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43-487: The etymology of 'Mandailing' is said to be a compounding of the words mande , meaning 'mother', and hilang , meaning 'lost'. Thus, the name is said to mean "lost mother". Mandailing society is patriarchal, employing family names, or marga . Well-known Mandailing margas include: Lubis, Nasution, Siregar, Ritonga, Hasibuan, Harahap, Dalimunthe (originally from Munthe), Matondang, Rangkuti, Parinduri, Puasa, Pulungan, Rambe, Daulae(y), Pohan, Batubara (not to be confused with

86-419: A derivative . A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to the vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example unhappy , happily , and unhappily are all derivatives of the root word happy . The terms root and derivative are used in

129-475: A suffixed etymon that was once meaningful, Latin castrum ' fort ' . Reflex is the name given to a descendant word in a daughter language, descended from an earlier language. For example, Modern English heat is the reflex of the Old English hǣtu. Rarely, this word is used in reverse, and the 'reflex' is actually the root word rather than the descendant word. However, this usage is usually filled by

172-476: A comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings and changes that a word (and its related parts) carries throughout its history. The origin of any particular word is also known as its etymology . For languages with a long written history , etymologists make use of texts, particularly texts about the language itself, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in meaning and form , or when and how they entered

215-955: A high standard with the German Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm . The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the Neogrammarian school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in On the Genealogy of Morals , but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy gained popularity in

258-498: A truth ' , and the suffix -logia , denoting ' the study or logic of ' . The etymon refers to the predicate (i.e. stem or root ) from which a later word or morpheme derives. For example, the Latin word candidus , which means ' white ' , is the etymon of English candid . Relationships are often less transparent, however. English place names such as Winchester , Gloucester , Tadcaster share in different modern forms

301-607: Is a famous food among the Mandailing people. They have a traditional ensemble of drums called Gordang Sambilan . The majority of the population considers themselves not part of Batak as Ethnolinguistic group The Mandailing people has blood ties, kinship, language, writing script, social systems, arts, customs and norms that are similar to the Toba Batak and Angkola Batak. Etymology Etymology ( / ˌ ɛ t ɪ ˈ m ɒ l ə dʒ i / , ET -im- OL -ə-jee )

344-616: Is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in Vedic literature in the philosophical explanations of the Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and Upanishads . The analyses of Sanskrit grammar done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called Nirukta or Vyutpatti in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indians considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them,

387-478: Is not readily obvious that the English word set is related to the word sit (the former is originally a causative formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that bless is related to blood (the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood"). Semantic change may also occur. For example, the English word bead originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through

430-528: Is often traced to Sir William Jones , a Welsh philologist living in India , who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between Sanskrit , Greek and Latin . Jones published his The Sanscrit Language in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of Indo-European linguistics . The study of etymology in Germanic philology was introduced by Rasmus Christian Rask in the early 19th century and elevated to

473-552: Is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood. Isidore of Seville compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in Jacobus de Varagine 's Legenda Aurea begins with an etymological discourse on

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516-521: Is the same as the Batak Angkola community who are Christian. This is because there are several cultural similarities between Angkola and Mandailing that allow Angkola and Mandailing Christians to be under the same Church synod. The Mandailing people are also known as the great travellers as more and more of the Mandailings are migrating to the various regions in the country as well as around

559-435: Is the study of the origin and evolution of words, including their constituent units of sound and of meaning , across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics , etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. Most directly tied to historical linguistics , philology , and semiotics , it additionally draws upon comparative semantics , morphology , pragmatics , and phonetics in order to attempt

602-620: The 20th century, and philosophers, such as Jacques Derrida , have used etymologies to indicate former meanings of words to de-center the "violent hierarchies" of Western philosophy . Angkola Protestant Christian Church Angkola Protestant Christian Church ( Indonesian : Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola ) abbreviated as GKPA , is a church Christian Protestant synod in Indonesia with its head office in Padangsidimpuan , North Sumatra province. This church organization

645-526: The Batu Bara people from the east coast of Sumatra), Barus and Hutajulu. According to Tamboen's account (1952) the Mandailing, along with other sub-ethnic Batak groups are the descendants of one man by the name of Batak ; who migrated to the south before the coming of the Portuguese and Dutch colonisation of Sumatra. Moreover, many Mandailing people are of Minangkabau descent from Pagaruyung in

