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22-538: The Mangawhai Harbour is a natural harbour in New Zealand . It is a sandspit estuary on the south-eastern coast of the Northland Region . The townships of Mangawhai and Mangawhai Heads are on the harbour. The Mangawhai Government Purpose Wildlife Refuge Reserve covers the sandspit between the harbour and the ocean. The Mangawhai Harbour is situated five kilometres south of Paepae-o-Tū / Bream Tail,

44-548: A 60 m × 30 m (197 ft × 98 ft) building of unknown function that is divided into 13 long rooms, and a series of 25 to 30 storage galleries carved into limestone outcrops further inland. The building of unknown function is the largest pharaonic building discovered to date along the Red Sea coast. The storage galleries are between 16 and 34 m (52 and 112 ft) long, and are usually 3 m (9.8 ft) wide and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall. Inside

66-399: A body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias . Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are: For harbors near

88-716: A major headland in the Northland Region . The central section of the Mangawhai Harbour is called the Mangawhai Estuary. It is fed by a number of tributaries, including the Mangawhai River, Bob Creek and Tara Creek. A large sand spit forms the mouth of the harbour. This sandspit is a 245 hectare nature reserve, known as the Mangawhai Government Purpose Wildlife Refuge Reserve. The sandspit at

110-540: A very particular marl composition which had previously been identified in Fourth Dynasty contexts at other sites, including across the Gulf of Suez at Tell Ras Budran . Ten of the papyri are especially well preserved. The majority of these documents date to the year after the 13th cattle count of Khufu's reign and describe how the central administration sent food and supplies to Egyptian travelers. One document

132-653: Is Long Beach Harbor , California , United States, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century. In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour , New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka. Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known

154-633: Is of special interest: the Diary of Merer , an official involved in the building of the Great Pyramid of Khufu . Using the diary, researchers reconstructed three months of his life, providing new insight into everyday lives of people of the Fourth Dynasty. The papyri are the oldest ever found in Egypt. Three groups of buildings were found 500 m (1,600 ft) to the northwest of the harbor. The rectangular construction and organization of rooms into

176-523: Is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf , on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu ). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai . Other large and busy artificial harbors include: The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons . A natural harbor is a landform where a section of

198-633: The Nile Valley and the Red Sea , crossing the Eastern Desert . The site is across the Gulf of Suez from the small Sinai fortress of Tell Ras Budran . A somewhat similar ancient port is at Ain Sukhna , a little north of Wadi al-Jarf. The site was first discovered by J. G. Wilkinson in 1832. It was rediscovered by a French team in the 1950s, who named it Rod el-Khawaga . Archeological work

220-464: The North and South poles , being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are: The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica 's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage

242-677: The Short-tail stingray , whai , found in the harbour. Te Whai had a fortified pā at Mangawhai Point, a central headland in the harbour. The harbour was an important connection between the east and west coasts of Northland, as it was a part of the Ōtamatea portage , a place which allowed waka to be hauled overland between the Mangawhai Harbour and the Kaipara Harbour , via the Kaiwaka River , Hakaru River and Otamatea River . 41 archaeological sites have been identified around

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264-401: The Red Sea, indicating trade between the two sites. A large number of papyrus fragments were found at Wadi al-Jarf, providing insight into life during the Fourth Dynasty. The papyri are the oldest ever found in Egypt. The first known documentation of ancient harbor structures at Wadi al-Jarf was in 1832, when J. G. Wilkinson noted their existence. He discovered a series of galleries cut into

286-483: The discovery of an ancient harbor and dozens of papyrus documents at the location. Those are the oldest papyri ever found in Egypt (ca. 2560–2550 BC, end of the reign of Khufu ). The harbor complex consists of a ca. 150-metre-long (490 ft) mole or jetty of stones that is still visible at low tide ( 28°53′20″N 32°40′53″E  /  28.8888°N 32.6815°E  / 28.8888; 32.6815 ), an alamat or navigational landmark made of heaped stones,

308-475: The galleries lay several boat and sail fragments, some oars, and numerous pieces of ancient rope. Twenty-five stone anchors were found under water, and 99 anchors were found in an apparent storage building. The discovery of anchors in their original context is a first in Old Kingdom archeology. Many of the anchors bear hieroglyphs, likely representing the names of the boats from which they came. The port

330-481: The harbor predates the second-oldest known port structure by more than 1,000 years. There is some trace evidence of use during the early part of Fifth Dynasty , after which the harbor was likely abandoned. Numerous stone food and water storage jars, textile and wood fragments, and a collection of hundreds of papyrus fragments were also found at the site. Many of the jars feature names of people or boats in red ink, indicating their owners. The jars are characterized by

352-458: The harbour. The Mangawhai Harbour was purchased by the Crown in 1858, with European settlers using the harbour from 1859, primarily for the kauri logging and kauri gum industries. As these industries dwindled, dairy farming and sheep farming became the main industries around the harbour. Two European settlements developed around the harbour, Mangawhai to the south-west and Mangawhai Heads to

374-449: The mouth of the harbour has spinifex and pingao, and is a home for many migratory bird species, such as Caspian terns , New Zealand fairy terns , Variable oystercatchers and New Zealand dotterels . The Mangawhai Harbour is a part of the rohe of Te Uri-o-Hau , a tribal group either seen as an independent iwi , or as a hapū of Ngāti Whātua . The name refers to Te Whai, a historic rangatira of Ngāti Whātua, who shares his name with

396-683: The north. In 1864, Three Brothers , a British schooner hit the sandbar at the mouth of the Mangawhai Harbour. Two passengers were washed overboard and drowned. Sand mining began at the Mangawhai Harbour entrance pre 1940. In 1978 the collapse of sand dunes, believed to be caused by sand mining, closed the harbour for five and a half years. Commercial sand mining ceased in 2004. Harbour Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters , sea walls , or jetties or they can be constructed by dredging , which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor

418-542: The stone which he believed to be Greek catacombs . In the 1950s, a group of French amateurs in archeology began to explore some parts of the site, which they named Rod el-Khawaga, but they were expelled during the 1956 Suez Crisis . Their notes were published in 2008, spurring interest to resume work. Systematic excavation resumed in 2011 by a joint Egyptian–French archeological team led by Pierre Tallet (University Paris IV-La Sorbonne) and Gregory Marouard (The Oriental Institute, Chicago). In April 2013, archaeologists announced

440-545: Was quickly abandoned when the Suez Crisis broke out in 1956. A joint French–Egyptian team resumed excavation in 2011. The harbor at the site dates to the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt , approximately 4,500 years ago. Also discovered at the site were more than 100 anchors, the first Old Kingdom anchors found in their original context, and numerous storage jars. The jars have been linked with those of another site across

462-526: Was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan . The following are large natural harbors: Wadi al-Jarf Wadi al-Jarf ( Arabic : وادي الجرف ) is an area on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, 119 km (74 mi) south of Suez , that is the site of the oldest known artificial harbour in the world, developed about 4500 years ago. It is located at the mouth of the Wadi Araba, a major communication corridor between

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484-465: Was the starting point for voyages from mainland Egypt to South Sinai mining operations. It is speculated that the harbor may have also been used to launch voyages to "the mysterious Land of Punt ", a known trading partner of Egypt. The harbor was developed in the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 B.C.), whose name is inscribed on some of the heavy limestone blocks at the site. That means

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