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93-466: Modern Manisa is a booming center of industry and services, advantaged by its closeness to the international port city and the regional metropolitan center of İzmir and by its fertile hinterland rich in quantity and variety of agricultural production. In fact, İzmir's proximity also adds a particular dimension to all aspects of life's pace in Manisa in the form of a dense traffic of daily commuters between

186-402: A brigand (sometimes cited as one of the first in line in western Anatolia's long tradition of efes to come) who in the 1620s had assembled a vast company of disbanded Ottoman soldiers and renegades and established control over much of the fertile land around Manisa, had triggered a movement of more commercially sensitive Greek and Jewish populations towards the port city. Between 1595 and 1836,

279-467: A connection northwards starting from Manisa itself was built between 1888 and 1890 to reach the lignite -rich Soma , another dependency of Manisa, through a 92 km (57 mi) line. Price sold the whole network in 1893 to the Franco-Belgian group Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits , which extended it further east to Afyonkarahisar in 1896 and further north to Bandırma in 1912. The line

372-450: A continental Mediterranean climate. Highest recorded temperature: 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) on 30 July 2000 Lowest recorded temperature: −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) on 15 January 2008 The province of Amasya is known for producing high-quality, small, well-flavoured apples. The Amasya-Tokat region the main area of production. The city is not so developed industrial terms, but is attractive and well-preserved, especially when sitting by

465-522: A cultural centre under the Seljuks, Amasya now "became one of the main seats of learning in Anatolia". Between 1530 and 1545, several travelers documented a blood libel against some of the town's Jews . After the disappearance of a local Christian , several Jews living in town were blamed for killing him for ritual reasons. The Jews confessed under torture and were hanged. When the supposed victim

558-705: A distance of 62 km (39 mi) from Manisa. The vestiges from their capital which reached our day bring together remains from several successive civilizations. In classical antiquity , Romans knew the city as Magnesia ad Sipylum . There, in 190 BC, forces of the Roman Republic defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus the Great in the Battle of Magnesia . Magnesia ad Sipylum became a city of importance under Roman rule, and though nearly destroyed by an earthquake in

651-485: A distinctive title it shares only with Amasya and Trabzon . The English language root word " magnesia " , from which the words " magnet " and " magnetism " and numerous other derivations were coined, as well as their equivalents in many other languages, may derive from the city's name. Traces of prehistory in the Manisa region, although few in number, nevertheless include two very interesting finds that shed much light on western Anatolia 's past. The first are

744-532: A joint project with the European Commission . The second finds are tombs contemporaneous with Troy II (3000-2500 BC) and found in the village of Yortan near Kırkağaç district center, north of Manisa. Original burial practices observed in these sepulchres led scholars to the definition of a "Yortan culture" in Anatolia's prehistory, many of whose aspects remain yet to be explored. Central and southern parts of western Anatolia entered history with

837-514: A play by Nâzım Hikmet , a novel by Talip Apaydın , and an opera by Arif Melikov . Amasya has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under Köppen classification and a hot summer oceanic climate (Doa) under the Trewartha classification. It is warmer than central Anatolia, and its weather is not as cold in winter months. It has features of both the oceanic climate of the Black Sea and

930-454: A record snow depth of 44 cm in January 1945. Records began in 1930. The record high temperature was 45.5 °C (113.9 °F) in 25 July 2007, while the record low temperature was −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) in 4 January 1942. The cuisine of Manisa is known for several types of kebabs . Manisa Kebab is a type of shish kebab prepared with a combination of minced beef and lamb. It

1023-774: A soup containing yogurt , drunk hot or cold. Other specialties include pastries with poppy seeds and tea, served by the riverbank. There is an airport in the district, open for civilian flights since 2008. Previously, it was used only for military purposes. There are daily one-hour flights from/to Istanbul . Tourism has been increasing. In 2011, there were 500,000 tourists, 11,000 foreign; in 2012, 600,000, 22,000 foreign; in 2013, 750,000 total; 1 million were projected for 2014. Foreign tourists are mostly Germans and East Asians, notably from Japan and South Korea. In consequence, many hotels, especially boutique hotels, are opening. Many traditional Ottoman wooden houses have been restored and are now used as boutique hotels, cafes, bars. The ruins of

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1116-493: A spiced paste in the form of candy, and claimed to restore health, youth and potency, is held every year in March, in the grounds of this mosque, and is an occasion for public gathering as well as attendance by personalities of fame and prominence at national scale. The mosque is part of a large külliye - a religious complex - among whose buildings the hospital " darüşşifa " is particularly notable. Specialized in mental diseases ,

