54-616: Mangemangeroa Creek is a tidal estuary and stream in the Auckland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . The creek forms a border between metropolitan East Auckland and the rural countryside around Whitford . The name of the creek in Māori means "The Long Valley of the Mangemange Vine", referring to Lygodium articulatum (mangemange). The plant was traditionally used by Ngāi Tai to construct fishing nets, ropes, and as
108-524: A museum which commemorates the kauri industry and the early Pākehā settlers. Today, Dargaville is the principal centre in the Kaipara area. Its population levelled in the 1960s. It is the country's main kūmara (sweet potato) producer. Much of the coastal fishing industry in New Zealand depends on mangrove forests . About 80% of fish caught commercially are linked to food chains dependent on
162-522: A part of burial practices, and is now rare in the area. The name of the creek had various spellings in English in the 19th Century, including Mungaroa and Maungamaungaroa. The name Mangemangeroa was made official in 1991, after consultation with the Ngāi Tai Trust Board. The Mangemangeroa Creek is a drowned valley system. The creek begins to the east of Mission Heights , and flows northwards. As
216-434: A perception amongst locals that commercial fishers have damaged fisheries in the Kaipara. Locals have been frustrated in their attempts to gain government support. The veteran filmmaker Barry Barclay has examined this in his 2005 documentary, The Kaipara affair . Currently (2007) about 219,000 cubic metres of sand is mined each year from the entrance and tidal deltas of the Kaipara. This sand contributes over half
270-916: A population of 1,656,486 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 84,768 people (5.4%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 240,936 people (17.0%) since the 2013 census . There were 818,262 males, 832,188 females and 6,036 people of other genders in 544,083 dwellings. 3.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 35.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 318,843 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 346,938 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 770,949 (46.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 219,750 (13.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 49.8% European ( Pākehā ); 12.3% Māori ; 16.6% Pasifika ; 31.3% Asian ; 2.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.8% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
324-779: A sheltered harbour as elongated sand dune barriers formed at the harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level . The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum . The Kaipara Harbour is a productive marine ecosystem , with diverse habitats and ecotones . There are tidal reaches, intertidal mudflats and sandflats, freshwater swamps , maritime rushes , reed beds and coastal scrublands . The area includes 125 square kilometres of mangrove forest . with subtidal fringes of seagrass . The Kaipara
378-801: Is a migratory bird habitat of international significance. Forty–two coastal species are known, and up to 50,000 birds are common. Rare species use the harbour for feeding during summer before returning to the Northern Hemisphere to breed, such as the bar-tailed godwit , lesser knot , and turnstone . Threatened or endangered native species, such as the North Island fernbird , fairy tern , crake , Australasian bittern , banded rail , grey‑faced petrels , banded and NZ dotterels , South Island pied oystercatcher , pied stilt , and wrybill are also present . Significant local populations of black swan , pūkeko , and grey duck also breed in
432-502: Is dairying on the rich Ruāwai flats . These flats are below sea level, and are protected by a stopbank and a drainage system. Coastal sawmill settlements at Tinopai , Arapaoa, Batley , Matakohe , Oneriri, Ōruawharo, Pahi , Paparoa , Tanoa and Whakapirau (history photos on the Whakapirau Community Website) have become quiet backwaters. Pahi has become a launch point for houseboats and fishing. Matakohe has
486-482: Is expected to generate 0.75 MW averaged over time. The peak level of generation for the combined turbines is about 200 MW. This exceeds the projected peak electricity needs of Northland . It would have environmental benefits in offsetting annual carbon emissions from a thermal-based, gas turbine generator of 575,000 tonnes of carbon. The project was costed at about $ 600 million and to be economic would have to be scaled up rapidly to near full capacity. However, while
540-485: Is needed on biodiversity in the Kaipara Harbour and habitats in associated coastal areas. A recent pilot survey found that habitats in the estuaries are still extensive, but ninety percent of land cover is no longer indigenous wetland or vegetation. Even if the key existing areas were to be protected, further buffers and corridors that give better connection between the natural areas would be needed to encourage
