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49-591: Manar (Arabic: منار , lit.   'Lighthouse'), sometimes Al Manar (with the Arabic definite article "al-"), may refer to: Manar [ edit ] People [ edit ] Andy Manar (born 1975), Democratic member of the Illinois Senate Houari Manar (1981–2019), Algerian raï singer Manar al-Sharif , Syrian peace activist Places [ edit ] Manar Dam ,

98-556: A sukūn over the lām ⟨ لْ ‎ ⟩. Most modern-written Arabic names (including personal names and geographical Arabic names) do not follow the consonant assimilation rule or the shaddah when Latinized in Latin-spelled languages. Sometimes the sun and moon rules are not followed in casual speech. They are also mostly spaced rather than hyphenated. E.g. personal name: transliterated geographical name: ʼ al-’a .../ al-’u ...; al-’i ... al-ʼakh(u) =

147-512: A doubled consonant . For example, "the Nile" is pronounced an-Nīl , not al-Nīl . When the Arabic definite article ( الْـ ) is followed by a moon letter, no assimilation takes place. The sun letters represent the coronal consonants according to the phonology of Classical Arabic, and the moon letters represent all others. The sun and moon letters are as follows: The letter ج jīm

196-472: A genitival construction . Finally, both are prefixed to relative clauses. According to David Testen, many northern and southwestern Semitic languages have particles that bear similarities to al -. With this fact, he posits that al - has a proto-Semitic antecedent. There are three major possibilities regarding the form of the proto-Semitic particle that is the putative antecedent of al -: David Testen and Jacob Weingreen state that هل۔ / הל־ hal

245-731: A Salafi mosque in the Cathays district of Cardiff, Wales Al Manar District , a district in the Dhamar Governorate, Yemen Al Manar National School , a national school in Handessa, Sri Lanka Al-Manar University of Tripoli , a university in Tripoli, Lebanon Tunis El Manar University , a university in Tunis, Tunisia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

294-640: A dam on the Manar river near Kandhar, Maharashtra, India Mannar Island (formerly Manar), an island in Sri Lanka Mannar, Sri Lanka (formerly Manar), a town in Sri Lanka Al Manar [ edit ] Al-Manar , a Lebanese television station affiliated with Hezbollah Al-Manar Football Festival , a football award ceremony organised by Al-Manar Al-Manār (magazine) , a defunct Egyptian Islamic magazine Al-Manar Centre ,

343-416: A noun with al - is the weakest form of definiteness. That is, saying "the man" does not define the man being referred to as clearly as saying "this man", for example. Arabic has an indefinite article indicated by nunation ( tanwīn ) which is declined for three cases. The etymology of al - is the study of how it developed and how it changed over time. There are several major opinions in regards to

392-415: A specific lion, or ‘the lion’ in the sense ‘the lion is a dangerous animal’. Notice that the meaning connoted by this function of al - is indefinite, which is in stark contrast with the primary function of the definite article. Because of this meaning, the noun following al - can be grammatically indefinite and one may, for example, modify the noun without the use of a relative pronoun. An example of this

441-860: A variant in Sudan. As a result, it was classified as a moon letter, and it does not assimilate the article in Classical Arabic. Maltese ġ /d͡ʒ/ is also considered a moon consonant, whereas its voiceless counterpart ċ / t͡ʃ / is a sun consonant. However, in some varieties of Moroccan , Mesopotamian , and Palestinian Arabic, jīm (often / ʒ /) assimilates, like a sun letter, e.g., ij-jamal 'camel'. In Arabic dialects, like Palestinian, al before an emphatic consonant only assimilates in place of articulation but not in pharyngealization, hence it-ṭāwla instead of aṭ-ṭāwila (‏ الطاولة ‎ 'table'). The sun (konsonanti xemxin) and moon (konsonanti qamrin) letters are as follows: If

490-433: A vowel, the initial <i> of the article always drops, as in "dak ir -raġel ra r -raġel" (that man saw the man). When a word starts with two consonants, the definite article used is l-, but an i is attached at the beginning of the word: skola > l-iskola and Żvezja > l-Iżvezja. The sound / l / (represented by the letters L and ل ) function in the same way no matter it is sun or moon letter, e.g. (the meat)

539-412: A word starts with any of the moon letters, the definite article il- stays the same and does not assimilate, while with the sun letters it assimilates accordingly to: iċ-, id-, in-, ir-, is-, it-, ix-, iż-, iz-. It is also worth mentioning that words starting with vowels, and the letters għ, and h get the definite article l- (minus the initial i). When the definite article comes exactly after a word ending in