1209-761: A total of 44,449 people. Within the 694, Manisa center is in the lead with 238 enterprises engaged in industrial production, with the depending centers of Turgutlu (125 industrial enterprises), Akhisar (100), Salihli (78) closely contending, and Saruhanlı (33), Alaşehir (30), Kula (28), Demirci (20) and Soma (17) following. Among leading industrial activities Manisa companies are engaged in are production of foodstuffs ( 196 companies ), building materials ( 114 ), metal goods ( 85 ), as well as textile industry and clothing industry ( 46 ) and cotton ginning ( 43 ). The highest numbers of workforce are concentrated in electronics/electrical appliances, foodstuffs and construction industries. The choice of Manisa as production base in

1302-485: A vast hinterland", or "Y has no hinterland". The spread of this usage is usually credited to Denis Healey (British Defence Secretary 1964–1970, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974–1979) and his wife Edna Healey , initially in the context of the lack of hinterland—i.e., interests outside of politics—of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . Amasya Amasya ( Turkish pronunciation: [aˈmasja] )

1395-475: A warrior saint, and the local bishop Asterius of Amasea (died c.  410 ), some of whose polished sermons survive, are notable Christian figures from the period. In 2013, a 24-square-meter Christian mosaic belonging to the floor of a chapel was discovered, near a site where an illegal archaeological dig had been attempted. The mosaic, depicts apples, an apple tree, partridges and many geometric figures. In 1075, ending 700 years of Byzantine rule, Amasya

1488-528: A while, with Ottoman assistance; but in 1391/92, the mounting pressure forced him to cede the city to the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I , who installed his son, the future Mehmed I , as its governor. After the disastrous Battle of Ankara in 1402, Mehmed I fled to Amasya, which (along with nearby Tokat ) became his main residence and stronghold during the Ottoman Interregnum . As a result,

1581-593: Is a city in northern Turkey , in the Black Sea Region . It was called Amaseia or Amasia in antiquity. It is the seat of Amasya Province and Amasya District . Its population is 114,921 (2021). Amasya stands in the mountains above the Black Sea (Karadeniz) coast, set apart from the rest of Anatolia in a narrow valley along the banks of the Yeşilırmak River. Although near the Black Sea, this area

1674-480: Is also a departure point for other visitor attractions of international acclaim which are located nearby within Manisa's depending region, such as Sardes and Alaşehir (ancient Philadelphia ) inland. The city also had a Jewish community. Historically, the city was also called Magnesia , and more precisely as Magnesia ad Sipylum , to distinguish it from Magnesia on the Maeander at a relatively short distance to

1767-456: Is attractive to visitors. In recent years, there has been much investment in tourism, and therefore more foreign and Turkish tourists have visited the city. During the early Ottoman rule, it was customary for young Ottoman princes to be sent to Amasya to govern and gain experience. Amasya was also the birthplace of the Ottoman sultans Murad I and Selim I . Traditional Ottoman houses near

1860-460: Is considerable for the city's economy. Amasya is the second city in the country in marble exporting. In addition to that, Amasya is under the average of the country which is working in the industry employment. Amasya University was founded in 2006 (before it associated to Samsun University 19 May). Amasya is a city on the road of the Europe and Iran international way and it connects Samsun port to

1953-515: Is high above the coast and has an inland climate, well-suited to growing apples, for which Amasya province, one of the provinces in north-central Anatolia Turkey, is famed. It was the home of the geographer Strabo and the birthplace of the 15th century Armenian scholar and physician Amirdovlat Amasiatsi . Located in a narrow cleft of the Yeşilırmak (Iris) river, it has a history of 7,500 years with many traces still evident today. In antiquity, Amaseia

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2046-465: Is named for Farhad (Turkish spelling Ferhat), the hero of the legend, who for love of the princess Shirin (Turkish spelling Şirin) tried to win her father's favour and permission by tunnelling through the mountain to bring spring water to his palace. Sadly, while he was working he was sent the false information that Shirin had died; upon which he threw himself onto the rocks in his grief. And his beloved princess died soon after. The story has since become

2139-418: Is not a very conservative city, unlike other central and eastern Anatolian cities. Social life in this city, partly owing to tourism, becomes more animated especially during the summer period. Many international circus groups visit this city. June 12 is a festival date for Amasya during this time, with many cultural and sporting activities on offer. The local cuisine includes the local specialty toyga çorbası ,