594-711: The Auckland Council on 1 November 2010, the Auckland Region consisted of seven territorial local authorities (TLAs); four cities and three districts: The Auckland Region is home to at least 23 known species or subspecies exclusively found in the region. This includes plant species such as the Waitākere rock koromiko , the undesccribed Mokohinau gecko , insect species such as the Little Barrier giant wētā , and bird species known to roost exclusively in
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#1732801638293648-607: The Caspian tern . The birds have moved to other parts of Kaipara Harbour, possibly due to human disturbance. An air weapons range used by the New Zealand Defence Force is a short distance south of the spit. Māori settlements and marae have been scattered around the harbour margins for hundreds of years. The waterways of the Kaipara provided, and still provide, Māori with resources and a ready means of moving between marae. Today most marae are associated with
702-510: The Manukau , and is the single most significant wetland for west coast fisheries. In 2009, NIWA scientists discovered that 98 percent of snapper on the west coast of the North Island were originally juveniles from nurseries in the Kaipara. Snapper is New Zealand's largest recreational fishery , and is also a commercial fishery with an annual export value of $ 32 million. The findings show how fragile some fish stocks can be, and highlights
756-843: The Manukau Harbour , ending within a few kilometres of the mouth of the Waikato River . It also includes the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . It is bordered in the north by the Northland Region , and in the south by the Waikato region. The Hunua Ranges and the adjacent coastline along the Firth of Thames were part of the region until the Auckland Council was formed in late 2010, when they were transferred to
810-453: The Ngāti Whātua sub-tribes, Te Taoū and Te Uri-o-Hau . These sub-tribes both descend from the chief Haumoewhārangi who settled on the north end of the Kaipara entrance at Poutō . He was killed in an argument about kūmara (sweet potatoes). His widow Waihekeao developed a partnership with a Tainui warrior chief, Kāwharu. Kāwharu led several destructive campaigns around Kaipara. Eventually
864-485: The Tasman to Australia. The Kaipara River is the principal river feeding Kaipara Harbour from the south. From 1863 Helensville established itself as a timber port on this river, and provided shipping services about the Kaipara. When the timber ran out, Helensville developed sheep and dairy farms, and more recently nut plantations, vineyards and deer farms. Further south, Riverhead was an important trading link with
918-465: The Tasman Sea . It narrows to a width of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), and is over 50 metres (160 ft) deep in parts. On average, Kaipara tides rise and fall 2.10 metres (6.9 ft). Spring tidal flows reach 9 km/h (5 knots) in the entrance channel and move 1,990 million cubic metres per tidal movement or 7,960 million cubic metres daily. The harbour head is a hostile place. Big waves from
972-603: The Auckland Region, such as the New Zealand storm petrel . Many endemic species are found exclusively within the Waitākere Ranges , on Great Barrier Island , Little Barrier Island and the Mokohinau Islands . Auckland Region covers 4,941.16 km (1,907.79 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,798,300 as of June 2024, with a population density of 364 people per km . Auckland Region had
1026-478: The Auckland region means the road costs of transporting sand from further parts of the country are avoided. Concerns about possible negative consequences of this sand mining have also been raised. In 2008, Crest Energy, a power company, received resource consent to install about 200 underwater tidal turbines in the Kaipara Harbour, which would use the substantial tidal flows moving in and out every day near
1080-532: The Crown settled the historical claims of Te Uri o Hau , a hapū of the northern Kaipara Harbour. As part of the settlement, access to and the rights of the hapū to gather oysters within the existing "Maori Oyster Areas" were recognised. In 2008, resource consent was given to Biomarine to establish New Zealand's largest oyster farm in the Kaipara. The farm is projected to produce about NZ$ 30 million in annual exports and 100 new jobs. In recent years, there has been
1134-593: The Department of Conservation had approved the project, and had made substantial environmental monitoring conditions part of the consent, the project also had objectors on the grounds of claimed influences on the local ecosystems and charter fishing (see the section above on fisheries ). Appeals before the Environment Court are still likely. The project was put on hold by Crest Energy in late 2013; its director Anthony cited several issues that prevented