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588-519: Is actually pronounced " ar-rajul ". Notice that the lām is written but not pronounced. In more modern dialects, the sun letters have been extended to include the velars gīm and kāf. The ancient people of Himyar replace the lām in al - with mīm. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is recorded to have uttered the following words in that dialect: لَيْسَ مِن امْبِرِّ امْصِيامُ في امْسَفَرِ Laysa min am -birr-i am -ṣiyām-u fī am -safar-i In some Semitic languages like Hebrew, words that include

637-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arabic definite article Unlike most other Arabic particles, al- is always prefixed to another word and never stands alone. Consequently, many dictionaries do not list it, and it is almost invariably ignored in collation , as it is not an intrinsic part of the word. Al- does not inflect for gender , number or grammatical case . The sound of

686-487: Is il-laħam in Maltese and الْلَحْمْ al-laḥm in Arabic or (the game) is il-logħba in Maltese and الْلُعْبَة al-lu ʿ ba in Arabic. In the written language, the ⟨ ال ‎ ⟩ al is retained regardless of how it is pronounced. When full diacritics are used, assimilation may be expressed by putting a shaddah ⟨ ّ⟩ on the consonant after the lām ⟨ ل ‎ ⟩. Non-assimilation may be expressed by placing

735-453: Is necessary that it be interchangeable with the word كل kull 'all, every'. Some classical grammarians assert that this kull may be figurative, in which case al -, in this capacity, would be a form of exaggeration . The most well known use of al - in this meaning occurs twice in the Qur'anic verse 1:1, الحمد لله رب العالمين (all praise is due to Allah, lord of all the worlds). Al -

784-451: Is no use for the al -. Al - is perpetually and necessarily attached to this word in most Arabic dialects. Thus its purpose is not a lexical or grammatical one, but a rhetorical one. In the above example, the extra al - is necessary. There are other cases where it is extra but not necessary. An example is in the following phrase: Sun and moon letters In Arabic and Maltese , the consonants are divided into two groups, called

833-406: Is often used in words to indicate the presence of something. For example, اليوم “al-yawm” means ‘this day’ i.e. ‘today’. In modern Arabic, this function is largely idiomatic and does not carry over to new words. Al - may be prefixed to names that are derived from Arabic nouns. This function is known as لمح الصفة lamḥ aṣ-ṣifah . The purpose of doing this is to point toward the meaning of

882-564: Is pronounced differently depending on the region of the speaker. In many regions it represents a coronal consonant such as [ d͡ʒ ] or [ ʒ ] . However, in Classical Arabic , it represented a palatalized voiced velar plosive / ɡʲ / or a voiced palatal plosive / ɟ / . A contemporary pronunciation as [ ɡ ] is retained in Egypt , Oman , and coastal Yemen or [ ɟ ] in eastern hinterland Yemen, and as

931-418: Is seen in the following couplet of poetry: Al - may be used to encompass all the individuals of a genus ( Arabic : استغراق الجِنس ). For example, الأسد “al-asad” can be used to mean ‘all lions’. This function is called استغراق istighrāq . One is encouraged to use caution when employing this form of al - as it may be confused with its other meanings. In order for al - to be in this capacity, it

980-421: Is the la- used at the beginning of nominal sentences for emphasis. The phonology of al - is the study of its constituent letters and vowels , and of its pronunciation in different dialects and in different lexical circumstances. A classical (and largely one-sided) debate in regards to al - is whether the hamza is volatile or not. The majority opinion is that of Sibawayh (d. ca. 797), who considers

1029-477: Is the correct antecedent. Often cited is the Arabic word for 'this', هذا hādhā , which, when combined with a definite phrase, has been known to become shortened from هذا البيت hādhā al-bayt (this house) to هلبيت hal-bayt . However, hal-bayt may merely be a shortening of the demonstrative pronoun. Weingreen also states that the original form of the Hebrew ha- was in fact hal . Hebrew, then, dropped

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1078-408: Is volatile, that is required. An example is in the phrase بِئْسَ الإسْمُ bi’sa al-ismu . The phrase is read as بِئْسَ الاِسْمُ " bi’sa lismu " (Qur'an 49:11). The rule relates to hamza and is not in direct relation to al -. Moreover, it is a rare occurrence and is almost never applied in spoken varieties of modern or classical Arabic. Al - has been recorded to separate from its host word as in

1127-545: The Proto-Semitic language did not have any articles, the most likely theory is that the article al - comes from the same proto-Semitic source as the Hebrew definite article ה־ ha- . That theory is based primarily on the fact that the two share many similarities. Both particles are prefixed to nouns, and both geminate with certain following letters. Moreover, neither particle is prefixed to non- final nouns in

1176-505: The al - while others will ignore it. Al - is sometimes prefixed to words without giving any grammatical benefit. This may occur in poetry, in which case the purpose may be to maintain metre, rhythm, or rhyme. It may also occur elsewhere to give a rhetorical benefit. For example, the al - attached to the relative pronoun الذي al-ladhī (that/which/etc) is considered to be extra ( Arabic : زائدة , romanized :  zāʾidah ), because relative pronouns are already definite and there