2232-495: Is of great interest with an art gallery on its first floor and an ethnographical museum on the second. The Archaeological Museum of Amasya has an interesting collection including the mummies of the Ilhanli rulers of Amasya. The region's valley structure and this valley structure provide a temperate climate for many fruits growing. Other economic activities in the region include mining, textiles and cement manufacture. Most part of

2325-473: Is served on chopped up pita and with grilled tomato and peppers, and onion salad. Lastly, melted butter and sumac is added on top. It may also be served with yogurt . Air pollution is a chronic problem here. The 16th century Sultan Mosque was built for Ayşe Hafsa Sultan , Süleyman the Magnificent 's mother. In her honor, Mesir Festival (featuring the " Mesir Paste " ( Turkish : Mesir Macunu ),

2418-813: The Turkish Army on September 8, 1922. The retreating Greek Army burned the city . Over ninety percent of Manisa was destroyed by the retreating Greek Army as part of the scorched-earth policy . James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Constantinople at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation in the surrounding cities and towns of Smyrna he has seen, as follows: "Magnesia...almost completely wiped out by fire...10,300 houses, 15 mosques, 2 baths, 2,278 shops, 19 hotels, 26 villas...[destroyed]." Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross wrote: "Out of

2511-675: The Turkish War of Independence , the Christian inhabitants of Amasya (Armenian and Greek) suffered from atrocities. Many Armenian civilians fleeing the attacks sought refuge at the American missionary school Anatolia College , located in Merzifon outside Amasya. In 1921, Turkish troops closed down the school, and the local population relocated to Thessaloniki after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey . Also, in 1921 there

2604-529: The eyalet of Anadolu with its seat in Kütahya , a large degree of autonomy was left to the princes for them to acquire the experience of government. This practice was discontinued in 1595, largely due to the growing insecurity in the countryside, precursor of Jelali Revolts , and a violent earthquake dealt a severe blow to the Manisa region's prosperity the same year. Around 1700, Manisa counted about 2,000 taxpayers and 300 pious foundations ( vakıf ) shops,

2697-592: The fossilized footprints, numbering more than fifty and dated to around 20.000-25.000 BC, discovered in 1969 by MTA , Turkey's state body for mineral exploration , in Sindel village near Manisa's depending district of Salihli and referred to under that village's name. Some of these footprints are on display today in Manisa Museum while their site of origin of Sindel, where there are also prehistoric paintings, will reportedly become Turkey's first geopark through

2790-517: The "Red Bridge" ( "Kırmızı Köprü" ) as well as to several tombs-shrines in the Turkish style dating back to the Saruhan period (14th century). Under Ottoman rule in the centuries that followed, the city had already extended into the undulated terrain at the start of the plain. In the last couple of decades, Manisa's width more than tripled in size across its vast plain formed by the alluvial deposits of

2883-658: The 13th century. In the early 14th century the region of Magnesia was subject to repeated raids by invading Turkish bands. The local population was unable to repulse the Turkish raids. Thus, after an unsuccessful defence led by the Byzantine Emperor most inhabitants fled to the Aegean coast and the European part of the Byzantine Empire. As a result of the Turkish invasion in the region and the destruction of

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2976-754: The 13th-century interlude of the Empire of Nicea of 1204 to 1261. Magnesia housed the Imperial mint, the Imperial treasury, and served as the functional capital of the Empire of Nicea until the recovery of Constantinople in 1261. Ruins of the Nicean-era fortifications attest to the city's importance in the Late Byzantine period, a fact also noted by the Byzantine historian George Akropolites , writing in

3069-582: The 15th century Yildirim Beyazit Mosque and Complex; the 14th century Ilhanli Bimarhane Mental Hospital with lovely relieves around its portal, the extraordinary octagonal Kapi Aga Medrese (theological school), the Torumtay Mausoleum and the Gök Medrese. There are traditional Turkish mansions which have been well-preserved showing the best examples of Turkish architecture . The 19th century Hazeranlar Mansion has been restored perfectly and now it

3162-580: The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey . Situated between the Black Sea and inner Anatolia in a region of fertile plains irrigated by the Tersakan , Çekerek and Yeşilırmak rivers, Amasya lies in a beautiful narrow river valley, bounded by almost vertical cliffs and the high peaks of the Canik and Pontus mountains. Despite the mountainous location, it is not far above sea level. This makes its climate more temperate. Five bridges cross