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#17328016382931188-494: The Kaipara and Helensville, and a centre for gum digging. Also set by a river, it milled timber and flour, and made paper. Later it turned to tobacco. From 1929 to 1933, the Riverhead State Forest was developed from 5,000 ha of exhausted gum land. As the kauri ran out, the Kaipara became a backwater. After 1920 the gum and timber industries dwindled, and farming, mainly dairying, took over. In particular, there
1242-567: The Kaipara became a busy timber port from the 1860s, shipping thousands of tonnes of kauri timber and gum . The first sailing ship wrecked at the entrance to the harbour was the Aurora in April 1840. The brigantine Sophia Pate was wrecked at South Head in August 1841 with the loss of all 21 on board. The Wairoa is the main river feeding the Kaipara from the north. Thirty kilometres upstream,
1296-582: The Mangemangeroa Reserve, which officially opened on 25 November 2000. A walking track exists on the northern/western banks of the creek, between Shelly Park and the Mangemangeroa Reserve. Auckland Region Auckland ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand , which takes its name from the eponymous urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns, rural areas, and
1350-473: The Tasman Sea break over large sandbanks about five metres below the surface, two to five kilometres from the shore. The sand in these sandbanks comes mainly from the Waikato River . Sand discharged from this river is transported northward by the prevailing coastal currents. Some of this sand is carried into the Kaipara harbour entrance, but mostly cycles out again and then continues moving northwards along
1404-467: The Waikato region. In land area the region is smaller than all the other regions and unitary authorities except Nelson . The region's coastline is 3,702 kilometres (2,300 mi) long. It has about 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of rivers and streams, about 8 percent of these in urban areas. Its highest point is the summit of Little Barrier Island , at 722 metres. Prior to the merger into
1458-427: The area. Land habitats adjacent to the harbour support some rare botanical species, including native orchids, the king fern , and the endangered kaka beak . In particular, Papakanui Spit on the south head of the harbour entrance, a mobile sandspit , is important as a breeding and roosting area for the New Zealand dotterel and the fairy tern . It also has areas of pingao . The spit was an important habitat for
1512-413: The causes of which have not been identified. Concerns in recent years about the size and availability of scallops have resulted in temporary closures of the scallop fisheries. Early versions of oyster farming occurred between the early 1900s and 1950s. Thousands of tons of rocks were placed along the shorelines to act as an additional substrate on which the natural rock oyster could grow. In 2002,
1566-429: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 330,039 (24.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 571,350 (42.7%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 345,828 (25.9%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 44,700, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 194,880 people (14.6%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1620-572: The creek reaches the Waitematā Harbour , it becomes a tidal estuary. Much of the surrounding land is farmland. Closer to the creek are areas forested with native trees, including tōtara , nīkau , karaka and pūriri . The creek forms the border between the Howick and Franklin local board areas. Mangemangeroa was one of the locations visited by the Tainui migratory waka, as the crew explored
1674-473: The creek was constructed in the 1860s. Wharfs beside the bridge were used as docking points for ferries, transporting goods and passengers. A new concrete bridge was constructed in April 1935. During World War II , home guard soldiers dug trenches along the creek. In August 1994, the Manukau City Council purchased land that bordered the creek, at the request of Forest & Bird . This became
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1728-420: The descendants of Waihekeao and Haumoewhārangi came to control the Kaipara Harbour. Te Uri-o-Hau was founded by Hakiputatōmuri, and controlled the northern part of Kaipara Harbour. Te Taoū was founded by Mawake, and controlled the south. In 1839, European settlers began arriving in the Kaipara to fell and mill kauri trees and build boats for local requirements. Despite the perilous bar at the harbour entrance,
