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43-400: The region is located in the southwest of the country, and includes Mangyshlak Peninsula . It has much of Kazakhstan's Caspian Shore . It also borders neighboring countries Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Mangystau also borders two other Kazakh regions (counter-clockwise), Aktobe Region and Atyrau Region . The area of the region is 165,600 square kilometers. Engineers discovered petroleum in

86-564: A 4G technology network with LTE since 2010. The 4G network covers all areas of the city and the Turkmenbashi International Airport . Internet access services and cable TV are provided by the operator Turkmentelecom . There is 1 internet cafe in the city. Turkmenbashi Marine Secondary Vocational School of Türkmendeňizderýaýollary Agency prepares specialists for the needs of the sea and river transport of Turkmenistan. The term of study in accordance with

129-651: A cold desert climate ( BWk , according to the Köppen climate classification ), with hot summers and somewhat chilly winters. The average temperatures are 3 °C in January and 28 °C in July. With the 40°N traversing the city, summers are extremely warm for the latitude considering its maritime position. The average annual precipitation is 125 mm (5 in). Western Turkmenistan has major petroleum and natural gas reserves, and Turkmenistan's largest oil refinery

172-851: A large part of the Polish Anders' Army along with many civilians was evacuated from the USSR via the local port to Iran . In 1985, the airbase here was attacked by Afghan Mujahideen . January 10, 1991, Balkan province was created, and on May 18, 1992, was designated a velayat ( Turkmen : welaýat ) with its capital in Balkanabat . On 8 October 1993, Krasnovodsk was renamed by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov after his self-proclaimed title Türkmenbaşy ("Head of [all] Turkmens") by Resolution No. 904-XII of Turkmenistan Parliament. The second President of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow , pledged in July 2007 to invest $ 1 billion in

215-479: A major renovation. The city has Şagadam Stadium , at which is based the professional football club Şagadam FK . Futsal clubs Deňizçi and TNGIZT from Türkmenbaşy play in the Turkmenistan Futsal League . In 2014, first time in history Turkmenistan hosted PWA World Tour Windsurfing. The city has one mobile operator : Altyn Asyr , which was implemented in 2007, and which has

258-540: A project slated to turn Türkmenbaşy into a major tourist resort. He ordered development of the Awaza tourist zone with 60 modern hotels to be built along a 16 km (10 mi) stretch of the Caspian Sea shoreline. Aside from Awaza, Türkmenbaşy city has three modern hotels: Türkmenbaşy Hotel, Charlak Hotel, and the new Silk Road Hotel at the seaport, in addition to the old Soviet-era Hazar Hotel. In recent years,

301-732: A small residential area. The abolished Kenar etraby, an area of 7262 hectares, included the main part of the city of Turkmenbashy and the territory of the former town of Kenar. It encompassed the Turkmenbashy International Seaport , including the Kenar Oil Loading Terminal as well as the Kenar Oil Storage and Loading Enterprise ( Russian : Кенарское предприятие хранения и отгрузки нефтепродуктов , Turkmen : Kenar nebit önümlerini saklamak we iberiş kärhanasy ). Türkmenbaşy has

344-484: Is Otpan mountain at 556 metres (1,824 ft). The lowest point is the bottom of Karagie cavity , 132 metres (433 ft) below sea level. The region has a wide variety of climate conditions. North Mangystau is cold in winter due to the Ustyurt Plateau , the location of the plateau being mainly above sea level. On the whole, the climate is continental with cold winters and mild summers. The average temperature

387-539: Is a large peninsula located in western Kazakhstan . It borders on the Caspian Sea in the west and with the Buzachi Peninsula , a marshy sub-feature of the main peninsula, in the northeast. The Tyuleniy Archipelago lies off the northern shores of the peninsula. The area is between desert and semidesert with a harsh continental dry climate. There are no rivers and no fresh water springs. Geologically,

430-659: Is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. Park also serves as a concert venue. The public transport system and the relevant infrastructure in Turkmenbashy is primarily managed by the Turkmenawtoulaglary Agency. Today, the city is served by an international airport and national rail services, municipal buses, minibuses, cabs, bike lanes. The city is important as transport junction, formed by seaport with ferry terminal, airport and railway station. The M37 highway links

473-552: Is in Türkmenbaşy. The Turkmenbashy oil refinery had a refining capacity of more than 10 million tons of oil per year as of May 2016. The refinery produces a range of products, including unleaded gasoline, petroleum coke, asphalt, laundry detergent, hydro-treated diesel, and lubricating oil. The Turkmenbashy oil refinery is Turkmenistan's largest producer of liquid petroleum gas, accounting for two-thirds of total production with annual output of about 300 thousand tonnes. Since May 2018,

