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38-699: The district is named after the mythical Kyrgyz national hero, Manas , who is said to have been born in the Alatau mountains in the raion. A few kilometers outside Talas lies a mausoleum , supposedly that of Manas, called the Kümböz Manas . However, the inscription on its richly-decorated facade dedicates it to "...the most glorious of women Kenizek-Khatun, the daughter of the Emir Abuka". The building, known as "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Ghumbez of Manas",

76-711: A "still semi-pagan" village where he was "running wild". Hatto's interest in the community and its surroundings, a rural landscape far removed from his London roots, foreshadowed his interest in the intricacies of human society. As he said later, "I didn’t feign knowing anything, so everything I saw, I learned". In 1923, Hatto was awarded a scholarship to Dulwich College . He entered on the "modern" side and studied German ("the most exotic language available", in his later words), Latin, French, arithmetic, and elementary mathematics, among other subjects, with middling results. His highest marks came in English, which Hatto attributed to

114-755: A current cipher revealed the three-letter call signs from the preamble to messages in a future cipher, which served as the key to communications between the land , sea and air arms of the Third Reich's combined armed forces, the Wehrmacht . The discovery came before, and aided, the Allied invasion of Sicily . After Germany fell , part of Hatto's section was dispatched to Tokyo , by way of Ceylon . Page invited Hatto to join, although he somewhat reluctantly declined, his daughter Jane having just been born. Hatto kept silent about his wartime work, even after

152-666: A medical student from Düsseldorf whom he married in 1935. As she was Jewish, the move probably saved her life and the lives of her parents, who followed in March 1939. The Hattos settled first in Radlett and later in Mill Hill . After four years the position was no longer needed; Norman first encouraged Hatto apply for a vacancy at Newcastle University , and then, after the Hattos were reluctant to uproot themselves, recommended him for

190-630: A new lectureship at Queen Mary College, London . Hatto was chosen over many other applicants, in part, he thought, because the Principal, Sir Frederick Barton Maurice , admired his skill at rugby. In 1938 Hatto became the Head of the Department of German, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1977. Hatto's appointment at Queen Mary College had scarcely begun when, in February 1939, he

228-539: A well-received essay about roads . Hatto also ran cross country and played rugby at the school. Hatto met more academic success at King's College London , where his father, refusing to see his son "loll on a Sixth Form bench", sent him in 1927. Hatto studied there with Robert Priebsch , Frederick Norman, and Henry Gibson Atkins. Norman, in particular, who had such an influence on Hatto that Hatto forever after called Norman "my tutor", recognised Hatto's potential in academia. He refused to take back Hatto's books at

266-463: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Manas (epic) The Epic of Manas is a lengthy and traditional epic poem of the Kyrgyz people of East and Central Asia . Versions of the poem which date to the 19th century contain historical events of the 18th century, though Kyrgyz tradition holds it to be much older. Manas is said to be based on Bars Bek , the first khagan of

304-520: Is hatched to capture the young Manas. They fail in this task, and Manas is able to rally his people and is eventually elected and proclaimed as khan . Manas expands his reach to include that of the Uyghurs of Raviganjn on the southern border of Jungaria . One of the defeated Uyghur rulers gives his daughter to Manas in marriage. At this point, the Kyrgyz people chose, with Manas' help, to return from

342-405: Is in number of verses. Manas has more verses, though they are shorter. Manas is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, called Manasçı ( Kyrgyz : Манасчы ). Manasçıs tell the tale in a melodic chant unaccompanied by musical instruments. Kyrgyzstan has many Manasçıs. Narrators who know all three episodes of

380-560: Is said to have been buried in the Ala-Too mountains in Talas Province , in northwestern Kyrgyzstan . A mausoleum some 40 km east of the town of Talas is believed to house his remains and is a popular destination for Kyrgyz travellers. Traditional Kyrgyz horsemanship games are held there every summer since 1995. An inscription on the mausoleum states, however, that it is dedicated to "...the most famous of women, Kenizek-Khatun,

418-567: Is thought to have been built in 1334. It now contains a museum dedicated to the epic. A ceremonial mound also lies nearby. In total, Manas District include 22 settlements in 5 rural communities ( ayyl aymagy ). Each rural community can consist of one or several villages. The rural communities and settlements in the Manas District are: 42°43′23″N 71°36′00″E  /  42.72306°N 71.60000°E  / 42.72306; 71.60000 This Talas Region location article

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456-586: The Nibelungenlied . These were three of what Hatto saw as the four great German narrative poems of the age (the fourth, Willehalm , was translated by one of his pupils). Following the translation of Tristan , published as a Penguin Classic in 1960, Hatto received an invitation from a professor of German at the University of Auckland to visit for several months in 1965. The ensuing trip around

