The Mānasollāsa also known as Abhilashitartha Chintamani , is an early 12th-century Sanskrit text composed by the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara III , who ruled in present-day Karnataka . It is an encyclopedic work covering topics such as polity, governance, ethics, economics, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, veterinary medicine, horticulture, perfumes, food, architecture, games, painting, poetry, dance and music. The text is a valuable source of socio-cultural information on 11th- and 12th-century India.
36-442: The encyclopedic treatise is structured as five sub-books with a cumulative total of 100 chapters. It is notable for its extensive discussion of arts, particularly music and dance. It is also notable for including chapters on food recipes and festivals, many of which are a part of modern Indian culture. Another medieval era Sanskrit text with the title Mānasollāsa also exists, consisting of devotional praise hymns ( stotra ), and it
72-420: A clean cloth. The text recommends boiling the water before use and using the water so in a day. For drinking, if boiling is not possible, the text recommends alternate purification method based on Triphala , and then adding a piece of mango, patala or champaka flower or powder of camphor for flavor and delight. The text mentions fresh coconut water and a drink called panakam . The art of preparing wine
108-520: A form of Indian polo involving two teams of eight members each. The last sub-book of the text discusses recreation through horticulture and the art of creating gardens, painting, perfumery, architecture and the training and breeding of horses, elephants, lavakki (a type of quail ), and other wildlife. A chapter is devoted to the royal sport of hunting deer or other wild game. It deals with 35 ways of game hunting of deer, in addition to hunting with dogs, falconry and fishing. The garden design , asserts
144-481: A prayer for protection to Rama . Stotras are a type of popular devotional literature. Among the early texts with Stotras are by Kuresha, which combine Ramanuja 's Vedantic ideas on qualified monism about Atman and Brahman (ultimate, unchanging reality), with temple practices. Stotra comes from the Sanskrit root √ stu- which means "to praise, eulogize or laud" combined with the ṣṭran suffix . Literally,
180-501: A range of cuisines based on fermentation of cereals and flours. Among meat dishes, the text does not include the meat of cow, horse, elephant, parrot, peacock or eggs. It describes cuisines based on pork, venison, goat meat, and fish among others. The text asserts that fresh water is Amrita (nectar) of cuisine, and Visha (poison) otherwise. Someshvara III recommends fresh water from rains (autumn), springs (summer), rivers and lakes (winter) for daily use, after it has been filtered with
216-481: A system that implied that the kingdom was virtually ruled through the ministers. The Manasollasa gives a significant role to an astrologer in the council of advisors to the king who would forecast the auspicious time to respond to an attack, which Hartmut Scharfe, a professor of Indo-European Studies, states proved disastrous during foreign Muslim invasion of the Deccan peninsula. The delegated form of governance in
252-475: A thousand names for a particular deity. Sahasranama means "1000 names"; Sahasra means 1000 and nama means names. For example, Vishnu Sahasranama means 1000 names of Vishnu. Other nama-stotra s may include 100 or 108 epithets of the deity. According to Hinduism, the names of God are valuable tools for devotion. Senapati Senapati ( Sanskrit pronunciation: [seːnɑpət̪i] ; Sanskrit : सेनापति ; sena meaning "army", pati meaning "lord")
288-523: Is a Sanskrit word that means "ode, eulogy or a hymn of praise." It is a literary genre of Indian religious texts designed to be melodically sung, in contrast to a shastra which is composed to be recited. A stotra can be a prayer, a description, or a conversation, but always with a poetic structure. It may be a simple poem expressing praise and personal devotion to a deity for example, or poems with embedded spiritual and philosophical doctrines. A common feature of most stotras other than Nama stotras
324-591: Is a title in ancient India denoting the rank of General . It was a hereditary title of nobility used in the Maratha Empire . During wartime, a Sardar Senapati or Sarsenapati (also colloquially termed Sarnaubat ) functioned as the Commander-in-Chief of all Maratha armies , coordinating the commands of the various Sardars in battle. Ranking under the heir-apparent crown prince ( yuvaraja ) and other hereditary princes (rajkumar),
