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Manolo Fortich

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The Bukid language , Binukid or Bukidnon , is an Austronesian language spoken by indigenous peoples of Northern Mindanao in the southern Philippines . The word Bukid means 'mountain' or 'highland' while Binukid means 'in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland'. In Bukidnon province, it is referred to as Higaonon .

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63-502: Manolo Fortich , officially the Municipality of Manolo Fortich ( Bukid and Higaonon : Banuwa ta Manolo Fortich; Cebuano : Lungsod sa Manolo Fortich ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Manolo Fortich ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bukidnon , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 113,200 people. Manolo Fortich used to be known as Maluko ; it was renamed in 1957. Maluko also happens to be

126-406: A fairly young population, with ages 14 and below accounting 42.15% or 446, 952. The 15-34 age bracket account for 33.68% of the province's population or 357,112. Ages 55 and above barely accounts 6.5% of the total. The average population growth rate of the province is 2.05% (2.03% if exponential) from 2000 to 2010. Male-to-female ratio in the province stood at 1.06. The average population density for

189-460: A following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent ⟨ˆ⟩ can be used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress. Examples: The plural particle marker manga is written mga , following accepted Philippine usage. Bukidnon Bukidnon ( / b uː ˈ k ɪ d n ɒ n / ), officially

252-514: A guide to Dean C. Worcester while on expedition to Bukidnon. Upon retirement from government service in 1920, he established ranches in Maluko and Maramag, and acquired 3,000 cows. He died on January 15, 1943, at the age of 64. The original name of the town was Maluko, and was headed by Santiago Mambinonsad who was appointed as Alcalde de Barrio from 1922 to 1924. It was during the term of Ciriaco Asilan as Presidente del Barrio from 1926 to 1928, that

315-632: A lake. He settled and inter-married with the local inhabitants in the upstream of what is now known as Pulangi River. He and his family were considered as the ancestors of the present Bukidnons . During the pre-historic era, the Bukidnons , also called Monteses or mountain-people , had settled in the area of what is now the Province of Bukidnon. These people have remained traditional till 1860 preserving most of their customs and traditions. Furthermore, these people had not been significantly influenced by

378-552: A peak of 2,899 meters (9,511 ft) above sea level. Pulangi River, on the other hand, traverses through the northeastern and southern part of the province towards the Rio Grande de Mindanao . The province's total land area is 10,498.59 square kilometres (4,053.53 sq mi),10,498.59 making it the largest in Mindanao in terms of land area. It accounts for 59 percent (59%) of Northern Mindanao . Thirty-eight percent (38%)

441-427: A potential for tourism and bio-diversity research. The major metallic mineral found in the municipality is chromite and the non-metallic includes semi-precious stones. Also available are clay, limestone, feldspar, silica quartz and schist. Bukid language Binukid is spoken in the north of the island Mindanao in southern Philippines; it is spoken in the following areas: Binukid has many dialects, but there

504-426: A total area of 506.64 square kilometres (195.61 sq mi), accounting 6.1% of the total land area of the province of Bukidnon . Manolo Fortich is situated in the northern part of the province of Bukidnon. It is about 40 minutes away from the bustling commercial center of Cagayan de Oro. It is bounded in the north by Cagayan de Oro and the municipality of Malitbog. In the east by the municipality of Sumilao, in

567-489: A wide plateau in the north central part of the island of Mindanao , the province is considered to be the food basket of the region, being the major producer of rice and corn . Products from plantations in the province also include pineapples , bananas and sugarcane . Situated within Bukidnon is Mount Dulang-dulang , the 2nd highest mountain in the country, with an elevation of 2,938 metres (9,639 ft) located in

630-482: Is mutual intelligibility . The dialect of Malaybalay , in the Pulangi area, is considered to be the prestige and standard variety. Binukid consists of twenty segmental phonemes and one suprasegmental phoneme. The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which

693-677: Is 915 meters (3,002 ft) above sea level. The slope gradient peaks at 2,899 meters (9,511 ft) of Mount Kitanglad, an extinct volcano occupying the central portion. Two other mountain bodies are found in its southern portion, Mount Kalatungan and Mount Tangkulan, which rise to 2,287 meters (7,503 ft) and 1,678 meters (5,505 ft), respectively. The rest of the province is composed of nearly level terraces, alluvial plains , canyons and gorges. The volcanic terraces and volcanic foot slopes that are ≥500 m above sea level are estimated to be about 221,600 hectares (548,000 acres). Gently rolling grassland plateau are cut by deep and wide canyons of