494-580: The First World War , and many more served during the Second . As a "nursery for Germanists", Bletchley Park included in its ranks Bruford, Leonard Forster, Kenneth Brooke, Trevor Jones, C. T. Carr, D. M. Mennie, R. V. Tymms, Dorothy Reich, William Rose, K. C. King, F. P. Pickering, and H. B. Willson. Hatto was well-suited to the task of cryptography, given his philological background and his fluent German; rare amongst his Bletchley Park colleagues, he

532-539: The Kyrgyz Khaganate . The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic , Mongolic and Chinese peoples. The government of Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary from the moment it was documented in 1995. The mythic poem has evolved over many centuries, being kept alive by bards called manaschy or manaschi . The first written reference to

570-571: The Nogay people, while in versions dating after 1920, Manas is a Kyrgyz and a leader of the Kyrgyz. Use of the Manas for nation-building purposes, and the availability of printed historical variants, has similarly had an impact on the performance, content, and appreciation on the epic. Attempts have been made to connect modern Kyrgyz with the Yenisei Kirghiz , today claimed by Kyrgyzstan to be

608-612: The University of London , notable for translations of the Medieval German narrative poems Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg , Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach , and the Nibelungenlied . He was also known for his theory of epic heroic poetry, and related publications. He retired in 1977, and in 1991 the British Academy elected him as a Senior Fellow. Hatto was born in London on 11 February 1910. His father

646-409: The eponymous hero of Manas and his Oirat enemy Joloy is to be found in a Persian manuscript dated to 1792–93. In one of its dozens of iterations, the epic poem consists of approximately 500,000 lines. The epic tells the story of Manas, his descendants, and their exploits against various foes. The Epic of Manas is divided into three books. The first is entitled "Manas", the second episode describes

684-462: The 16th and 17th centuries. Hatto remarks that Manas was "compiled to glorify the Sufi sheikhs of Shirkent and Kasan ... [and] circumstances make it highly probable that... [Manas] is a late eighteenth-century interpolation." Changes were made in the delivery and textual representation particularly the replacement of the tribal background of Manas. In the 19th century versions, Manas is the leader of

722-584: The Altai mountains to their "ancestral lands" in the mountains of modern-day Kyrgyzstan . Manas begins his successful campaigns against his neighbors accompanied by his forty companions. Manas turns eventually to face the Afghan people to the south in battle, where after defeat the Afghans enter into an alliance with Manas. Manas then comes into a relationship with the people of Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr through marriage to

760-590: The Bishkek Philharmonic (also travels through Europe), Talantaaly Bakchiev , who combines recitation with critical study, and Doolot Sydykov , noted for lengthy performances (including a 111 hour recitation over five days). Adil Jumaturdu has provided "A comparative study of performers of the Manas epic." There are more than 65 written versions of parts of the epic. Arthur Thomas Hatto made scholarly editions with facing English translations of

798-407: The Manas tales recorded in the 19th century by Shokan Valikhanov and Vasily Radlov . An English translation of the version of Sagımbay Orozbakov by Walter May was published in 1995 as part of the commemoration of the presumed 1000th anniversary of Manas' birth (and re-issued in two volumes in 2004), and a substantial episode of this variant translated by Daniel Prior was published in 2022. Manas

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836-575: The ancestors of modern Kyrgyz. Kazakh ethnographer and historian Shokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuli was unable to find evidence of folk-memory during his extended research in 19th-century Kyrgyzstan (then part of the expanding Russian empire) nor has any been found since. While Kyrgyz historians consider it to be the longest epic poem in history, the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata and the Tibetan Epic of King Gesar are both longer. The distinction

874-455: The daughter of the emir Abuka". Legend has it that Kanikey, Manas' widow, ordered this inscription in an effort to confuse her husband's enemies and prevent a defiling of his grave. The name of the building is "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Dome of Manas", and the date of its erection is unknown. There is a museum dedicated to Manas and his legend nearby the tomb. The reception of the poem in the USSR

912-417: The daughter of the ruler of Bukhara. The epic continues in various forms, depending on the publication and whim of the manaschi, or reciter of the epic. Scholars have long debated the exact age of the epic, as it was transmitted orally without being recorded. However, historians have doubted the age claimed for it since the turn of the 20th century. The primary reason is that the events portrayed occurred in

950-588: The deeds of his son Semetei, and the third of his grandson Seitek. The epic begins with the destruction and difficulties caused by the invasion of the Oirats. Jakyp reaches maturity in this time as the owner of many herds without a single heir. His prayers are eventually answered, and on the day of his son's birth, he dedicates a colt, Toruchaar, born the same day to his son's service. The son is unique among his peers for his strength, mischief, and generosity. The Oirat learn of this young warrior and warn their leader. A plan

988-489: The end of term, stating "No, not yours, Mr Hatto, you will be needing them in years to come!" In an effort to improve his German, Hatto left in 1932 for the University of Bern , where he taught as a Lektor for English; beforehand, John Rupert Firth helped coach him in how to teach the subject. While in Bern, Hatto also studied under Helmut de Boor and Fritz Strich , taught himself the local dialect Bärndütsch , and played