3255-507: The 1980s by the Turkish consumer electronics and white goods giant Vestel was an important boost for the present-day level of sophistication. Today Manisa's economic activities are far from being confined to a sole company. Manisa registered roughly 200m US dollars in FDI in 2004 and well-known businesses such as Italian white goods company Indesit , German electrical goods company Bosch , UK packaging company Rexam and Imperial Tobacco of

3348-462: The 20th century was Ahmet Bedevi, the Tarzan of Manisa or "Manisa Tarzanı", a figure who became a symbol for the city by contributing to raising consciousness for protection of the environment across Turkey and a reference especially since the 1960s when an important reforestation effort covering thousands of hectares was made in and around Manisa. The Muradiye Mosque of the 16th century was built by

3441-583: The Manisa Culture, Art and Tourism Association (MAKSAT). Manisa is twinned with: Hinterland Hinterland is a German word meaning the 'land behind' (a city , a port , or similar). Its use in English was first documented by the geographer George Chisholm in his Handbook of Commercial Geography (1888). Originally the term was associated with the area of a port in which materials for export and import are stored and shipped. Subsequently,

3534-472: The Ottoman interregnum after the Battle of Ankara , Manisa and its surroundings definitely became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1410. Even during the 15th century Manisa was recorded as being in complete ruins due to the previous Turkish raids. As the central town of the Ottoman Empire's Saruhan sanjak, the city became the training ground for shahzades ( crown princes ), and it stood out as one of

3627-475: The River Gediz, a development in which the construction of new block apartments, industrial zones and of Celal Bayar University campus played a key role. The city of Manisa is also widely visited, especially during March and September festivals, the former festival being the continuation of a five-hundred-year-old "Mesir Paste Distribution" tradition, and also for the nearby Mount Spil national park . It

3720-645: The Turkish War of Independence in motion. The circular, distributed across Anatolia, declared Turkey's independence and integrity to be in danger and called for a national conference to be held in Sivas ( Sivas Congress ) and before that, for a preparatory congress comprising representatives from the eastern provinces of Anatolia to be held in Erzurum in July ( Erzurum Congress ). During the years of World War I and

3813-633: The UK have invested in Manisa. In 2004/2005 Manisa was chosen among 200 contestants as the Most Cost-Effective European city by the FDi magazine 's yearly round of votes to determine European Cities and Regions of the Future, its extremely low office and industrial rents and competitive labor costs having been particularly noted. Again for 2006/2007, Manisa was named among 89 European cities as

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3906-798: The Yeşilırmak and the other main historical buildings have been restored; these traditional Yalıboyu houses are now used as cafes, restaurants, pubs and hotels. Behind the Ottoman wooden houses one can see the rock tombs of the Pontic kings. According to Strabo the Greek name Ἀμάσεια comes from Amasis, the queen of the Amazons , who were said to have lived here. The name has changed little throughout history: Ἀμάσεια, Amaseia , Amassia and Amasia are all found on ancient Greek and Roman coinage and continue to be used in modern Greek. Armenian Ամասիա, Ottoman Turkish اماسیه, and modern Turkish Amasya all represent

3999-457: The capture of Ursel, however Alexios had no cash to give and the Emperor was unable to fund it, so he attempted to raise money from the people of Amaseia, however this caused serious unrest. However, after a speech by Alexios, he arranged a mock-blinding of Ursel which promptly caused the people to contribute funds. However, this is likely to be biased. Saints Theodore of Amasea (died by 319),

4092-632: The century-old wide-scale agricultural processing and related activities (production of flour and olive oil , basic textiles, leather goods , agricultural tools and instruments, cotton ginning ). Olive, walnut and almond cultivation are among the important agricultural activities of Manisa. According to the figures published by the Governorship, 694 companies in Manisa Province out of the province's total number of companies of 5,502 for 2007 are certified industrial enterprises and these employ

4185-471: The citadel shelter 2000-year-old water-channels, 1000-year-old bridges, a mental hospital, a palace and a secret underground passageway. On the rock faces there are rock tombs which contribute to the attractiveness of the city, especially at night, when they are illuminated. The city also has many historically and architecturally precious buildings; the Ferhat water channel, the 13th century Seljuk Burmali Mosque,

4278-527: The city and Magnesia became a city of importance starting with the Roman dominion, particularly after the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia . The names "Sipylus" or "Sipylum" in reference to a settlement here are also encountered in some sources, again in reference to the mountain and as abbreviated forms. Pliny the Elder , supported by other sources, mentions that formerly in the same place was a very celebrated city which