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516-699: Is −3 °C (27 °F) in January and +26 °C (79 °F) in July. The average annual rainfall is 150 millimetres (5.9 in). Fossils of marine animals are known from the Late Cretaceous (probably Upper Cenomanian - Turonian ) deposits of the southern part of the Mangyshlak Plateau. Found specimens are a dolichosaurian thoracic vertebra and teeth of chondrichthyians : hybodontiform Ptychodus and lamniform Protolamna , Cretolamna , Cretoxyrhina and Hispidaspis . These fishes were mainly pelagic forms, which confirms

559-613: The Caspian Sea , but the terminus was shifted north to the harbour at Krasnovodsk. It fell to the Red Army in February 1920. On November 21, 1939, Krasnovodsk Oblast was formed with its administrative center in Krasnovodsk. The oblast was repeatedly liquidated and restored (January 23, 1947, liquidated; April 4, 1952, restored; December 9, 1955, liquidated; December 27, 1973, restored; August 25, 1988, eliminated). In 1942,

602-609: The Khazars . These Turkmen were vassals of the Khazars, at the beginning of the thirteenth century when Yaqut al-Hamawi and Ibn al-Athir mention the name of Mankashlagh. Ibn al-Athir tells of a Turkish principality with a medina with the same name as the territory that existed from the late eleventh century. In 1097 a struggle between Kutb al-Din Muhammad, Khwarezm governor of Seljuks and Tugrul Tehghin occurred. In 1127, Atsiz occupied

645-895: The October Revolution the Bolsheviks prevailed but were eliminated by British intervention in June 1918. On July 12, 1918, an Interim Executive Committee, which sought to restore Alexander Kerensky , was established in Ashgabat . Bolsheviks took the region in February 1920. On August 26, 1920, the peninsula was included in the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic. On June 15, 1925, it

688-570: The Balkan Shipbuilding and Repair Yard has been operating at the Turkmenbashy International Seaport. The plant, the capacity of which allows to process 10,000 tons of steel per year, is calculated for the construction of 4–6 ships per year. The production facility is capable of performing maintenance and repair work on 20–30 ships, by processing 2000 tons of steel per year. The central office of

731-702: The Bayuli tribe of the Kazakhs settled and the remaining Turkmens left it in 1840 except a group of families of the Cawdor tribe. The peninsula was subject to conflict between Khiva and Russia; each party wanted to have the Kazakhs. In 1846, the Russians built a fort in Karagan named Novo-Petrovskoye that in 1859 was renamed Fort Alexandrovskiy. Russian domination of it began with the occupation of Krasnovodsk , located in

774-617: The Great sent an expedition led by the unfortunate Bekovich-Cherkassky , who established three forts on the coast of the Caspian Sea, but they were abandoned after one year. Then there were several Russian scientific expeditions. In 1834 they founded on the south coast of the Bay of Mertviy Kultuk a permanent garrison at Novo-Petrovskoye. This caused a conflict with the Khan of Khiva and an abortive military campaign between 1839 and 1840. During this period,

817-797: The Mangyshlak Peninsula is part of the Ustyurt Plateau . To the north, three mountain ranges stretch across the peninsula, the North and South Aktau Range and the Mangystau Range, with the highest point reaching 555 m. Administratively, the peninsula is in Kazakhstan's Mangystau Province . The largest city, and the capital of the province, is Aktau (formerly Shevchenko). The peninsula's name stems from Ming Qishlaq , which means "1000 winter encampments" in Turkic languages. It

860-463: The Russians abandoned the settlement for over 150 years. In 1869, the Russians invaded a second time. Having captured the settlement, they named their fort Krasnovodsk (Красноводск), which is a Russian translation of the original name, Kyzyl-Su (Red Water). The fort, Krasnovodsk, served as Imperial Russia 's base of operations against Khiva and Bukhara , as well as the semi-nomadic Turkmen tribes. The railway had originally begun from Uzun-Ada on

903-733: The State Archives of the Balkan Region is located in Turkmenbashy. The majority of city's population, Turkmens, are Sunni Muslim . The Church of St. Michael the Archangel is a gift of the Astrakhan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1895 it was moved to Krasnovodsk from a flooded peninsula Uzun Ada by Russian soldiers. The church was built in 1903. Currently it does not function and needs