1225-590: The sun letters or solar letters ( Arabic : حروف شمسية ḥurūf shamsiyyah , Maltese : konsonanti xemxin ) and moon letters or lunar letters ( Arabic : حروف قمرية ḥurūf qamariyyah , Maltese : konsonanti qamrin ), based on whether they assimilate the letter lām ( ﻝ l ) of a preceding Arabic definite article al- ( الـ ), which is an important general rule used in Arabic grammar. Phonetically, sun letters are ones pronounced as coronal consonants , and moon letters are ones pronounced as other consonants. These names come from

1274-429: The Arabic al - was thus a result of a dissimilation process. In Arabic, this gemination occurs when the word to which al - is prefixed begins with one of the fourteen sun letters . Twelve of these letters (including lām) are originally designed to geminate. Ḍād and shīn have been included due to their similarities in pronunciation with lām and ţā, respectively. For example, the word الرجل al-rajul 'the man'

1323-416: The Arabic negating particle, لا lā. He conjectures that lā became al - through a process of metathesis . That is to say, the lām and the alif swapped positions. It is noteworthy that the negation denoted by lā and the definiteness denoted by al - are in stark contrast to each other. Barth also asserts that lā could have resulted in al - through a process of syncope so the alif in lā and

1372-438: The article. To put al - into perspective, there are many ways in which Arabic words can be made definite . These include the use of personal pronouns like "me", the use of proper nouns like "Saudi Arabia", demonstrative pronouns like "this man", relative pronouns like "the man who ...", vocation like "O man", possession like "my man", and of course the definite article like "the man". Apart from possession, prefixing

1421-417: The brother الْأُذُنُ ‎ al-’udhun(u) = the ear الْإِبْرِيقُ ‎ al-’ibrīq(u) = the jug b al-b ... al-bayt(u) = the house j al-j ... al-jawz(u) = the walnut ḥ al-ḥ ... al-Ḥajj(u) /alˈħad.d͡ʒu, alˈħaʒ.ʒu, alˈħaɟ.ɟu, alˈħaɡ.ɡu/ = the pilgrimage kh al-kh ... al-khawkh(u) = the peach ʻ al-ʻ ... al-‘aql(u) =

1470-406: The classical book of Arabic grammar written by Sibawayh. Whenever grammarians talk about "the book", this is what they mean and it is always understood without explanation. One of the functions of al - is to render the noun onto which it is prefixed a class noun ( Arabic : اِسْم جِنس , romanized :  ism jins ). For example, the word الأسد “al-asad” can mean ‘the lion’, referring to

1519-410: The definite article. For example, if one vocalizes the word البيت 'the house' after a pause, it will be pronounced "al-bayt". In fact, the hamza in al - is largely considered to be the only volatile hamza that has a fatḥa vowel. If, however, al - is vocalized in the middle of speech, the hamza will be dropped in pronunciation. As a result, the vowel preceding the definite article will be linked to

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1568-537: The demonstrative pronoun hazé ( eikh korím layéled hazé ? or What's this boy's name?) to simply zé . That indicates that the Hebrew ha- was the accurate retention of the original proto-Semitic source, as opposed to al- , which cannot conclusively be linked to the ancient cognate demonstrative pronoun hādhā/hazé . According to Jacob Barth, who was lecturer in Hebrew at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary , al - comes directly from

1617-516: The fact that the word for 'the Sun', al-shams , pronounced ash-shams , assimilates the lām , while the word for 'the Moon', al-qamar , does not. This also applies to the Maltese language where they are written as ix-xemx and il-qamar . When followed by a sun letter, the / l / of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to the initial consonant of the following noun, resulting in

1666-405: The final -l consonant, however, can vary; when followed by a sun letter such as t , d , r , s , n and a few others, it assimilates to that sound, thus doubling it. For example: for "the Nile", one does not say al-Nīl , but an-Nīl . When followed by a moon letter , like m- , there is no assimilation: al-masjid ("the mosque"). This affects only the pronunciation and not the spelling of

1715-446: The final l to achieve ha - while Arabic softened the h - to a hamza, resulting in al -. However, there is no evidence supporting the existence of hal from ancient Hebrew texts. In fact, as early as the 6th century BC both han and al were being used simultaneously in different Arabic dialects, namely Northern and Central. The Arabic word hādhā is equivalent to the Hebrew word זה zé . It appears that over time Hebrew shortened

1764-403: The following couplet: The al - in بذال has been recorded both with and without the alif. It has been stripped from its host word شحم because of the meter of the couplet. It has then been repeated in the second half of the couplet reattached to its host. This happened very rarely and, even then, has been recorded only in poetry. The primary and most profuse function of al - is to render

