12.5 m (41 ft) on the Ulúa River near Chinda , whilst the greatest width recorded was 359 m (1,178 ft) on the Río Lean near Arizona . The rainfall also caused widespread mudslides across
6213-695: The country, mostly in the northeastern part of the country. The storm impacted 2,135 homes to some degree, of which 241 were destroyed, leaving 4,000 homeless. Throughout the country, the rainfall and mudslides affected 126 bridges and 800 miles (1,300 km) or roads, mostly on the Inter-American Highway which was affected by Hurricane Cesar , two years prior. Mitch affected 115 sq mi (300 km ) of crop lands, causing damage to both export and domestic crops. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused $ 92 million in damage (1998 USD) and seven deaths. While drifting through El Salvador ,
6322-409: The damage were ruined crops, and cash crop exports were cut by 9.4 percent in 1999, largely due to the storm. Over 70 percent of the transportation infrastructure was damaged, mostly damaged highways and bridges. Widespread areas experienced power outages, and about 70 percent of the country lost its water sources after the storm. In Tegucigalpa , a large landslide affected three neighborhoods and formed
6431-410: The electricity subsector were severely damaged, and, combined with property, damage totaled to $ 300 million (1998 USD). Transportation was greatly affected by the hurricane, as well. The rainfall left 70% of the roads unusable or destroyed and greatly damaged 92 bridges. Over 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of highways or access roads needed replacement subsequent to the storm, especially in
6540-678: The entire country, the hurricane left between 500,000 and 800,000 homeless. In all, damage in Nicaragua is estimated at $ 1 billion (1998 USD). Due to Mitch's large circulation, it dropped heavy precipitation as far south as Panama and Colombia , especially in the Darién and Chiriquí provinces. The flooding washed away a few roads and bridges, and damaged numerous houses and schools, leaving thousands homeless. The hurricane left three casualties in Panama. In Costa Rica , Mitch dropped heavy rains, causing flash flooding and mudslides across
6649-717: The greatest in the country. There is also a park dedicated to the Guatemalan writer Miguel Ángel Asturias . Other monuments include the monument of El Guerrillero sin Nombre (The Nameless Guerrilla Soldier) and Monumento à la Paz (Monument for Peace). Managua is also home to Museo Sitio Huellas de Acahualinca (the Museum of Acahualinca), where the Ancient footprints of Acahualinca , fossilized Paleo American footprints made 2,100 years ago, are engraved in volcanic ash. The museum
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#17327656539116758-441: The hurricane caused strong waves, gusty winds, and heavy rainfall at times. Damage was relatively minimal, amounting to blown out windows and beach erosion . Strong waves damaged or destroyed many docks on the south shore of the islands, and also sank one dive ship near Grand Cayman . In addition, numerous incoming and outgoing flights were cancelled. Then a tropical storm, Mitch caused a storm surge of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in
6867-622: The hurricane dropped immense amounts of precipitation, resulting in flash flooding and mudslides through the country. Multiple rivers, including the Río Grande de San Miguel and the Lempa River overflowed, contributing to overall damage. The flooding damaged more than 10,000 houses, leaving around 84,000 homeless and forcing 500,000 to evacuate. Crop damage was severe, with serious flooding occurring on 386 sq mi (1,000 km ) of pasture or crop land. The flooding destroyed 37% of
6976-420: The hurricane was less severe than initially predicted, though Mitch still caused heavy rainfall across the country. Numerous rivers exceeded their crests, though the rainfall was beneficial to trees in mountainous areas. The flooding caused extensive crop damage and destroyed many roads. Throughout the country, eleven people died because of the hurricane. In Mexico, Mitch produced gusty winds and heavy rains on
7085-540: The island and left them covered with debris. One house in Spanish Town collapsed from the flooding, leaving four homeless. Many other homes and buildings were flooded, forcing many to evacuate. A river in northeastern Jamaica overflowed its banks, while heavy rainfall across the mountainous parts of the country caused numerous mudslides. In all, Mitch killed three people on Jamaica. On the Cayman Islands ,
7194-477: The late 1990s and early 2000, many casinos and karaoke bars opened and have remained popular attractions for Nicaraguans and foreign visitors. Popular music includes the Palo de Mayo , Merengue , Cumbia and Latin pop among other Latin music genres, as well as American pop and rock . Salsa dancing is a national pastime. Managua boasts a vibrant night life. Nightclubs and bars are abound in Managua, particularly, in