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946-520: The architect Alexeï Leontievitch Benois . Railway station square is adjacent to the memorial to the soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War . From Turkmenbashy daily runs train No. 605/606 to Ashgabat . Initially in 1940 the airport was located at the bottom of the plateau, near Krasnovodsk Hospital. During World War II it was transferred to the top of the plateau and the airfield

989-536: The area in the days of the Soviet Union , drilling commenced, and much of the area was built up around the industry. The territory of Mangystau includes varied landscapes and desert lands: Caspian lowland, plateaus (Usturt, Mangyshlak, Kendirli-Kayasan), mountains (Aktau, Karatau), cavities, desert, mountains and mountain ridges. That kind of landscape forms an original multigraded labyrinth, painted with green, yellow, pink and red sediment of loam. The highest point

1032-472: The borough of Kenar was formally abolished, leaving Turkmenbashy officially with only one borough ( uly etrap ), Awaza etraby. Boroughs differ from ordinary municipal "districts" in that boroughs are led by a presidentialy appointed mayor ( Turkmen : häkim ), whereas ordinary municipal districts are subordinate to municipal authorities. Awaza etraby, an area of 9660 hectares, includes the Awaza national tourist zone, Turkmenbashy International Airport and

1075-649: The city along a dike across Soymonov Bay to Turkmenbashy Airport and to Awaza . In 2014, the Oilworkers Palace of Culture, which was built in 1951, was renovated. The city is home of the Türkmendeňizderýaýollary Agency , part of the Government of Turkmenistan . As of July 2013 the city was divided into two boroughs ( Turkmen : etrap ): Awaza etraby (Avaza Borough) and Kenar etraby (Kenar Borough). However, on 9 November 2022,

1118-407: The city has undergone large-scale reconstruction: historic district, entrance roads, and vital infrastructure. A new Turkish Park and the cascade of fountains were added. By the end of 2012 Magtymguly Avenue had been completely renovated. The new route merged with the city's waterfront, Bahry Hazar, and from the west motorway junction at Balykçy Traffic Circle a dual carriageway leads westward out of

1161-587: The city of Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky in Daşoguz Province . In 1717, Russian Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky landed and established a secret fortified settlement on this location, where the dry bed of a former mouth of the Amu-Darya River once emptied into the Caspian Sea. His intent was to march an army up this dry riverbed and conquer the Khanate of Khiva . The expedition failed, and

1204-589: The city to Turkmenistan's capital Ashgabat and points further east. In 1998, as part of its three-month expedition to the Caspian Sea, the Turkmenbashy International Seaport was visited by the Cousteau Society on the Alcyone ship) . Passenger lines as of 2021 connected Turkmenbashy with the Port of Baku , Azerbaijan, and the Port of Olya , Russia. In 2014, a sea passenger terminal for domestic routes

1247-526: The deep-sea nature of the ecosystem represented. The first written sources on Mangystau Region date back to the 9th century AD. According to Arabic geographers, it was uninhabited until the tenth century when groups opposing the Turkmen Oghuz settled and found sources of water and grassland. The mountain called Binkishlah (unidentified) would have marked the border between Khwarezm and the Khanate of

1290-624: The latter a back-formation of the Cyrillic Түркменбаши), formerly known as Krasnovodsk ( Russian : Красноводск ), Kyzyl-Su , and Shagadam ( Turkmen : Şagadam ), is a city in Balkan Province in western Turkmenistan , on the Türkmenbaşy Gulf of the Caspian Sea . It sits at an elevation of 27 metres (89 feet). The population (est 2004) was 86,800, mostly ethnic Turkmens but also Russian , Armenian and Azeri minorities. As

1333-494: The region - Aqtau, Fort-Shevchenko, and Zhanaozen - have city or town status. As of 2021, the Mangystau Region has a population of 735,008. Ethnic groups (2020): Mangyshlak Peninsula Mangyshlak or Mangghyshlaq Peninsula ( Kazakh : Маңғыстау (Маңғышлақ) түбегі , romanized :  Mañğystau (Mañğyşlaq) tübegı ; Russian : Полуостров Мангышла́к , romanized :  Poluostrov Mangyshlák )

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1376-522: The seaport to points east. The P-18 highway runs west from the seaport to Awaza, then north to the border with Kazakhstan . Turkmenbashy International Seaport is Turkmenistan's major seaport and sea link to the West. Ferry service connects Türkmenbaşy to Baku , Azerbaijan, which is about 260 kilometers across the Caspian Sea. It is the western terminus of the Trans-Caspian railway , which connects