1813-433: The following word definite. Consequently, it turns out that the hamza in al - is considered the only volatile hamza in the language that has a fatḥa vowel. In very early Semitic languages, definiteness was achieved through gemination of the first letter in a word. For example, the word kitāb would be made definite by ak-kitāb . An additional benefit of this construction was to connote "determination". The lām in

1862-433: The following word definite. This is known as تعريف العهد   taʿrīf al-ʿahd . This function is of two types: There is also a special type of ḏihniyy known as "the al - for غلبة   ḡalabah ”. The noun on which the al - is prefixed, in this case, is never explicitly mentioned but the listener knows what is being referred to. For example, the word الكتاب al-kitāb (the book) may actually refer to

1911-420: The genitival particle. It could not have been given a ḍamma for fear of the following vowel being a kasra or ḍamma (which would result in awkward pronunciations as in لإبل * lu-ibil or لعنق * lu-‘unuq ). Despite the myriad of proofs for the argument, in most classical grammars and in modern Arabic, the opinion of Sibawayh is often taken as an axiomatic fact. There are many proofs and counterproofs, but

1960-452: The hamza contributes to the definiteness of the following word but is still volatile. In his defence, Khalīl argues that when a word prefixed with al - is preceded by the interrogative hamza, the two hamzas mix. For example, when the word الآن al-āna (now) is prefixed with it, the result is آلآن āl-āna . Clearly, the hamza of al - does not drop in this case even though there is no further purpose for it. Khalīl further argues that

2009-428: The hamza volatile. In his opinion, the hamza neither is part of al - nor contributes to the definiteness of the following word. Khalīl, Ibn Keisān and Akhfash, on the other hand, consider the hamza not to be volatile. There is a further debate among the proponents of the second theory. Some do not consider the hamza volatile and assert that it contributes to the definiteness of the following word. Others assert that

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2058-432: The letter lāmed have Arabic cognates that replace it with a Mīm as opposed to Lām, the equivalent letter. For example, skull in Hebrew is גֻּלְגֹּלֶת (gulgolet). Its Arabic cognate is جمجمة ( jumjúmah ). This gives plausibility to the case of Banū Ḥimiar and indicates that lām is frequently equated with Mīm. Regardless of whether the hamza in al - is volatile or not, it is read with a fatḥa when beginning speech with

2107-430: The lām of al -. For example, بابُ البيت (vocalized without any pauses) is pronounced "bābu l-bayt", بابَ البيت is pronounced "bāba l-bayt", and بابِ البيت is pronounced "bābi l-bayt". If the word onto which al - is prefixed starts with a hamza, the vowel from that hamza may transfer to the lām of al - after which the hamza not be pronounced. See Allah in "Arabic definite article" for an example. If this hamza

2156-472: The one named. For example, the name عادل ‘Adil (meaning 'just') may be read العادل " al-‘Adil " to allude to the fact that ‘Adil is a just person. In modern Arabic, however, this type of al - is largely idiomatic. That is to say, names traditionally prefixed with al - are kept as such and names without al - are also kept as such; the connotation of this al - is ignored. When it comes to alphabetic ordering , some sources will list names according to

2205-437: The only reason the hamza in al - is ever dropped is not that it is volatile but that it is used too much. When asked why the lām in al - was not simply given a vowel if it is so heavily used and it needs to be easier to pronounce, followers of Khalīl said that if the lām had been given a fatḥa , it would have been confused with the asseverative-cum-precative particle. Had it been given a kasra , it would have been confused with

2254-485: The origins of the Arabic definite article. The earliest evidence of the article, besides a 1st-century BC inscription in Qaryat al-Faw (formerly Qaryat Dhat Kahil, near Sulayyil , Saudi Arabia ), occurs in the 5th century BC, in the epithet of a goddess which Herodotus ( Histories I: 131, III: 8) quotes in its preclassical Arabic form as Alilat (Ἀλιλάτ, i. e., ʼal-ʼilat ), which means "the goddess". While

2303-449: The overarching argument in favour of this opinion is as follows: The lām in al - is the only lām particle in the language with a sukūn (to avoid confusion, as mentioned). Thus, it requires a volatile hamza. Moreover, al - is a particle, and Arabic particles do not drop letters (without losing their meanings or connotations). Yet the hamza in al - drops all the time. Therefore, it must be volatile, or al - would lose its ability to render

2352-484: The title Manar . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manar&oldid=1255445921 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Arabic-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Arabic-language text Short description

2401-422: The vowel over the lām were dropped, resulting in a sukūn (an Arabic diacritic) over the lām , and a volatile or elidable hamza was added to compensate for that. David Testen argues against both of these explanations. He says that there is no corroboratory evidence for either metathesis or syncope. It is possible that al - comes from the same root as the asseverative-cum-precative particle, لـَ la- ; it

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