7303-744: The lower Florida Keys before making landfall on the Florida west coast. Key West International Airport reported peak wind gusts of 55 mph (89 km/h) and sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h), the only report of tropical storm force in the state. Offshore, the Fowey Rocks Light reported wind gusts of 73 mph (117 km/h). In addition, Mitch caused moderate rainfall, peaking at 7 inches (200 mm) in Jupiter , though some estimates indicate localized totals of up to 10 inches (250 mm). The storm spawned five tornadoes over
7412-461: The mainland. Managua's city area extends about 544 square kilometers (210 square miles), essentially south from the south shore of Lake Managua. The lakeshore is at an altitude of 55 meters (180 feet) above sea level , and the city climbs as it gets towards the Sierras de Managua further south where it is over 700 meters (2,297 feet) above sea level. Geologically, the city lies on fault lines, thus seismologists predict that Managua will experience
7521-552: The march of the Carnival Queen. During the Santo Domingo festival some people cover themselves in a mix of grease and motor oil to pay promises to the saints while others wear masks and costumes. The National Library holds a great amount of volumes and affords abundant bibliographic information about the discovery and independence of Nicaragua . The National Palace of Culture has an exhibition of Nicaraguan art from
7630-468: The millions impacted by the hurricane. Mexico quickly gave help, sending 700 tons of food, 11 tons of medicine, four rescue planes, rescue personnel, and trained search dogs. Cuba also volunteered, sending a contingent of physicians to the country. The U.S. administration offered at first troops stationed in Honduras, and then withdrew them a few days after the storm. They also at first offered only $ 2 million (1998 USD) in aid, which came as
7739-470: The most influential literary figures of the Spanish-speaking world. It is a neo-classical monument which consists of a round pedestal, topped by a balustrade surrounding a fountain containing a gondola filled with singing cherubs , and at the center, a pillar topped with a statue of Darío dressed in a Roman tunic protected by an angel. Constructed of Carrara marble , Darío's monument is one of
7848-533: The mountainous country. In the country's interior, particularly the southern portion, the high rainfall caused hundreds of landslides , many of them shallow and about 95% in the form of debris flow . However, two earthflows caused significant damage near Tegucigalpa. Hurricane Mitch wrought significant damage to Honduras, affecting nearly the entire population and causing damage in all 18 departments . The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and
7957-545: The nation's prestigious universities and higher education institutions based there. In 2007, after a successful literacy campaign , Managua was declared by the Mayor of Managua and the Sandinista party newspaper to be the first capital city in Central America to be rid of illiteracy . Nicaragua's higher education system consists of 48 universities and 113 colleges , vocational and technical institutes which serve students in
8066-419: The next day. At least 45,000 were left homeless and losses of $ 35 million were recorded. The earthquake hit Managua at 10:10 or 10:19 AM on 31 March, and caused cracks to spread throughout the western side of the city. East Managua was largely untouched. The main quake's duration was around 5 to 6 seconds. The quake was largely centered in Managua. Granada, Nicaragua , was unaffected. The earthquake caused
8175-483: The northern part of the country and along portions of the Pan-American Highway . Total transportation damage amounted to $ 300 million (1998 USD). Agricultural losses were significant, including the deaths of 50,000 animals, mostly bovines. Crops and fisheries were affected greatly as well, and, combined with agricultural losses, damage totaled to $ 185 million (1998 USD). The situation
8284-446: The old city center and the rest of the mainland. Managua is located on the southern shores of Lake Managua , also known as Lake Xolotlán. Lake Managua contains the same fish species as larger Lake Cocibolca in southeastern Nicaragua, except for the freshwater sharks found exclusively in the latter. Once a Managuan scenic highlight, the lake has been polluted from the dumping of chemical and waste water since 1927. A new sewer system and
8393-614: The outskirts of the city, in the same locales that were once used as refugee camps for those who were homeless after the earthquake. These booming locales have been of concern to the government because of their close proximity to Lake Managua. The construction of a new sewer system and the redirecting of waste water to a new water treatment plant at Las Mercedes in Eastern Managua in May 2009 relieved old concerns over water pollution and native wildlife, and brought some residents closer to