360-590: Is an encyclopedic treatise written in poetic verse style. It is structured into five sub-books and cumulatively contains 100 chapters. The five Vinshatis (sub-book of 20s) are Rājyaprāptikāraṇa , Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa , Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa , Pramoda kāraṇa and the Krīḍā viṁśati. Each chapter deals with a specific topic, ranging from gaining a kingdom, its governance, economics, infrastructure, architecture, medicine, cuisine, ornaments, perfumery and love-games, sports, jewelry, painting, music and dance. A major part of
396-810: Is described in Manasollasa from grape and sugarcane, with unusual sources being based on brewing of Talimadya (palm), Narikelasava (coconut) and Khajurasava (date). It includes recipes for the king's favorite sweets . In addition to milk based sweets it includes recipes for fried sweets like golamu (a doughnut made with wheat flour), a rice flour based sweet similar to the modern pantua and ledikeni , and gharika (fried cakes made of black gram flour). The fourth sub-book of Manasollasa deals with entertainment such as music, dance, songs and competitive sports. The text covers dance and music in exclusive chapters, dedicating far more verses to these two topics than first two sub-books combined. This may reflect
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#1732771891330432-489: Is different from the encyclopedic treatise. Cut fishes into pieces and wash them well. Cook along with malabar tamarind juice. Sprinkle well with wheat flour. Fry in heated oil till brown. Add rock salt. Sprinkle powdered cardamom and pepper. — Manasollasa 3.1530–1531 The title Manasollasa (मानसोल्लास) is a compound Sanskrit word, consisting of manas ( मनस्) or "mind" and ullasa (उल्लास) or "rejoicing, delighting". It means "the joy, delighter or entertainer of
468-581: Is discussed in chapter 4.17 of Manasollasa . The text dedicates over 450 verses in chapter 4.18 to dance and describes types of dance forms, musical instruments that go with dance performances, and the occasions when dances were celebrated. The text discusses six types of performers, their characteristics and their roles — Nata (actor), Nartaka (dancer), Nartaki (danseuse), Vaitalika (bard), Charana (wandering performer) and Kollatika (acrobat). Their body movements (6 Anga , 8 Upanga and 6 Pratyanga ) are explained with their significance. This discussion
504-666: Is similar to that found in Natya Shastra , a Sanskrit text composed around 1st-century BCE. The text thereafter presents the 21 Sthanas and 26 Charis of the dance tradition. The discussion on dance movements is compiled by six categories — mimetic ( natya ), delicate ( lasya ), vigorous ( tandava ), acrobatic ( visama ), ludicrous ( vikata ) and graceful ( laghu ). The fourth sub-book also describes sports, such as fishing, dog (greyhound-type) racing, horse racing, elephant racing as well as archery, wrestling and athletics. The text describes some unique team sports, such as
540-568: Is the repetition of a line at the end of every verse. For example, the last line of every verse in the Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra ends in "Jaya Jaya Hē Mahiṣāsura-mardini Ramyakapardini śailasute." Many stotra hymns praise aspects of the divine, such as Devi , Shiva , or Vishnu . Relating to word " stuti ", coming from the same Sanskrit root * stu- ("to praise"), and basically both mean "praise". Notable stotras are Shiva Tandava Stotram in praise of Shiva and Rama Raksha Stotra ,
576-606: The Shatpadi was performed by folk story tellers, the Dhavala sung at marriages, while festivals such as Holi were celebrated with Mangala and Caccari genre of songs and music. The Charya , asserts the text, were songs of meditation. The text claims Gana (गान) to be a form of "popular music" and that Geet that is neither fast nor slow, but contains both high and low notes, where the words and musical meter are equally important to be preferred by spiritual teachers. Rhetoric
612-740: The Ghorpade and Dabhade families. Senapati as Surname is almost equivalent to Sardars in India . Outside of India too, this type of similar surnames are being used like " Senopati " in Indonesia, Walters in Germany which means Commander of the Army, etc. In Cambodia , the term sena padei ( Khmer : សេនាបតី ) means "military commander". It is used in the title of the current Prime Minister of Cambodia, Hun Sen . In ancient Philippines , this title