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756-943: Is a biodiverse area that hosts endemic fauna. It is home to the critically endangered Philippine eagle , the vulnerable Philippine deer , the Philippine flying lemur , and the Mindanao gymnure . The Mount Kitanglad Mountain Range is home to the Philippine eagle, the Mindanao pygmy fruit bat , the Kitanglad shrew-mouse ( Crunomys suncoides ) , and the gray-bellied mountain rat ( Limonmys bryophilus ). Rafflesia schadenbergiana has also been found on Mount Kitanglad. Mount Musuan and Mount Kalatungan, along with Mount Malindang in Misamis Occisdental, are also home to

819-476: Is classified as alienable and disposable. The rest is timberland forest. It also accounts for 80 percent (80%) or 34 million metric tons of the region's nonmetallic mineral deposits, which include high grade white and red clay, gold, chromite, copper, serpentine, manganese, quartz and limestone deposits can also be found in the province. Much of Bukidnon is an extensive plateau, but the southern and eastern boundaries are mountainous. The province's average elevation

882-812: Is found in Maramag , Bukidnon, which was the result of the construction of the Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Dam of the National Power Corporation (NPC) in the course of the Pulangi River. There are also numerous springs and waterfalls located in the province. Some of the waterfalls include the Alalum Falls, Dimadungawan Falls, Dila Falls, Gantungan Falls, Natigbasan Falls, Sagumata Falls, Magubo Falls, and Balisbisan Falls. The Pantaron Mountain Range in Bukidnon

945-600: Is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables. There are 16 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords. The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in

1008-539: Is located in nearby Cagayan de Oro , yet its pineapple plantation is located in the municipality specifically in Camp Phillips Road, Barangay Agusan Canyon while the company's clubhouse is located at Barangay San Miguel, still in Camp Phillips Road. The Del Monte Golf Course & Country Club on the other hand is located in Sitio Cawayanon, Barangay San Miguel. Just a few meters from the golf course

1071-416: Is relatively cool and humid making the place suitable for production of any kind of crops. Production of high valued crops, which include vegetables, cut flowers and ornamentals is a big potential in the area. In the 2020 census, the population of Manolo Fortich was 113,200 people, with a density of 270 inhabitants per square kilometre or 700 inhabitants per square mile. In the 2010 census, the population of

1134-546: Is the Del Monte School, still located in Sitio Cawayanon. The Cawayanon Compound also located in Sitio Cawayanon is a residential area mostly inhabited by Del Monte employees. Manolo Fortich has three major river systems crisscrossing the upstream and downstream agricultural lands. These are the Tagoloan, Mangima and Agusan Rivers, which serve as natural boundaries and drainage of excess water and run-off from around

1197-473: The Cagayan , Pulangi , and Tagoloan rivers and their tributaries, which cover a greater part of the province. The Bukidnon plateau is mainly of volcanic zone consisting of pyroclastic , basaltic and andesitic cones. The whole eastern and southern border adjoining the provinces of Agusan , Davao del Norte , and Cotabato are covered by lofty and densely forested Pantaron Mountain Range , also known as

1260-789: The Commission on Audit 's 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 Annual Financial Reports which were posted in 2019, early to late 2021, and 2022, respectively. According to oral history of the Indigenous people of Bukidnon, there were four main tribes in Central Mindanao: the Maranaos who dwell in Lanao del Sur, and the Maguindanao, Manobo and Talaandig tribes who respectively inhabit the eastern, southern, and north-central portions of

1323-554: The Kitanglad Mountain Range . Mount Kitanglad (2,899 m), Mount Kalatungan (2,860 m), Mount Maagnaw (2,742 m), Mount Lumuluyaw (2,612 m), and Mount Tuminungan (2,400 m), the 4th, 5th, 8th, 17th, and 30th highest mountains in the country respectively, are also found in the province. Bukidnon was consecutively ranked 5th in the list of richest provinces in the Philippines for four straight years according to