688-584: The Church as witnessed by the Old Testament ( Deuteronomy 7:6) and New Testament (Matthew 16:18; Ephesians 4:5), because no one can lay a foundation other than the foundation that has been laid, which is Jesus Christ (1 Corinthians 3:11). GKPA belongs to God (1 Corinthians 3:23), providing ecclesiastical services based on the Love, Truth, Justice and Peace of Jesus Christ, the head of the Church. GKPA

731-831: The Government in accordance with the Recognition Letter of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1 Ket/413/159277 (19 October 1997), No. 75 (10 March 1988) and No. 21 of 1995 based on UU no. 8/1985 Tambahan Berita Negara R.I No.17 Tanggal 26/2-1999. GKPA is a member of the Communion of Churches in Indonesia (CCI) or PGI - Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia, Christian Conference of Asia (CCA), Lutheran World Federation (LWF). Also listed as

774-691: The Mandailing community also embraces Christianity . The first Christian teachings in the Mandailing region were in the Pakantan area brought by evangelists from Switzerland and Russia in 1821. Therefore, the oldest church in Tapanuli is located in Huta Bargot. The Mandailing Christian community is currently only around ± 1%, and almost all Mandailing Christians synod at the Angkola Protestant Christian Church , which

817-530: The Mandailing people have been torn between two cultural and ethnic identities, namely Batak-Mandailing in Indonesia and Malay-Mandailing in Malaysia . The Padri War , which took place in West Sumatra and spread to the inland parts of East Sumatra between 1803 and 1845, caused an exodus of large groups of Mandailing from their homeland to peninsular Malaya . Among them were groups led by Raja Asal ,

860-618: The Mandailing were converted to Islam during the Padri War when Muslim clerics from west Sumatra pressured them to adopt the religion. After conversion, Islam took firm roots in the Mandailing people through integration with the larger Muslim Malay world. The Mandailing people were able to retain many of their native religious practices and adopted an indigenized form of Islam until the modern era, especially in Malaysia where they were forced to conform to state-sponsored Islam. A small portion of

903-568: The Mandailings in Malaysia are visiting their ancestors in Mandailing Regency in Indonesia as it has been a tradition to keep the brotherhood and strong bond of unity among the Mandailings. The Mandailing language is still used by the descendants of Mandailing immigrants in Malaysia, although language shift to Malay is observed among the younger generation. The Mandailing classic of daun ubi tumbuk or mashed tapioca leaves, lush with bunga kantan , lemongrass and coconut milk flavor

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946-714: The Minangkabau highlands , such as the Nasution clan. Dutch colonization in Sumatra caused the Mandailing to be included as a sub-category of the Batak, as part of a 'wedge policy' to create a non-Muslim buffer state called Batakland between the powerful Muslim Achehnese and Minangkabau nations. The Mandailing was associated with the Toba Batak people instead of being recognized as a distinct ethnic minority. Consequently,

989-402: The adoption of " loanwords " from other languages); word formation such as derivation and compounding ; and onomatopoeia and sound symbolism (i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt"). While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to sound change , it

1032-423: The analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier. Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are: Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are language change , borrowing (i.e.,

1075-448: The first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of historical linguistics and modern etymology. Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are: These linguists were not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed a line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like Sakatayana of whom very little

1118-437: The language. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about forms that are too old for any direct information to be available. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method , linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots in many European languages, for example, can be traced back to

1161-426: The obvious, and actual "bridge-builder": The priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from potens , powerful because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command overall. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible; if anything lays beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled. The most common opinion

1204-783: The opening of the Tronoh Mines, the largest tin producer in the world in the 1920s. Mandailing is the name of the region Luat Mandailing, which is now almost in Mandailing Natal Regency in North Sumatra . The first groups who came to this region were the Lubis and Nasution, later followed by the Siregar, Harahap, and so forth. Nasution and Lubis are the biggest groups in the Mandailing clan. Other groups, such as Pulungan, Harahap, Matondang, Rangkuti, and others are