1419-532: The southern part of it in 1869. At the same time, Russians established Mangyshlak district which was subordinated to the Viceroyalty of Caucasus. The Khanate of Khiva renounced possession of this peninsula in favor of the Russians in 1873. It was attached to Russia as an uyezd of Transcaspian Oblast in 1881. The fate of the government following the 1917 revolution was in the hands of the Mensheviks. After

1462-468: The specialty is 2 or 2.5 years, on a paid basis. In the vicinity of the city of Turkmenbashi, the shooting of Soviet feature films Days of Eclipse by Alexander Sokurov , The Forty-First by Grigory Chukhray and Barkhan by Sanzhar Babayev (in the city itself) took place. Salkyn kenar is an amusement park located on the coast of Caspian Sea. The park covers an area of 2.7 hectares. This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It

1505-623: The terminus of the Trans-Caspian Railway and site of a major seaport on the Caspian, it is an important transportation center. The city is also the site of Turkmenistan's largest oil refining complex. This city should not be confused with the similarly named town of Türkmenbaşy ( Turkmen : Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi ), formerly called Janga ( Russian : Джанга , Cyrillic Turkmen : Җанга ), also in Balkan Province, or

1548-512: The whole peninsula. During Khwarezmshah rule, it was part of firstly Gorgan province, later Mazandaran Province . In 1221, the Mongols occupied it. It was later passed to successively Golden Horde , Nogai Horde , Uzbek Khanate and Kazakh Khanate , but its population decreased after gradual drying of the steppe and Kalmyk raids began in 1620. Some Salur and Ersari Turkmens left the region and migrated to Russia. In 1670, Anusha Khan who

1591-426: Was collocated with a Soviet Air Force base. In 2010 the airport was reconstructed and gained international status. It has two runways. Turkmenistan Airlines provides direct flights from Türkmenbaşy International Airport to Ashgabat , Daşoguz , Mary , Istanbul and Türkmenabat . The airport can be reached by bus or car from the city, taking approximately 10–15 minutes by car. Turkmenbashi 's bus network forms

1634-601: Was formerly also known as Siyāhkūh ( Persian : سیاهکوه , lit.   'black mountain'). The Mangyshlak peninsula was overtaken in 1639 by Kalmyks . Upon the Soviet takeover of Russian Turkestan , the territory of the Transcaspian Oblast , which contained the Mangyshlak Peninsula, was initially assigned to the Turkestan ASSR . In August 1920, under pressure from Kazakh activists, Mangyshlak

1677-510: Was founded as Shevchenko in 1964. In 1973, the area split from Gur’yev oblast and was named Mangyshlak Oblast. This earlier version of the region was liquidated in 1988 but was restored in 1990 with the new name, Mangystau Oblast. After the independence of Kazakhstan, its capital was renamed from Shevchenko to Aqtau. The region is administratively divided into five districts and two cities of regional significance: Aqtau and Zhanaozen . The districts with their populations are: Three localities in

1720-410: Was opened in the port. On the internal lines, the city is connected with Hazar and Gyzylsuw . In 2018, a new modernized seaport was opened, the largest on the Caspian Sea . The area of the new port is over 1.3 km , and the total berth length is 3.6 km. The throughput capacity of the cargo terminal is up to 18 million tons per year. The Turkmenbashy railway station was built in 1895 by

1763-658: Was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, all within the Russian RFSS. On December 5, 1936, it was elevated to Kazakh SSR, but a narrow strip of the southern coastal bay fronting Kara Boghaz was ceded to Turkmen SSR at the same time. In 1937, this peninsula became part of Gur'yev Oblast with the Kazakh part of Ustyurt Plateau , and a new department was formed with its capital Fort-Shevchenko. Its current capital

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1806-517: Was the khan of Khiva asked the Russian government to build a fortress to protect the peninsula for securing trade between Russia and Khwarezm. Puntsuk Monchak and Ayuka (1670-1724) deported most of the Cawdor and Igdir groups of Turkmenistan to the Volga basin. For protecting trade, Anusha Khan annexed it to his territories in 1676 and built a fort at the port of Karagan in 1687. The Russians under Peter

1849-650: Was transferred to the Kazakh ASSR . The area was mapped by Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov during the Caspian Expedition , which surveyed the Caspian Sea from 1719 to 1727. 44°0′N 52°0′E  /  44.000°N 52.000°E  / 44.000; 52.000 This Kazakhstan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Krasnovodsk Türkmenbaşy ( Turkmen Cyrillic : Түркменбашы, Turkmen Arabic ; توركمنباشی, also spelled Turkmenbashy and Turkmenbashi ,

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