8502-476: The popular areas called "Zona Viva" located in the shopping mall "Galerías Santo Domingo", as well as very close by "Plaza Mi Viejo Santo Domingo" and "Plaza Familiar". Other popular areas are "Zona Hippos" behind the Hilton hotel near Metrocentro and "Zona Rosa". Although promoting or practicing homosexuality was illegal in Nicaragua, there is a modest gay social scene in Managua. As of March 2008, homosexuality
8611-457: The pre-1970s Managua by labeling it as La Antigua Ciudad, which in English translates to "The Ancient City" or "The Old City". Managua's progress came to a sudden halt after it suffered a second major earthquake on December 23, 1972, which destroyed 90% of the city's downtown and killed more than 19,120 people. Infrastructure was severely damaged and rehabilitation or restoration of buildings
8720-462: The redirecting of waste water to a new waste water treatment plant at Las Mercedes funded by the German government to decontaminate the lake was expected to be the largest in Central America and was inaugurated in 2009. These works of progress have relieved old concerns over water pollution and the endangering of native wildlife have brought some residents closer to the old city center and the rest of
8829-803: The rest of Central America, Mitch's heavy rains caused mudslides and severe flooding over Guatemala . The flooding destroyed 6,000 houses and damaged 20,000 others, displacing over 730,000 and forcing over 100,000 to evacuate. In addition, the flooding destroyed 27 schools and damaged 286 others, 175 severely. Flooding caused major damage to crops, while landslides destroyed crop land across the country. The most severely affected crops for domestic consumption were tomatoes, bananas, corn, other vegetables, and beans, with damaged totaling to $ 48 million (1998 USD). Export crops such as bananas or coffee were greatly damaged as well, with damage amounting to $ 325 million (1998 USD). Damage to plantations and soil totaled to $ 121 million (1998 USD). The flooding also caused severe damage to
8938-461: The saint. During the parade many people dress up in typical costumes, masks and painted bodies. Another festival taking place since 2003 is the Alegria por la Vida (Happiness for Life) Carnaval is celebrated in Managua at the beginning of the month of March. There is a different slogan or theme every year. This event is celebrated with parades , floats , live music, food and dancing as well as
9047-490: The second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history after the Great Hurricane of 1780 ; at least 11,374 people were confirmed to have been killed with over 11,000 left missing by the end of 1998; the true death toll is unknown. Additionally, roughly 2.7 million were left homeless as a result of the hurricane. Total damages caused by the hurricane were estimated to be around $ 6 billion (1998 USD). The name "Mitch"
9156-516: The slow motion of the storm. It was the deadliest hurricane in Central American history, surpassing Hurricane Fifi–Orlene , which killed slightly fewer people in the same area in 1974. Mitch was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the satellite era, and the second-deadliest on record in the Atlantic, only behind the Great Hurricane of 1780 which killed at least 22,000 people. The thirteenth named storm , ninth hurricane, and third major hurricane of
9265-658: The slow-moving hurricane and then tropical storm dropped nearly 36 inches (900 mm) of rain. The flooding and mudslides damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes, with total damage amounting to over $ 5 billion (1998 USD, $ 6 billion 2006 USD), most of which was in Honduras and Nicaragua . Prior to Mitch, the deadliest hurricane in Central America was Hurricane Fifi in 1974, which killed an estimated 8,000–10,000. While offshore northern Honduras, Hurricane Mitch passed over Guanaja island. High waves eroded northern coastlines and damaged lagoons. Most of
9374-600: The state, the strongest of which was rated F2 . In the Florida Keys, multiple buildings that had been damaged by Hurricane Georges were leveled by Mitch. Tornadoes from the storm damaged or destroyed 645 houses across the state, in addition to injuring 65 people. Gusty winds left 100,000 without power during the storm's passage. In all, Mitch caused $ 40 million in damage (1998 USD) in Florida and two deaths from drowning when two boats capsized. As an extratropical cyclone, Mitch passed west of Ireland and
9483-678: The storm, although many rural areas had already been experiencing water shortages. The combined damage to transportation, communication, utilities, including power and water, was estimated at $ 665 million. High water levels along the Choluteca River affected the capital, Tegucigalpa , reaching levels 10 m (33 ft) above their banks. The floods damaged about one-third of buildings, including some more than 350 years old. Across Honduras, agriculture sustained serious damage, with initial estimates of 70% of crops destroyed. About 50,000 bovine were killed, as were 60% of