4371-614: The city enjoyed a special status under the Ottomans. A number of Ottoman princes were sent to the province of Amasya (the Rûm Eyalet ) as governors in their youth, from Mehmed II in the late 14th century to Bayezid II in the 15th century, through to Murat III in the 16th century. Suleiman the Magnificent often stayed in the city, and even received the Habsburg ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq there. Already distinguished

4464-586: The city passed under the control of the Mongol Ilkhanate , and was ruled by Mongol governors, except for a brief rule by Taj ad-Din Altintash , son of the last Seljuk sultan, Mesud II . Under the Seljuks and the Ilkhan, the city became a centre of Islamic culture and produced some notable individuals such as Yaqut al-Musta'simi (1221–1298) calligrapher and secretary of the last Abbasid caliph who

4557-481: The city positively because tourism triggers to other sectors but still the city of Amasya is not where it wants. Having served for many civilizations as the capital city, and for the future sultans of the Ottomans as an academy, Amasya, also known as the City of the Şehzade , has developed a regal cuisine with characteristic taste, looks and quality. An example of the local food is keşkek , which has always been one of

4650-562: The city the area was largely abandoned. In 1313, Manisa became a permanent Turkish possession when taken by the Beylik of Saruhan , led by the Bey of the same name who had started out as a tributary of the Seljuks and who reigned until 1346. His sons held the region until 1390, when the first incorporation of their lands into the expanding Ottoman state took place. After a brief interval caused by

4743-534: The city was settled by Greeks, eventually becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Pontus from 333 BC to 26 BC. Today, there are prominent ruins including the royal tombs of Pontus in the rocks above the riverbank in the centre of the city. Ancient district in northeastern Anatolia adjoining the Black Sea. Amaseia was captured by a force led by the Roman Lucullus in 70 BC from Armenia and

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4836-472: The city's economy comes from agriculture and agricultural products likewise, greenstuffes and fruit production are also important incomes for the Amasya's economy. Villages have economically concentrated relations with districts of Amasya. In recent years, electrical machine production and household tools (ankastre, kitchen tools, exhauster, paddle box), agriculture and woodcraft machines, textile and food industry

4929-641: The eighteen thousand buildings in the historic holy city of Manisa, only five hundred remained." Manisa was rebuilt and became the centre of Saruhan Province in 1923 under the new Turkish Republic . The province's name was changed to Manisa, as was the city itself, in 1927. Manisa has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa , Trewartha climate classification : Cs ) with hot, dry summers and short, cool but wet winters. Summers in Manisa are hotter than its western neighbour İzmir , while winters are colder due to its inland location. Snowfall, while fairly uncommon, does accumulate most winters, with

5022-520: The even shorter period 1845–1847. The seat of the province to which Saruhan sanjak depended was the city of Aydın (1827–1841 and 1843–1846) at first, and was later moved to Smyrna (1841–1843, 1846–1864). Manisa was one of the first cities in the Ottoman Empire to benefit from the arrival of a railway line, with the 93 km (58 mi) Smyrna Cassaba Railway , whose construction was started from Smyrna in 1863 and which reached its first terminus at Manisa's depending Kasaba in 1866. This railway

5115-657: The first book of the Alexiad . Amaseia was the town where Emperor Alexios I Komnenos received the Norman general Ursel as a captive from the Turkic general Tutach. Ursel had, according to the book, looted and pillaged the Eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire until the at-the-time General Alexios convinced Tutach to capture him. Alexios agreed that he would pay "...such a sum of money as no one ever gained before." to Tutach for

5208-465: The foreign public opinion. For this purpose, the website of www.manisahistory.com has started to be streamed within the scope of the Meeting Point of History and Civilization: Manisa project carried out by the Manisa Culture, Art and Tourism Association (MAKSAT) by the Manisa Culture, Art and Tourism Association (MAKSAT) the Meeting Point of History and Civilization: Manisa project conducted by

5301-476: The former sanjak and the present-day province center of Manisa to join Kasaba (now Turgutlu ) from the north. The first concession under the name was granted to a locally based English entrepreneur named Edward Price , who founded the company and built the line. This railway was extended further east by the same company between 1872 and 1875 to reach Alaşehir at a distance of 76 km (47 mi) from Kasaba and

5394-697: The great architect Mimar Sinan (and completed by Sedefkar Mehmed Agha ), and the 'Murad Bey Medresse now houses the Archaeological Museum of Manisa . Manisa celebrates the Vintage Festival every September, when the fruits of the vineyards are celebrated. The vineyards surround the city and provide dry fruit for export from İzmir , and grapes for wine making. Manisa and some of its depending district centers have succeeded in solidly clinching an industrial production base in recent decades, in this supported both initially and continuously by