648-413: The Manasollasa's first sub-book, refrain from injury to others, practice self-restraint and generosity, have faith in gods, feed and support the poor and helpless, and be friendly. The king, according to the text, should honour his ancestors and all guests. The second sub-book Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Vimshati is dedicated to governance and economic matters to help a king retain the kingdom. It describes
684-460: The Vedic melodies, on the other, he gently smiles, Matted hair adorned with sweet konrai blossoms on one half of his head, and a woman's curls on the other, he comes. The one the nature of his form, the other of hers, And both are the very essence of his beauty. The nama-stotra is based on chanting a litany of names for a deity. The Sahasranama , a type of nama-stotra, is a litany of
720-631: The art of painting as three types — Viddha (representational), Aviddha (sketch, outline) and Bhava (narrative). The text includes a recipe for making various types of paints, as well as crayons for drawing, and then recommends the steps in making a drawing. The 12th-century text describes jewelry and make up of women including those applied to their eyelids, lashes, cheeks and forearms, mentioning styles and colors of Tilak on their foreheads. In jewelry, those for hair and earrings are notable. The Manasollasa has been called an important source on socio-cultural history of medieval India, particularly for
756-776: The causes of Shaivism and monastic scholarship. These monasteries in the Indian peninsula became centers of the study of the Vedas and Hindu philosophies such as the Nyaya school. Someshvara III composed this text in the initial years of his kingship. All those diseases of elephants caused by Vata and Pitta are cured without fail, by a mixture of Guduchi , two types of Parnika , two types of Meda , Jivaka and Rishabha , two types of Kakoli , Ashvagandha , Vidari and Shatavari , either in powder, paste, or decoction form. — Manasollasa 2.649–650 The Manasollasa
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#1732771891330792-556: The existing or acquired provinces is recommended by the text, with the qualification that the province should be ruled by someone born there. However, all ministers in immediate vicinity of the king must be born in the long established state. The king, states the text, must watch out and act against bureaucrats and officials who torment his subjects. The text cautions that the king should prevent abuse of his subjects from officials, robbers, enemies, king's favorites and his own greed. This sub-book also describes types of shulka (taxation). In
828-415: The fourth chapter, it explains the tax collected at port of entry on goods that arrive at the border. The second sub-book includes chapters on veterinary care of animals such as horses and elephants who served the army. Many veterinary ailments are described, ranging from fever to injury to stomach upsets, and the proper nourishment, care of the animals as well as formulations of medicines are outlined in
864-550: The garden and other details. Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the Vana-krida chapter. Other arts and leisure activities described in the fifth sub-book include activities such as garland making and perfumery , wherein the flowers are arranged in patterns of pleasing colors and ones that delight the senses. The text lists types of aromatic woods, such as sandalwood and their qualities. The text describes
900-603: The history of food, drinks and cuisines and of sports. Mandakranta Bose, a professor on South Asian studies, describes the text to be of great interest because it is the earliest known text with details on dance genres in India. A team consisting of Bruno Nettl , a professor of music and anthropology, has called Manasollasa an enormous treatise with large sections on music, dance and other performance arts. Stotra Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas Stotra (Sanskrit: स्तोत्र )
936-434: The importance of performance arts in 12th-century India, since Someshvara III's son and successor to the throne king Jagadekamalla II also wrote a famed treatise Sangita-chudamani , literally "crown jewel of music". The text describes types of songs and music, instruments and dances along with occasions of their performance. The Tripadi , states the text in chapter 4.16, was performed during harvesting and husking season,