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1386-661: The Lumad peoples , including the Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, and Talaandig. Their cultures and traditions are embodied in oral folk literature of the province, which are classified into; antoka (riddles), basahan (proverbs or wise sayings), kaliga (ceremonial songs), limbay (lyric poem), sala (love song), idangdang (ballad), ulaging (epic), and nanangon (folktales). Religion is monotheistic. They believe in one God . Magbabaya (the ruler of all) has minor gods and goddesses under his command (Example: Bulalakaw watches rivers and lakes, Tumpas Nanapiyaw or Itumbangol watches

1449-588: The Province of Bukidnon ( Cebuano : Lalawigan sa Bukidnon ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Bukidnon ; Hiligaynon : Kapuroan sang Bukidnon ; Binukid and Higaonon : Probinsya ta Bukidnon ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region . Its capital is the city of Malaybalay while Valencia is the largest city. The province borders, clockwise from

1512-506: The Central Cordillera. The Central Cordillera is a mountain range of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. About 49% of the land resource of the province is of rugged hills and mountains and 33% of undulating to rolling terrain. At Mailag, 23 kilometers (14 mi) south of Malaybalay , the plateau begins to descend and gradually merges into the lowlands of Cotabato province. Two types of climate are roughly divided by

1575-570: The Malaybalay-Impasugong area and those around the volcanic cones approximate semi-temperate conditions and can support the cultivation of highland tropical crops. Based on the records of climatological stations within and near the province, lithology and land form, three agro-ecological zones are identified. One covers the mountainous eastern side (Central Cordillera), which is generally wet, with rainfall of about 2,340 to 4,000 millimeters (92 to 157 in) per annum. Another covers

1638-495: The People of Mindanao). This folktale revolved on the story of two brothers from Asia "who crossed the seas" in their long journey "towards the east" which refers to the islands of the Philippines. The brothers reportedly landed in the island of Mindanao. With the region experiencing a drought, one of the brothers was forced to venture Northward in order to survive. He did this by following a dried up river to its almost dried up source,

1701-482: The Philippine eagle, the Mindanao wrinkled hornbill ( Aceros leococephalus ), and the Philippine tarsier ( Tarsius syrichta ). The three mountains are home to more than 1,000 plant species, including 12 that are endangered, 221 that are endemic, 17 that are rare, and 187 that are economically or socioculturally important. Bukidnon is subdivided into 20 municipalities and 2 cities . The province has 464 barangays under its jurisdiction. The table below shows

1764-473: The Pulangi River in Valencia. The Muleta River is found in the southern portion of the province covering the municipalities of Pangantucan , Don Carlos , Kitaotao , Dangcagan , Kibawe , Kadingilan and Damulog . It is another important tributary of the Pulangi River and flows southward. It will join the Pulangi River in the boundary of Bukidnon and Cotabato province. The Bobonawan River , found in

1827-484: The Spanish colonizers because of their isolation. The rugged mountain ranges and high plateaus which serve as home to these people presented an overwhelming obstacle to these colonizers. The Bukidnons undoubtedly have links to the culture predominant in the Southeast Asian region as evidenced by the similar customs and traditions. Their presence here can be traced to the early migration of these Asians throughout

1890-508: The Top 20 Largest Barangays according to population. Bukidnon has four legislative districts namely the first , second , third and fourth districts . Based on the 2020 census, Bukidnon has a total population of 1,541,308 residents. In the 2000 census, males slightly edge the females with 546,234, accounting for about 52% of the province's total population while females, with 514,181, account about 48%. Based on age distribution, Bukidnon has

1953-736: The alphabet employed consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: hab-ung [ˈhäbʔuŋ] 'mildew'. The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph ⟨ng⟩ , which is sometimes considered a separate letter. Other letters, such as c, f, j, q, and z, are used in proper nouns or loanwords that have not had their spellings altered. Suprasegmental phonemes and glottalization are featured in writing Binukid. Stress can be indicated by an acute accent ⟨′⟩ . A grave accent ⟨`⟩ can be marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate

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2016-504: The bases of the earth, night, and day). Many of the province's inhabitants, however, are descendants of immigrants from Cebu or elsewhere in Central Visayas. The majority of the population are Christians (predominantly Roman Catholic , 80.7%. Significant other Christian denomination minority at 15%, followed by Islam (4%), and other religious groups comprising 0.3%. Ethnic religion is still in practice by native Lumads across

2079-470: The central part of the province. It is also in the national roads of these cities/municipalities that daily road use volume are high. The lingua franca of the region is Cebuano . Minority languages include Higaonon, Bukid, Ilianen, Matigsalug, Hiligaynon, Maranao , Maguindanao , Iranun , Ilocano , and Waray . Tagalog and English are generally understood and widely used in schools, business, and government offices. According to ethnicity, majority of

2142-431: The east by Agusan del Sur and Davao del Norte ; and west by Lanao del Sur . It lies between parallels 7°25' and 8°38' north latitude and meridians 124°03' and 125°16' east longitude. Malaybalay , the capital town, is about 850 kilometers (530 mi) by air from Manila and 91 kilometers (57 mi) by road from Cagayan de Oro. It has two important landmarks, Mount Kitanglad and Pulangi River . Mount Kitanglad has

2205-474: The high altitude volcanic plains, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area, and the foot slopes of Mount Kitanglad, and Mount Kalatungan. These areas have an annual rainfall in the range of 2,490 to 3,680 millimeters (98 to 145 in). The third zone covers the south-central and the north-western parts of the province, with elevations of less than 500 meters, relatively dry with mean annual rainfall in

2268-411: The highest population among the four provincial congressional districts, with 31.86% of the total population of the province. It is followed by District II with 26.45% of the total population and District I with a population share of 21.36%. The least populated district is District IV with population percentage share of 20.33%. Valencia has the highest population among the cities/municipalities of

2331-603: The lake is located. Another lake is found in Pigtauranan, Pangantucan called the Napalit Lake . The lake covers an area of 36 hectares and is one of the tourist spots in Pangantucan, Bukidnon. There are 24 floating islets in the lake. The third significant inland body of water in the province is Apo Lake at Guinoyoran, Valencia . It occupies an approximate area of 25 hectares. A man-made lake called Maramag Basin

2394-489: The longest river in the province, is a tributary of the Rio Grande de Mindanao . Its headwaters are found in the mountains of Kalabugao, Impasugong . It is the largest as well as the longest river found in the province. It covers the following cities and municipalities of the province: Impasugong , Malaybalay , Cabanglasan , San Fernando , Valencia , Maramag , Quezon , Don Carlos , Kitaotao , Dangcagan , Kibawe and Damulog . The Tagoloan River has its headwaters in

2457-502: The mountains and forest continued to hold on their ancestors' cultural heritage. The wide variety of Filipino groups now thrives in the province and contributed immensely in the socioeconomic development. Bukidnon became a part of Misamis in the latter part of 1850. The whole area was then called "Malaybalay" and the people were known as Bukidnons (highlanders or mountain dwellers). The Philippine Commission, then headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester , Secretary of Interior, proposed

2520-487: The mountains of Can-ayan, Malaybalay. It traverses the province northwestward passing through Malaybalay, Impasugong, Sumilao, Manolo Fortich, Malitbog and finally empties into the sea at Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental . The Cagayan River watershed is found mostly in the municipality of Talakag. Its headwaters are found in the Kitanglad Mountain Range in central Bukidnon. The river flows northward through

2583-715: The municipalities of Talakag and Baungon . Its mouth lies at Cagayan de Oro in Misamis Oriental , where it is the main source of potable water. The Manupali River , a major tributary of the Pulangi River, starts in the mountains of Lantapan, Bukidnon , picking up tributaries along the way from the Kalatungan and Kitanglad Mountain Ranges. It forms part of the natural boundary of the Valencia and Lantapan . It flows eastward towards Malaybalay , eventually joining

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2646-481: The municipality of Cabanglasan , is another tributary of the Pulangi River. It covers most of the parts of the municipality, flowing southward towards Pulangi River. Aside from the relatively important river systems, various lakes also dot the landscape of the province. Pinamaloy Lake , in Don Carlos, Bukidnon , is the largest in the province covering about 50 hectares. It was named after Barangay Pinamaloy, where