5487-433: The interior regions of the country. The Amasya-Merzifon airport opened up in 2008. In related with that, cultural tourism achieved considerable place. Amasya is the starting point of the Black Sea tours within the country. Cappadocia tours also cover the city of Amasya. Cultural and Tourism Ministry determined 15 cities which is the trademark cities around the country includes Amasya. These developments also influence economy of

5580-508: The local ruler Tantalus , his son Pelops , his daughter Niobe , the departure of a sizable part of the region's population from their shores to found, according to one account, the future Etruscan civilization in present-day Italy, are all centered around Mount Sipylus, where the first urban settlement was probably located, and date from the period prior to the emergence of the Lydian Mermnad dynasty . It has also been suggested that

5673-468: The medical center was in activity until the beginning of the 20th century when new buildings were built within the same compound. That Turkey's only two institutions specialized on mental health were until recently located in İstanbul district of Bakırköy and in Manisa gave way in Turkey's public lore to gentle innuendos on the challenging spirit of the natives - Manisalı . One such likeable eccentric of

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5766-430: The most popular dishes of the region. Bakla dolması ( dolma with a filling of meat and broad beans ) is another characteristic local specialty. Cream cakes were another indispensable item in the former palace menu. Local varieties of bread include cherry bread, and slices of stale bread are used to make a dessert called Unutma Beni (which means "Forget me not"). On the eve of the first World war, Amasya's population

5859-551: The mountain could be the geographical setting for Baucis and Philemon tale as well, while most sources still usually associate it with Tyana (Hittite Tuwanuwa ) in modern-day Kemerhisar near Niğde . In the early 7th century BC, the Lydians under the newly established Mermnad dynasty, with the present-day Manisa region as their heartland expanded their control over a large part of Anatolia , ruling from their capital " Sfard " ( Sard , Sardes , Sardis ) situated more inland at

5952-405: The name "Manisa" (ماغنيسا) was usually as it is still used presently, but a spelling with a longer first syllable, transcribed to modern Turkish as "Mağnisa", was also occasionally encountered. During the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, many of the sons of sultans received their education in Manisa and the city is still commonly known in Turkey as "the city of shahzades" ( Şehzadeler şehri ),

6045-509: The principal evidence of extension of Hittite control and influence in western Anatolia based on local principalities. Cybele monument by itself represents a step of innovation in Hittite art where full-faced figures in high relief are rare. The first millennium BC saw the emergence in the region of " Phrygians " and " Maeonians ", the accounts concerning which are still blended with myths, and finally of Lydians . Such semi-legendary figures like

6138-658: The reign of Tiberius (Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD), was restored by that emperor and flourished through the period of the Roman empire. In 1076 the Byzantine Empire lost the city to the Seljuks in the aftermath of the 1071 Battle of Manzikert .The subsequent Crusader victory at the Battle of Dorylaeum (1097) allowed the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I to recover Magnesia. It was an important regional centre under Byzantine rule, and during

6231-407: The river, which has a particular mystique on a winter evening when fog fills the valley. Tourists (and soldiers from the local base) contribute valuable income to the shopkeepers. The railway line from Sivas to Samsun runs through Amasya, and there is an attractive Ottoman-era railway station. The city of Amasya has some nightlife, mainly bars and cafes for visitors, and some basic restaurants. It

6324-483: The same pronunciation. Archaeological research shows that Amasya was first settled by the Hittites and subsequently by Phrygians , Cimmerians , Lydians , Greeks , Persians , and Armenians . An independent Pontic kingdom with its capital at Amaseia was established by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty at the end of the 4th century BC, in the wake of Alexander 's conquests. In the 1st century BC, it briefly contested Rome's hegemony in Anatolia. By 183 BC,

6417-415: The sanjak of Saruhan (Manisa) remained attached to the Eyalet of Anadolu , as in the time of the Ottoman crown princes. Between 1836 and 1867 the city and its depending region was made part of the short-lived Eyalet of Aydın , which became a vilayet with the administrative reforms of 1867. During this phase, Saruhan (Manisa) even had an eyalet of its own under its name as the "Eyalet of Saruhan" between