9592-446: The storm, and for 15 days temporarily restricted constitutional rights to maintain order. There were outbreaks of various diseases, and many residents faced food and water shortages. Due to the slow motion from 29 October to 3 November, Hurricane Mitch dropped historic amounts of rainfall in Honduras , Guatemala , and Nicaragua , with unofficial reports of up to 75 inches (1,900 mm). Deaths due to catastrophic flooding made it
9701-401: The sun lies directly overhead and the summer rainfall has yet to begin. As stated before Managua only has two seasons, the dry and the rainy. The rainy season occurs between mid-May and mid-November, while the dry-season occurs between mid-November and the middle or end of May. During the dry season the countryside gets dull and even dusty. Managua is the national education center, with most of
9810-633: The time had a population of around 60,000 people, saw the vast majority—an estimated 35,000 or 45,000 left homeless. Ernest J. Swift, the director of relief efforts undertaken by the American Red Cross , estimated damages at around $ 15 million, though other estimates range as high as $ 30 or $ 35 million. The most deaths occurred in the city's penitentiary. American marines and the Guardia Nacional immediately began working to restore order in Managua. American navy soldiers established
9919-666: The time hurricane Mitch made landfall, numerous people were evacuated along the western Caribbean coastline, including 100,000 in Honduras, 10,000 in Guatemala, and 20,000 in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since the Great Hurricane of 1780 , displacing the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 as the second-deadliest on record. Nearly 11,000 people were confirmed dead, and almost as many reported missing. Deaths were mostly from flooding and mudslides in Central America, where
10028-493: The time previous to its independence. Inside the National Palace of Culture is the National Museum, containing archeological finds with some examples of pre-Columbian pottery, statues, and other findings. Managua is home to an array of art galleries which feature pieces by both national and international artists. Managua is home to many types of museums, some art museums include the Julio Cortázar Museum and
10137-681: The top ten international business schools by The Wall Street Journal in 2006. Managua is the economic center and a generator of services for the majority of the nation. The city, with a population exceeding one million inhabitants, houses many large national and international businesses. It is home to many factories which produce diverse products. Multinational companies such as Wal-Mart , Telefonica , Union Fenosa , and Parmalat have offices and operations in Managua. The city's chief products include beer, coffee, pharmaceuticals, textiles, shoes, matches, construction products, etc. The main trading products are beef, coffee, cotton, and other crops. Managua
10246-412: The transportation infrastructure, including the loss of 37 bridges. Across the country, flooding damaged or destroyed 840 miles (1,350 km) of roads, of which nearly 400 miles (640 km) were sections of major highways. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused $ 748 million (1998 USD) and 268 deaths in Guatemala. In addition, Mitch caused 11 indirect deaths when a plane crashed during the storm. In Belize ,
10355-402: The world, appear, including chilamate s, ceibo s, pochote s, genízaro s, tigüilote s, royal palms , piñuela s and madroño s (Nicaragua's national tree ) surround the city. During the rainy season (May to November), Managua becomes a lush city due to many palms , bushes , and other plants and trees which dominate the city's appearance. Managua, like much of Western Nicaragua, except for
10464-692: The year following the earthquake, and the city had slowly been rebuilding. Efforts were hampered by a lack of funding. The city was eventually rebuilt in the Spanish Colonial architecture style. Hurricane Mitch Effects Other wikis Hurricane Mitch was the second-deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record. Mitch caused 11,374 fatalities in Central America in 1998, including approximately 7,000 in Honduras and 3,800 in Nicaragua due to cataclysmic flooding from
10573-542: Was established in 1812 in the city of León and its main campus is located in Managua. By government decree in 1983 the campus of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua in León and Managua, became two separate entities; UNAN and UNAN-León . The Polytechnic University of Nicaragua (UPOLI) ( Spanish : Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua ) is a university located in Managua, Nicaragua. It
10682-481: Was estimated at L 52,345,000,000 ($ 3.8 billion), of which $ 2.005 billion was from direct damages and the remainder from indirect costs. The overall impact represented about 70% of Honduras's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Though Mitch never entered Nicaragua , its large circulation caused extensive rainfall, with estimates of over 50 inches (1,300 mm). In some places, as much as 25 inches (630 mm) of rain fell on coastal areas. The flank of