2709-665: The municipality was 91,026 people, up from 82,051 in 2007. Manolo Fortich belongs to a very low-density area which has only approximately 162 persons per square kilometre. The urban population is confined in barangays Agusan Canyon, Damilag and Tankulan. There are three major ethnic groups in Manolo Fortich and they are the Higaonon, Talaandig and the Cebuano-Bohol ethnic groups, the latter were mostly migrants from Cebu and Bohol who came to work as agricultural laborers in

2772-514: The municipality. The other rivers of the municipality are, among others: Dicklum, Kumaykay, Guihian, Tasaon and Kulaman Rivers. The river systems also serve as sources of potable water supply for domestic use. About 26 creeks spread across nine barangays in the municipality. Forest areas in Manolo Fortich are found in two barangays along the Mt. Kitanglad Range. Mt. Kitanglad hosts a diverse species of flora and fauna, many of them rare and endemic, making it

2835-636: The name of one of the municipality's barangay. Before the coming of the Spaniards , the term "Bukidnon" referred to as the semi-sedentary Indigenous inhabitants of the high plateaus and rugged mountain ranges of central Mindanao. The more prominent of these peoples were the Manobo people who were the earliest settlers of this region. Located on the northern part of Bukidnon, is the Municipality of Manolo Fortich. The great pre-historic Asiatic migration

2898-477: The north, Misamis Oriental , Agusan del Sur , Davao del Norte , Cotabato , Lanao del Sur , and Lanao del Norte . According to the 2020 census, the province is inhabited by 1,541,308 residents. The province is composed of 2 component cities and 20 municipalities. It is the third largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction behind Palawan and Isabela respectively. The name "Bukidnon" means "highlander" or "mountain dweller." Occupying

2961-480: The northern and southern areas of Bukidnon. The northern part is classified as belonging to Type III, that is, there is no pronounced rain period but relatively dry during the months of November to May. In the southern portion of the province, the climate is classified as Type IV with no dry season. The driest area is Baungon, while the wettest is the Calabugao plain. The climate is relatively cool and humid throughout

3024-628: The original province of Cotabato . When the civil government divided central Mindanao into provinces at the turn of the 20th century, the groups included in the province of Bukidnon are the Talaandig and the Manobo, as well as other smaller Lumad tribes. The Visayans , particularly the Cebuanos and the Hiligaynons from the Northern Mindanao coastline and the southern Visayas , migrated into

3087-509: The people in Bukidnon are Cebuano accounting for approximately 41% of the total population. The Bukidnon Lumads (Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig, etc.) account for about 24% of the total population of the province. The Maranaos form about 8% of the total population followed by the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo and Boholano groups with 12.7% and 7.37%, respectively, of the province's total population. Indigenous inhabitants of Bukidnon are

3150-594: The plantation and orchard farms of the highland plateau, about 55% of the residents are Higaonons who are indigenous people in the area. Cebuano, a Visayan language, is the major spoken language of the town. In the upland barangay plateau areas of Dahilayan, Guilang-guilang, Kalugmanan, Santiago and Ticala, the Higa-onons and Talaandigs speak their indigenous language called "Binukid" . Poverty incidence of Manolo Fortich Source: Philippine Statistics Authority While Del Monte Philippines' manufacturing plant

3213-446: The province is 128 persons per square km. The cities/municipalities with the highest population densities are the following: Don Carlos (353/km ), Kitaotao (250/km ), Valencia (244/km ), Maramag (213/km ) and Quezon (202/km ). The cities/municipalities with the lowest densities, on the other hand are: Impasugong (29/km ), Talakag (58/km ), San Fernando (63/km ), Malitbog (75/km ) and Damulog (83/km ). District III has

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3276-500: The province with 192,993 inhabitants, accounting 13.64% of the province's total. It is closely followed by Malaybalay with 174,625 inhabitants or 12.34% of the provincial population. Quezon is at third with 104,116 inhabitants or 7.36% of the total, with Maramag and Manolo Fortich rounding out the fourth and fifth with 102,089 and 100,210 inhabitants, respectively. The four largest local government units of Bukidnon (Valencia, Malaybalay, Quezon, and Maramag) are clustered together in