6510-494: The south. Traditional view held that the name "Magnesia" derived from the tribe of Magnetes who would have immigrated here from Thessaly at the dawn of the region's recorded history. A connection with native Anatolian languages has also been suggested, particularly on the basis of discoveries made in the Hittite archives. The name is rendered as Μαγνησία in ancient and modern Greek language . The name "Magnesia ad Sipylus" refers to Mount Sipylus (Mount Spil) that towers over

6603-436: The still obscure Luwian kingdom of Arzawa , probably offshoots, as well as neighbors and, after around 1320 BCE, vassals of the Hittite Empire . Cybele monument located at Akpınar on the northern flank of Mount Sipylus, at a distance of 7 km (4 mi) from Manisa on the road to Turgutlu is, along with the King of Mira rock relief at Mount Nif near Kemalpaşa and a number of cuneiform tablet records are among

6696-722: The suffragans of Amisus , Andrapa , Euchaitae , Ibora , Sinope , Zaliche and Zela . In the 10th century the metropolis ranked 11th among the metropolises of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . From the 12th century the Christian element was reduced due to the Turkic migrations into Anatolia. The Orthodox metropolis of Amasea was active until the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey (1923) and in 1922 counted c. 40,000 Christians, 20,000 of them being Greek speakers. Last active metropolitan bishop

6789-499: The two cities, separated as they are by a half-hour drive served by a fine six-lane highway nevertheless requiring attention at all times due to its curves and the rapid ascent (sea-level to more than 500 meters at Sabuncubeli Pass) across Mount Sipylus 's mythic scenery. The historic part of Manisa spreads out from a forested valley in the immediate slopes of Sipylus mountainside, along Çaybaşı Stream which flows next to Niobe 's "Weeping Rock" ( "Ağlayan Kaya" ), an ancient bridge called

6882-427: The use of the word expanded to include any area under the influence of a particular human settlement. A further sense in which the term is commonly applied, especially by British politicians, is in talking about an individual's depth and breadth of knowledge (or lack thereof), of matters outside politics, specifically of academic, artistic, cultural, literary and scientific pursuits. For instance, one could say, "X has

6975-411: The wealthiest parts of the Empire with many examples of Ottoman architecture built. In a practice started by Murad II in 1437, fifteen members of the Ottoman dynasty, including two among the most notable, namely Mehmed II and Süleyman I , held the administration of the city and of its dependencies in seventeen near-continuous periods until 1595. Although the sanjak of Saruhan officially depended on

7068-662: The winner of the category of the Best Economic Potential in Europe, as runner-up for the categories Southern-Europe's City of the Future (winner for Turkey) and the Most Cost-Effective European city. The city also has a football team, Manisaspor , which plays in the Süper Lig under the home colors of red and white and away colors of black and white. Manisaspor's home ground is the Manisa 19 Mayis Stadi . In recent years, many studies have been conducted to inform

7161-532: The year 112, the emperor Trajan designated it a part of the province of Cappadocia . Later in the 2nd century it gained the titles ' metropolis ' and 'first city'. After the division of the Roman Empire by emperor Diocletian the city became part of the East Roman Empire (the Byzantine Empire ). At this time it had a predominantly Greek-speaking population. Amaseia was also referenced in

7254-553: Was Germanos Karavangelis . No longer being a residential diocese, Amasea is today listed by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church as a titular see . Rome suppressed the see formally c.  1600 , but immediately transformed it into a titular archbishopric Amasea, of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, which has had the following archiepiscopal incumbents: On 1742.02.15 it

7347-616: Was nationalized in 1934 by the young Republic of Turkey in the frame of a general move started in the 1920s regarding Turkey's railways. After the Young Turk revolution (1908) the local Greek community was subject to wide scale boycott, as noted by the local British ambassador. Manisa was temporarily occupied by the Greek Army on May 26, 1919, during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) , before finally being recaptured by

7440-641: Was 30,000 people, including 13,788 Armenians. There were 4 Armenian churches. Armenians were deported during the Armenian genocide . After the deportation, the Armenian quarter, the bazaar, the Armenian church and the Greek church were burnt by the Turks. In 1922, the Orthodox metropolis of Amaseia counted 40,000 Greek Orthodox Christians, half of them being Greek speakers. All Greeks were forcibly removed during

7533-575: Was a Greek native of Amasya. Schools, mosques, tombs and other architecture of this period still remain. In 1341, the emir Habiloghlu occupied the city, before it came under the rule of the Eretnid emirate. Hadji Shadgeldi Pasha took Amasya from the Eretnids under Ali Bey, and successfully fended off the claims of Kadi Burhan al-Din , who had supplanted the Eretnids. Shadgeldi was succeeded by his son Ahmed, who managed to retain his autonomy for