972-518: The mind". Alternatively, the compound word can be broken as manasa and ullasa , which mean "happiness of mind". The work is divided into five sub-books suffixed as Viṁśati (विंशति) which means 20 and refers to the 20 chapters in the sub-book. In modern scholarship, it is referred by IAST spellings "Manasollāsa", and "Mānasollāsa". It is also known as the Abhilashitartha Chintamani ( Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi ) (literally,
1008-446: The ministers and their qualifications, the maintenance, equipment and training of an army with a Senapati (general) to command the army, the priests and astrologer as advisors to the king, the treasury and methods of taxation. J Duncan M Derrett , a professor of Oriental Laws, states that chapter 2.8 of the text discusses three kinds of constitutions and recommends that the king should delegate large responsibilities to his ministers,
1044-462: The precious gem that fulfills wish). This text title is spelled Manasollāsa , and there is another medieval era Indian text with the title, Mānasollāsa ( Sanskrit : मानसोल्लास ), written in Stotra (poetry of praise) style related to Dakshinamurti , very different in scope and attributed to Adi Shankara or Suresvara. The text was completed in 1129 CE by Someshvara III. He became the king in 1127,
1080-587: The term refers to "poems of praise". The earliest trace of stotras are Vedic, particularly in the Samaveda . The following is a Peterson translation of a Stotra by the Tamil poet Appar for Ardhanarishvara , the Hindu concept of a god who incorporates both the masculine and the feminine as inseparable halves. An earring of bright new gold one ear, a coiled conch shell sways on the other, On one side he chants
1116-474: The text is dedicated to music and musical instruments, with 2500 verses dedicated to it. The number of śloka s in this work are: The Rajyapraptikarana sub-book describes the qualifications of a king and ministers, their duties and moral characteristics that enable the king to rule a stable, prosperous kingdom. The chapter asserts that the king should be truthful, avoid anger, be virtuous and lead by example. The king, ministers and citizens should, states
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1152-478: The text, should include rocks and raised mounds of summits, manicured with plants and trees of diverse varieties, artificial ponds and flowing brooks. It describes the arrangement, the soils, the seeds, the distance between types of plants and trees, the methods of preparing manure, proper fertilizing and maintaining the garden, which plants and trees are best planted first, when to plant others, watering, signs of overwatering and underwatering, weeds, means of protecting
1188-468: The title Senapati most closely resembles a British Duke or German Herzog in rank and function. On occasion, the title Mahasenapati ( Sanskrit : महा maha- meaning "great") was granted; this equates to Field Marshal , and closely resembles a Grand Duke or a German Großherzog . Unlike Sardar , Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title that is passed on to the eldest son. There are several royal Senapati families alive today, including
1224-506: The verses of chapter 2.6, for example. The text includes the names of over 40 herbs used for recipes of veterinary care. The Manasollasa contains recipes of vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines , which according to Mary Ellen Snodgrass , the editor of Encyclopedia of Kitchen History , preceded the cookbook writing history in Europe by a century. While the text is not the first among Indian books to describe fermented foods, it contains
1260-510: Was part of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty, and the third king in this dynasty. The year in which he ascended the throne is approximate, and some scholars state it to be 1125 CE. The author hailed from the medieval Deccan region consisting of large parts of modern Karnataka , Telangana , western Andhra Pradesh and southern Maharashtra . Epigraphical evidence suggests that the dynasty made numerous land grants and financial awards to
1296-518: Was used by Sang pamegat senāpati di Tundun , the "Commander-in-chief" of Tondo represented by Jayadewa , Lord Minister of Pailah mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription c. 900 AD . In Indonesia , the term senapati has been absorbed into Old Javanese and eventually Javanese language to refer to "general" or "army commander". In Javanese it can be rendered as Senapati or Senopati . For example,
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