3339-681: The province. The Visayans are still referred to by the Lumad as the dumagat ("sea people") to distinguish them from the original mountain tribes. This was followed by various groups from Luzon , namely, the Ilocanos , the Igorots and the Ivatans , many of whom were merchants and wealthy entrepreneurs. All contributed massive acculturation among the Indigenous tribes. Most of those who moved to

3402-406: The range of 1,700 to 2,600 millimeters (67 to 102 in). Bukidnon is home to the largest concentration of watersheds in Mindanao. It is endowed with six major river systems, namely: Pulangi, Tagoloan, Cagayan, Manupali, Muleta, and Bobonawan rivers. These rivers and their tributaries carved the landscape of the province, creating numerous canyons into the plateau. The Pulangi River , considered

3465-607: The region. Today, the surviving tribes inhabiting the mountains of Bukidnon still bear the culture they have inherited from their ancestors. Manolo Fortich is named after Don Manuel "Manolo" González Fortich, a provincial resident of Barrio Damilag who became the first governor (1907-1914) of the Sub-province of Bukidnon. Don Manuel Fortich was born on November 27, 1879, in San Nicolas (now Barangay Basak San Nicolas), Cebu City . A Philippine Constabulary officer, he served as

3528-654: The seat of municipal government was permanently transferred to Tangkulan. Mateo Gumaling was the first appointed municipal mayor of Maluko and in 1940 Margarito Cabang became the first elected Mayor. Manolo Fortich was captured by Japanese forces of the Kawamura Detachment of the IJA 5th Division attacking from Cagayan on May 6, 1942. They advance further eastward two days later. Maluko was then renamed to Manolo Fortich by virtue of Republic Act No. 1720 on June 21, 1957.  The municipality of Manolo Fortich has

3591-533: The separation of Bukidnon from Misamis Province. On August 20, 1907, Act No. 1693 created the province of Agusan with Bukidnon as its sub-province. About a month later, on September 23, the rancheria of Malaybalay was designated as the sub-province's capital. Bukidnon became a regular province on March 10, 1917, by virtue of the creation of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu under Act 2711. In 1942, invading Japanese troops entered Bukidnon. Mount Capistrano

3654-496: The syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial. There are generally four vowels in Binukid. There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example beleng [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means 'surprise' while beléng [bɘˈlɘŋ] means 'drunk'. Long words may have more than one stress: balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] 'rooster'. Stress commonly shifts when suffixes are added to

3717-434: The west by the municipality of Libona and Baungon and in the south by the rugged ranges of Mount Kitanglad . Manolo Fortich is politically subdivided into 22 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . The climate is classified as belonging to type IV or Intermediate. It is characterized by a moderate dry season with average rainfall of about 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Its temperature

3780-523: The word (as in kahibeléngan 'mysterious') or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/ -final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before en ('already'), a bound adverbial. The Latin script is used in writing the language. In the dictionary by the LSP and SIL (1992 :x–xi),

3843-775: The year. The average annual rainfall is 2,800 millimeters (110 in). Just like in other parts of the country, rainfall is more pronounced from June to October compared to other months of the year. February to April are the drier months. Temperature ranges vary with elevation. In areas lower than 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level (m.a.s.l.), the recorded temperature range is between 20 and 34 °C (68 and 93 °F). Areas with elevations greater than 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level would have temperatures ranging from 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F). Relative humidity also varies with elevation, with those above 500 m having relative humidity of about 80%, while areas lying below 500 meters (1,600 ft), 65-7 percent. Thus,

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3906-617: Was a civilian evacuation area in the World War II. In 1945, the province was liberated from Japanese occupation by Filipino and American troops with the aid of Bukidnon-based Filipino guerrillas during the Second World War . Bukidnon is a landlocked plateau in North Central Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by Misamis Oriental and Cagayan de Oro ; on the south by North Cotabato and Davao City ; on

3969-447: Was believed to have brought the early settlers of Bukidnon. It was theorized that they came from places of what is now known as Indonesia. Traveling by the sea, these migrants reached the gulf of Davao where some ventured further to areas of what is now known as Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. The Asiatic beginnings of these people can be seen from their oral tradition and folktales, like the "Kalikat Hu Mga Elaw Dini Ta Mindanao" (Origin of

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