1247-580: The origin of the Indo-European language family . Even though etymological research originated from the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian . The word etymology is derived from the Ancient Greek word ἐτυμολογία ( ἐτυμολογία ), itself from ἔτυμον ( ἔτυμον ), meaning ' true sense or sense of

1290-678: The overlord of the Mandailings, and his nephew Raja Bilah . Together with Sutan Puasa , they were embroiled in the Klang War from 1866 to 1873, also known as the Selangor War. Raja Asal and Raja Bilah fled to Perak , where their followers settled in Lower Perk and the Kinta Valley. The British appointed Raja Bilah Penghulu of Blanja while his son Raja Yacob became Penghulu of Tronoh , which generated large revenues after

1333-433: The practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads. The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than the 18th century. From Antiquity through the 17th century, from Pāṇini to Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne , etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which

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1376-460: The relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of grammar and lexicon was made in 1770 by the Hungarian, János Sajnovics , when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between Sami and Hungarian (work that was later extended to the whole Finno-Ugric language family in 1799 by his fellow countryman, Samuel Gyarmathi ). The origin of modern historical linguistics

1419-510: The saint's name: Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of

1462-402: The same language. Although they have the same etymological root, they tend to have different phonological forms, and to have entered the language through different routes. A root is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root , a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and

1505-408: The sixteenth century. Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century, one of several similar Byzantine works. The thirteenth-century Legenda Aurea , as written by Jacobus de Varagine , begins each vita of a saint with a fanciful excursus in the form of an etymology. The Sanskrit linguists and grammarians of ancient India were

1548-469: The smaller groups of Luat Mandailing. Harahap and Siregar dwell almost in Luat Angkola, which now belongs to South Tapanuli Regency , situated between Regency and North Tapanuli Regency. The Mandailing people are almost entirely Muslims. Opinion varies on when Islam first arrived in the region, where the 19th century, 18th century, or even earlier have been suggested. In the 19th century, a portion of

1591-543: The supposed origins of words were creatively imagined to satisfy contemporary requirements; for example, the Greek poet Pindar (born in approximately 522 BCE) employed inventive etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in sounds . Isidore of Seville 's Etymologiae was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until

1634-427: The term etymon instead. A reflex will sometimes be described simply as a descendant , derivative or derived from an etymon (but see below). Cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Doublets or etymological twins or twinlings (or possibly triplets, and so forth) are specifically cognates within

1677-464: The way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light. Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century European academia, within the context of the wider " Age of Enlightenment ", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn , Gerardus Vossius , Stephen Skinner , Elisha Coles , and William Wotton . The first known systematic attempt to prove

1720-691: The words of the sacred Vedas contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God. One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to address etymology was the Socratic dialogue Cratylus ( c.  360 BCE ) by Plato . During much of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his Odes Pindar spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch ( Life of Numa Pompilius ) spins an etymology for pontifex , while explicitly dismissing

1763-430: The world. Many of the Mandailings are playing the important roles of the nation. The Indonesian government considered the Mandailings as one of the main tribes in the country. Many Mandailings keep detailed family tree records as it has become the family tradition. It is reported that 98% of the Mandailing ethnic group are Muslim. There are approximately more than one hundred thousand Mandailings In Malaysia nowadays. Many of

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1806-481: Was officially established on October 26, 1975 when it obtained autonomy from Huria Kristen Batak Protestant (HKBP), under the name HKBP-A. In 1988 it merged with the "Angkola Protestant Church (GPA)", and began to take the name "Angkola Protestant Christian Church". GKPA serves specifically the Angkola Batak community in their local language. GKPA acknowledges that Jesus Christ is Lord , Savior and Head of

1849-862: Was originally part of the Huria Kristen Batak Protestant (HKBP) congregation. To show its characteristics the letter A (Angkola) was added after the name of the HKBP, for example the name of the church that was formed in the 1940s in the Bona Bulu Luat area of Angkola was named HKBPA. Then this congregation was expanded and became an independent synod with the name "Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola - GKPA" (Angkola Protestant Christian Church). Then GKPA an independent legal entity, head office domiciled in Padangsidimpuan city, North Sumatra province, Indonesia. The Angkola Protestant Christian Church (GKPA) has been independent and recognized by

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