7626-460: Was a fortified city high on the cliffs above the river. It has a long history as a wealthy provincial capital, producing kings and princes, artists, scientists, poets and thinkers, from the kings of Pontus , through Strabo the geographer, to many generations of the Ottoman imperial dynasty. With its Ottoman-period wooden houses and the tombs of the Pontus kings carved into the cliffs overhead, Amasya

7719-587: Was called "Tantalis" or "the city of Tantalus " whose ruins were still visible around his time. Under Turkish rule, the name attached to the Beys of " Saruhan ", who founded the Beylik which preceded the Ottomans in the region, has been officially used, along with the name Manisa, for the city and the region alternatively and this until the present period of the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Turkish form of

7812-711: Was conquered by the Turkmen Danishmend emirs. It served as their capital until the annexation of the Danishmendid dominions by the Seljuk ruler Kilij Arslan II . When he died, his realm was divided among his sons, and Amasya passed to Nizam ad-Din Arghun Shah . His rule was brief, as he lost it to his brother Rukn ad-Din Suleiman Shah , who subsequently became Sultan. During the 13th century

7905-694: Was developed in the Merzifon district of Amasya. Agricultural products of the city mostly consist of products like apple, cherry, okra, onion, poppy seeds, lentil, bean and peach. In additionally, agro-based industries have an important place for the local economy. Sucrose, dairy products, egg, sunflower oil, provender, flour, yeast are major agro-based industries in Amasya; the industrial products are relatively limited. The most major industries are lime, brick, marble, ankanstre kitchen tools, furniture, lignite coal, metal and plastic industrial products. These products trades domestically and are exported. Marble exporting

7998-518: Was discovered to still be alive, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ordered that all accusations regarding religious rituals should be judged under "royal" and not local court. In 1555, Amasya was also the location for the signing of the Peace of Amasya with the Safavid dynasty of Persia. The population of Amasya at this time was very different from that of most other cities in the Ottoman Empire, as it

8091-453: Was part of their training for the future sultans to learn about every nation of the Empire. Every millet of the Empire was represented in Amasya in a particular village—such as a Greek village, an Armenian village, a Bosnian village, a Tatar village, a Turkish village etc. (see: 1927 Population count data by DİE) In the late 19th century, the city had 25,000–30,000 inhabitants, mostly Turks, but also some Armenians and Greeks. In 1919 Amasya

8184-425: Was quickly made a free city and administrative center of his new province of Bithynia and Pontus by Pompey . By this time, Amaseia was a thriving city, the home of thinkers, writers and poets, and one of them, Strabo , left a full description of Amaseia as it was between 60 BC and 19 AD. Around 2 or 3 BC, it was incorporated into the Roman province of Galatia , in the district of Pontus Galaticus. Around

8277-403: Was renowned for its cotton markets and a type of leather named after the city. Large parts of the population had begun settling and becoming sedentary and the city was a point of terminus for caravans from the east, with İzmir's growth still in its early stages. But already during the preceding century, influent western merchants such as Orlando, often in pact with local warlords such as Cennetoğlu,

8370-707: Was the Amasya trials which were special ad hoc trials, organized by the Turkish National Movement , with the purpose to kill the Greek representatives of Pontus region under a legal pretext. Amasea became the seat of a Christian metropolitan bishop in the Eastern Roman Empire , in particular from the 3rd century AD. As capital of the Late Roman province of Helenopontus , it also became its Metropolitan Archbishopric and included

8463-539: Was the location of the final planning meetings held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk for the building of a Turkish army to establish the Turkish republic following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. It was here that Mustafa Kemal made the announcement of the Turkish War of Independence in the Amasya Circular . This circular is considered as the first written document putting

8556-461: Was the third started within the territory of the Ottoman Empire at the time and the first finished within the present-day territory of Turkey. Instead of being laid along the direct route eastwards from Smyrna to Kasaba, about fifty kilometers in length, the line built drew a wide arc advancing first to the north-west from İzmir, through its Karşıyaka suburb to whose foundation it contributed greatly, and curves eastwards only from Menemen on, crossing

8649-481: Was united (as a mere title) with the residential Diocese of Pavia (Italy). Since 1819.11.19 it is again suppressed as such and restored nominally as Metropolitan Titular archbishopric (highest rank, again). It is vacant for decades, having had the following archiepiscopal incumbents since: In its Turkish version, this classic tale of oriental folklore is held to have taken place in Amasya. The nearby mountain Ferhat

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