18-475: Many, see text The manakins are a family , Pipridae , of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains 55 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch mannekijn "little man" (also the source of the different bird name mannikin ). Manakins range in size from 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) and in weight from 8 to 30 g (0.28 to 1.06 oz). Species in
36-1018: A few in dry forests, river forests, and the subtropical Andes . Some highland species have altitudinal migrations . Neopelma chrysolophum – Serra do Mar tyrant-manakin Neopelma – 4 species: tyrant-manakins Tyranneutes – 2 species: tyrant-manakins Chiroxiphia – 5 species with Antilophia – 2 species Ilicura – pin-tailed manakin Corapipo – 3 species Masius – golden-winged manakin Xenopipo – 2 species Chloropipo – 2 species Cryptopipo – green manakin Lepidothrix – 8 species Heterocercus – 3 species Manacus – 4 species Pipra – 3 species Machaeropterus – 5 species Ceratopipra – 5 species Pseudopipra – white-crowned manakin Manakins feed in
54-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
72-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
90-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
108-431: Is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue. Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The helmeted manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch
126-416: Is two eggs , which are buff or dull white, marked with brown. Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among
144-487: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Machaeropterus Machaeropterus is a genus of passerine birds in
162-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
180-488: The genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia . The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight. The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers , which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of Manacus and Ceratopipra have superfast wing movements. The ability to produce these wing movements
198-426: The genus Tyranneutes are the smallest manakins, those in the genus Antilophia are believed to be the largest (since the genus Schiffornis are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The bill is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are sexually dichromatic in their plumage ,
SECTION 10
#1732780677638216-437: The group that genera and even species may be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most oscine families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes. Manakins occur from southern Mexico to northern Argentina , Paraguay , and southern Brazil , and on Trinidad and Tobago as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with
234-424: The males being mostly black with striking colours in patches, and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage. The syrinx or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families Cotingidae and Tyrannidae . Furthermore, it is so acutely variable within
252-539: The manakin family Pipridae . They are found in the tropical forests of South America. The genus Machaeropterus was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854. The type species was subsequently designated as the kinglet manakin . The name Machaeropterus combines the Ancient Greek words μαχαιρα makhaira "knife" or "dagger" and -πτερος -pteros "-winged". The genus contains
270-528: The more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex. An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed. The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
288-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
306-618: The understory on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird) including berries , and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species " hawk " for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks . Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in
324-496: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
#637362