10791-483: Was founded in 1967. The INCAE Business School ( Spanish : Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas, INCAE ) is a private business school . INCAE was founded in 1964 with the support of the United States government and other Central American countries. According to a study done by América Economía INCAE ranked as the number one business school in Latin America in 2004 and 2005 and ranked in
10900-587: Was further compounded by a total of 75,000 live land mines —left over from the Contra insurgency of the 1980s—that were calculated to have been uprooted and relocated by the floodwaters. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused at least 3,800 fatalities in Nicaragua, of which more than 2,000 were killed in the towns of El Provenir and Rolando Rodriguez from the landslide at the Casita volcano. The mudslide buried at least four villages completely in several feet of mud. Throughout
11009-449: Was inhabited by Paleo-Indians as far back as 12,000 BC. The ancient footprints of Acahualinca are 2,100-year-old fossils discovered along the shores of Lake Managua . Other archeological evidence, mainly in the form of ceramics and statues made of volcanic stone, like the ones found on the island of Zapatera , and petroglyphs found on Ometepe island, contribute to the increasing knowledge of Nicaragua's ancient history. Founded as
11118-522: Was most affected by the bacterium, where most of the deaths occurred from contaminated food. 450 cases of leptospirosis were reported in Nicaragua, killing seven people. There were over 1,357 cases of dengue reported, though no deaths were reported from the disease. While stalling over the western Caribbean Sea, Mitch's strong winds produced strong waves, damaging local coral reefs . Later, the storm's immense rainfall led to runoff polluted with debris and fresh water. This resulted in diseases occurring within
11227-414: Was nearly impossible and at the time, Managua's limited resources had to be directed to other disaster relief purposes. Managua's ability to cope with the disaster was also limited. Surviving fire squadrons and ambulance companies were not able to handle the skyrocketing demand for their services. Some buildings burned to the ground, while the foundations of others simply gave way. Not able to rebuild quickly,
11336-423: Was not observed while the storm was active. Land interaction imparted weakening, and the hurricane made landfall on Honduras on October 29 with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). While over land, Mitch moved slowly westward through Central America, while continuing to produce deep convection over waters. The surface circulation dissipated on November 1. The next day, the remnants of Mitch reached
11445-405: Was officially selected as the nation's capital in 1852. Between 1852 and 1930, Managua underwent extensive urbanization, becoming a base of governance, infrastructure and services. The city was hampered by major floods in 1876 and 1885. A disastrous earthquake in 1931 and large fire in 1936 destroyed much of the city. Under the rule of Anastasio Somoza García and his family (1936–1979), the city
11554-463: Was rebuilt and began to grow rapidly. New government buildings were erected, industry developed, and universities were established. The city's development caught the attention of Irving Fields and Albert Gamse , who composed a musical piece about the city that became popular in the 1940s through the performances of Freddy Martin , Guy Lombardo and Kay Kyser . Managua had become Central America's most developed city. Today's references differentiate
11663-457: Was recorded in the book The Ship and The Storm by Jim Carrier. The schooner, which was sailing near the center of the hurricane, experienced over 50 feet (15 m) waves and over 100 mph (160 km/h) winds, causing her to sink off the coast of Honduras. On the south coast of Cuba , the hurricane caused waves of up to 13 feet (4.0 m) high and winds gusts peaking at 42 mph (68 km/h), causing numerous tourists and workers on
11772-402: Was recovering from an economic crisis that occurred in 1996, many wished to continue the growth of the infrastructure and economy. In addition, after witnessing the vulnerability to hurricanes, the affected governments endeavored to prevent such a disaster from occurring again. Hundreds of thousands of people lost their homes, but many took this as an opportunity to rebuild stronger houses. With
11881-588: Was retired, and will not be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. Tropical Depression Thirteen formed on October 22 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, from a tropical wave that exited Africa on October 10. It executed a small loop, and while doing so intensified into Tropical Storm Mitch. A weakness in a ridge allowed the storm to track slowly to the north. After becoming disorganized due to wind shear from an upper-level low , Mitch quickly intensified in response to extremely favorable conditions, including warm waters and good outflow . It became
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