1782-407: The eastern bays of the Auckland Region . The area was settled by Ngāi Tai , a people who descended from Tainui, who settled there for the area's seafood resources, including Spiny dogfish (pioke) found in the estuary. Numerous Ngāi Tai and Ngāti Pāoa pā sites, middens and other archaeological sites have been found in the area, most notably Te Mangemangeroa Pā, constructed at the highest point in
1836-426: The harbour mouth to produce electricity for approximately 250,000 homes. Crest planned to place the turbines at least 30 metres deep along a ten kilometre stretch of the main channel. Historical charts show this stretch of the channel has changed little over 150 years. The output of the turbines will cycle twice daily with the predictable rise and fall of the tide. Each turbine will have a maximum output of 1.2 MW, and
1890-457: The importance of protecting natural habitats, like the Kaipara. Native rock oysters are plentiful on the rocky shores, and the introduced Pacific oysters flourish lower in the intertidal zone. There are cockles and tuatua on the lower tidal flats, mussels from low tide on the rocks to subtidal beds closer to the mouth of the harbour, and scallops in the tidal channels. The scallop population has periodic incidences of high mortality,
1944-515: The interior of the peninsula at the northeast of the harbour, one of them ending near the town of Maungaturoto , only ten kilometres (6 mi) from the Pacific Ocean coast. The harbour has extensive catchments feeding five rivers and over a hundred streams, and includes large estuaries formed by the Wairoa , Otamatea, Oruawharo , Tauhoa (Channel) and Kaipara . A number of small islands off
1998-426: The islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 34 percent of the nation's residents, it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand, but the second-smallest land area. On 1 November 2010, the Auckland region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils. In the process, an area in its southeastern corner
2052-449: The land and sedimentation in the harbour. Shellfish abundance has declined, especially toheroa, scallops, tuatua, cockles and pipi. Finfish like mullet, snapper, kanae and school shark have diminished. Habitat fragmentation has also occurred. Natural vegetation in the Kaipara catchments have been reduced to islands of wetlands and forest in human-made landscapes—separated by urban areas, roads, exotic forests and pastures. More information
2106-446: The main issues, with "ninety-nine per cent of the rivers in the catchment [are] polluted". As part of the worldwide trend, there is a decline in biodiversity within the Kaipara. The timber industry removed most of the native forest. Much of the kauri and kahikatea forest, and scrub and riparian vegetation, has been replaced with farm and urban areas. Mangrove forests and wetlands have been "reclaimed". Soil erosion has increased on
2160-521: The mangroves, and at least 30 species of fish use mangrove wetlands at some stage of their life cycle. The marine and estuarine areas in the Kaipara Harbour breed snapper , mullet , flounder , sole , kahawai , white trevally , gurnard , yellow‑eyed mullet and skates , rays and sharks . The Kaipara is the largest estuarine harbour on the west coast of New Zealand and provides significant areas of suitable breeding grounds and habitats for juvenile fish. It has fewer problems with water quality than
2214-532: The name Kaipara had its origins back in the 15th century when the Arawa chief, Kahumatamomoe , travelled to the Kaipara to visit his nephew at Pouto . At a feast, he was so impressed with the cooked root of the para fern , that he gave the name Kai-para to the district. Kaipara comes from the Māori kai meaning "food", and para meaning "king fern". The harbour extends for some 60 kilometres (37 mi) from north to south. Several large arms extend into
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2268-582: The north west region of New Zealand as a whole, but does not tailor quota specifically for the Kaipara. Local iwi feel they are not sufficiently involved in management issues, and to further compound matters, the local iwi is split between Te Uri-o-Hau in the northern part and Te Taoū in the southern part. As of 2011, the environmental state of the harbour has been called as "nearing crisis" and "in significant decline", with shrinking fish and shellfish stocks, more sedimentation, declining water quality and competition for resource use and development being noted as
2322-650: The north western side of the North Island of New Zealand. The northern part of the harbour is administered by the Kaipara District and the southern part is administered by the Auckland Council . The local Māori tribe is Ngāti Whātua . By area, the Kaipara Harbour is one of the largest harbours in the world. It covers 947 square kilometres (366 sq mi) at high tide, with 409 square kilometres (158 sq mi) exposed as mudflats and sandflats at low tide. According to Māori tradition,