1026-519: The epic (the tales of Manas, of his son Semetey and of his grandson Seytek) can acquire the status of Great Manasçı. Great Manasçıs of the 20th century are Sagımbay Orozbakov , Sayakbay Karalaev , Şaabay Azizov (pictured), Kaba Atabekov, Seydene Moldokova and Yusup Mamay. Contemporary Manasçıs include Rysbek Jumabayev , who has performed at the British Library, Urkaş Mambetaliev, the Manasçı of

1064-526: The hero was erected. In 2023, the manuscript version of the epic was included by international organization UNESCO in the Memory of the World Programme . Manas has been translated into 20 languages. The Uzbek poet Mirtemir translated the poem into Uzbek . Arthur Thomas Hatto Arthur Thomas Hatto (11 February 1910 – 6 January 2010) was an English scholar of German studies at

1102-401: The poem an example of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism". The struggle continued inside Kyrgyzstan, with different newspapers and authors taking different sides; one of its supporters was Tugolbay Sydykbekov . By 1952 the poem was called anti-Soviet and anti-Chinese and condemned as pan-Islamic . Chinghiz Aitmatov , in the 1980s, picked up the cause for the poem again, and in 1985 finally a statue for

1140-645: The rural Swiss sport hornussen . In 1934, King's College awarded Hatto a Master of Arts with distinction for his thesis, "A Middle German Apocalypse Edited from the Manuscript British Museum, Add. 15243". Hatto remained proud of the accomplishment, which, at the time, was considered the equivalent of a doctorate . Also in 1934, Hatto, who had much enjoyed his time in Bern, was offered an assistant lectureship in German at King's College. He returned, bringing back with him Rose Margot Feibelmann,

1178-666: The work done at Bletchley Park was revealed in F. W. Winterbotham 's book 1974 The Ultra Secret . Though he was not named in the book, he was nevertheless alarmed by it. According to one of his colleagues, its publication led him to fear being kidnapped by the Soviets to the Lubyanka , "so far removed from the Reading Room of the British Museum ". Wartime duties kept Hatto busy until 1945, although from 1944 onward he

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1216-665: The world took Hatto to Istanbul , Delhi , Kathmandu , Bangkok , Auckland , Wellington , Fiji , Hawaii , California , the Grand Canyon , and New York , where he acquired a Kirghiz - Russian dictionary. Hatto retired in 1977, by which time he had had at least 72 works published. Hatto and his wife Margot had a daughter, Jane, and a son-in-law, Peter. They remained married until her death in 2000. Hatto himself died of bronchopneumonia shortly before turning 100, on 6 January 2010, at Field House in Harpenden . For

1254-636: Was Thomas Hatto, a solicitor's clerk who later became the Assistant Chief Solicitor in the British Transport Commission legal service, and his mother Alice Hatto (née Waters), a nurse. The family lived in Forest Hill , and later Clapham . When Hatto was eight, towards the end of the First World War , he spent a formative year with his aunt in the relative safety of Barcombe , which Hatto would later call

1292-415: Was able to decrypt even messages that had become corrupted. This skill generated both tension with and envy from with Oliver Strachey , working above Hatto. Strachey, however, had also assigned to Hatto's section Leonard Robert Palmer and Denys Page , who recognised Hatto's abilities and tasked him with scrutinising ciphers to look for hints of future ciphers. One of his successes was in discovering that

1330-425: Was allowed to lecture in Medieval German at University College London one day a week. He returned to Queen Mary College in 1945, to find the school struggling with its finances and enrolment, not to mention damaged from bombings. At least once the coke supply ran out, requiring water to be boiled or delivered by handcart. The department numbered just Hatto and a part-time colleague upon his return, though its status

1368-544: Was problematic. Politician and government official Kasym Tynystanov tried to get the poem published in 1925, but this was prevented by the growing influence of Stalinism . The first extract of the poem to be published in the USSR appeared in Moscow in 1946, and efforts to nominate the poem for the Stalin Prize in 1946 were unsuccessful. Ideologist Andrei Zhdanov , Stalin's "propagandist in chief", prevented this, calling

1406-489: Was raised in 1946, with the promotion of Hatto to Reader in German. Hatto was again promoted, to Professor, in 1953. Over his tenure, he developed a strong German Department, eventually numbering five full-time staff and one and a half language assistants. Though much of his work was addressed to an academic readership, Hatto's best-known works are translations of three Medieval German poems: Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg , Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach , and

1444-618: Was recruited, on the recommendations of Maurice and Norman, to work in the cryptographic bureau in Room 40 at the Foreign Office . Norman was working there also; Hatto initially worked under him in the Air Section, until on 3 September the two were sent to Bletchley Park , where they worked under John Tiltman . At least two other professors of German, Walter Bruford and Leonard Ashley Willoughby , had served in cryptography during

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