2376-516: The northern arm of the entrance ( Pouto Peninsula ). It was automated in 1947 and closed in the mid 1950s. The structure still exists and was renovated in 1982–84. In Māori mythology , the ocean-going canoe Māhuhu voyaged from Hawaiki to New Zealand and overturned on the northern side of the entrance. It was commanded by the chief Rongomai , who drowned. His body was eaten by araara (white trevally), and his descendants to this day will not eat that type of fish. The first European shipwreck
2430-577: The project from proceeding. He also sold the majority of his shareholdings to Todd Energy Ltd the same year. Management of the Kaipara Harbour does not have a central administration. Management is distributed among the Kaipara District Council, Auckland Council , Northland Regional Council , the Department of Conservation's Northland and Auckland section, and the Ministry of Fisheries. The Ministry of Fishing allocates quota for
2484-416: The sand requirements for Auckland . The sand is used in the production of concrete and asphalt, and also in drainage systems and beach nourishment . A suction pump is usually used to extract the sand from the seabed. It is pumped into a barge as a sand and water slurry. As the barge loads, shells and other objects are screened out and the sea water drained back to the sea. The availability of sea sand within
2538-403: The shoreline are connected to the mainland by mudflats at low tide. The Kaipara Harbour is broad and mostly shallow, as it is formed from a system of drowned river valleys . The harbour shoreline is convoluted by the entry of many rivers and streams, and is about 800 kilometres (500 mi) long, being the drainage catchment for about 640,000 ha of land. The harbour entrance is a channel to
2592-509: The town of Dargaville was established. The stretch of water to Dargaville is broad and straight and provides an easy to navigate route into what were then kauri forests in the interior. Dargaville flourished and immigrants from Britain and Croatia were attracted to the area. Ships up to 3,000 tons carried timber and logs out along the Wairoa to defy the bar at the harbour entrance before continuing on, usually to another New Zealand port or across
2646-471: The valley, to the south of the tidal estuary. Near Broomfields Road is a traditional ara of stepping stones across the creek. Fish traps were constructed by Ngāi Tai in the creek, and some of these were still visible as late as the 1980s. Early European farmers in the area included the McAuley and Somerville families. The last Ngāi Tai inhabitants left the area in the 1870s. The first wooden bridge across
2700-407: The west coast. The southern sandbanks at the entrance are constantly accumulating and releasing this sand. These treacherous sandbanks shift and change position, and are known locally as the graveyard . The graveyard is responsible for more shipwrecks than any other place in New Zealand, and has claimed at least 43 vessels—some say as many as 110. For this reason, a lighthouse was built in 1884 on
2754-557: Was spoken by 92.3%, Māori language by 2.6%, Samoan by 4.5% and other languages by 29.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 42.5, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 34.9% Christian , 5.4% Hindu , 2.9% Islam , 0.9% Māori religious beliefs , 1.9% Buddhist , 0.3% New Age , 0.2% Jewish , and 2.6% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 44.8%, and 6.2% of people did not answer
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#17328016382932808-408: Was that 712,110 (53.2%) people were employed full-time, 161,946 (12.1%) were part-time, and 43,947 (3.3%) were unemployed. The eponymous city (urban area) of Auckland has a population of 1,531,400 as of June 2024, making up 85.2% of the region's population. Other urban areas in the Auckland region include: Kaipara Harbour Kaipara Harbour is a large enclosed harbour estuary complex on
2862-518: Was the Aurora , a 550-ton barque, in 1840, and the most recent was the yacht Aosky in 1994. Today, the remains of wrecks still become visible under certain tidal and sand conditions. The Kaipara is rarely used today for shipping, and no large settlements lie close to its shores, although many small communities lie along its coastline. The Kaipara Harbour is a drowned river valley system, which first formed 2-3 million years ago as an open bay, becoming
2916-555: Was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato region. Since then, the Auckland Council has introduced a system of local boards to divide the region for local government. On the mainland, the region extends from the mouth of the Kaipara Harbour in the north across the southern stretches of the Northland Peninsula , through the Waitākere Ranges and the Auckland isthmus and across the low-lying land surrounding
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