40-519: Mannarghat Muppil Nair ( Kunnattattil Madambil Nair ) was the royal title usually given to the eldest male member of Mannarghat Muppil Nair family, in whom the Mannarghat jenmi estates and feudatory obligations to the Velattiri Raja of Valluvanad alike vested. He was a "desavazhi" (provincial governor) under Valluvanad (southern Malabar, India ), looking after the eastern boundary and
80-576: A mutual agreement among member parties. The reshuffling is in accordance with a pre-election agreement within the Left Democratic Front (LDF) coalition. Transport Minister Antony Raju and Ports and Archaeology Minister Ahmed Devarkovil resigned, leading to the appointment of K.B Ganesh Kumar as the new Minister for Transport and Kadannappalli Ramachandran as the Minister for Registration and Archeology. The legislature comprises
120-732: A strong presence, are generally inclined to Left parties, though several times the UDF has won. The CPI(M) led LDF did a clean sweep of 11–0 over UDF and NDA in Kollam district during 2016 Local body election . The largest Communist party is the CPIM and the second largest is the CPI . The Indian National Congress , which leads the UDF coalition, has had a very strong presence in Kerala since pre-Independence days. The Congress party has great popularity in
160-515: Is normally paid to Jenmis who have ceded their lands, but the Government of Kerala has refused to do so from time to time. There have been several incidences of violence against Jenmis, influenced by Communists. Kayyur Incident: Kayyur is a small village in Hosdurg taluk . In 1940, peasants there under the leadership of communists rose against the two local Jenmis, Nambiar of Kalliat and
200-465: Is the elephant , and the government emblem has two elephants in it. The state bird is the great Indian hornbill ( ML :മലമ്പുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പല്). The state flower is the golden shower ( ML :കണിക്കൊന്ന), and the state tree is the coconut . The state fish is the pearlspot or karimeen (കരിമീന്). Elections to the state assembly are held every five years. Elections are generally held for Parliament , State assembly and regional panchayats . Due to
240-543: Is the present governor. The governor enjoys many different types of powers: The incumbent chief minister of Kerala is serving his second consecutive term, and was sworn into power on 20 May 2021. The oath-taking ceremony was held at the Central Stadium . The Kerala Governor administered the oath of office and secrecy to the new members. In December 2023, the Kerala Cabinet underwent a reshuffle as part of
280-532: The 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and selected members in all the Corporations, several Municipal Councils and a large number of Local Panchayats. The party enjoys popularity in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kasaragod . Other popular regional parties are: Kerala was declared as the first complete digitally administered state of India on 27 February 2016. The India Corruption Survey 2019 by Transparency International declared Kerala
320-468: The Anglo-Indian community. The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker . The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of a meeting in the house is the responsibility of the speaker. The main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be finally approved by
360-655: The Communist Party of India (Marxist) -led Left Democratic Front (LDF) and the Indian National Congress -led United Democratic Front (UDF) since late 1970s. These two coalitions have alternated in power since 1982, although this pattern was broken in 2021. According to the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election , the LDF has a majority in the state assembly (99/140). The political alliance has strongly stabilised and, with rare exceptions, most of
400-631: The Kerala Government , is the administrative body responsible for governing the Indian state of Kerala . The government is led by a chief minister, who selects all the other ministers. The chief minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the cabinet . Ministers of the Kerala government are responsible to the Kerala Legislative Assembly ; they make statements in
440-531: The Thrissur , Ernakulam , Kottayam , Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram regions, whereas it has a strong influence in some parts of Idukki regions. The Bharatiya Janata Party (the Party that currently leads the Government of India ) is also active in Kerala, but is not part of either coalition. It has only one elected Parliament member from Thrissur , and has lost its one Legislative Assembly member in
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#1732801143321480-666: The Crown held 620,012 acres among them; the Vengayil dynasty alone accounted for 200,000 acres, followed immediately by the Mannarghat and Kavalappara Moopil Nairs, whose respective swaroopams governed 180,000 acres and 155,358 acres. The Zamorins of Calicut owned at least 60,000 to 90,000 acres of Jenmom estate lands, followed by the Raja of Kollengode, who held 82,000 acres of forested lands along with 18,000 acres of farmland, and
520-540: The Finance and Law Departments) are commonly referred to as Administrative Departments and are referred to as Administrative Secretariat collectively for administrative convenience and in light of the functions that are distributed among them. The Secretaries in charge of various departments are typically All India Service officers who are members of the Indian Administrative Service and may have
560-635: The Governor. The present Chief Minister is Pinarayi Vijayan , who took office on 25 May 2016. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases, the party focuses a chief ministerial candidate during the election. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to
600-598: The Nayanar of Karakkatt Edam. Several people were killed in the conflict and four Communist leaders were found guilty and hanged by the government. A fifth instigator was sentenced to life imprisonment and was spared from the death penalty, since he was under the age of criminal liability. Mattannur Incident: Mattanur witnessed large scale communal riots between the Moplah tenants and their Nair landlords during 1852. The riots started when an armed band of 200 Moplahs entered
640-540: The Nilambur Thirumalpad, whose swaroopam estates spanned 80,000 acres, and in 1925 yielded some 273,075 rupees in revenue. The Koothali Moopil Nair family owned at least 47,000 acres, and likely much more, as the tabulation excluded tens of thousands of acres they directly transferred to their Vengayil daughter and her tharavad , including the entirety of the Changaroth estate as a wedding gift to match
680-705: The Punjar in Travancore and the Paliath Achans in Cochin, were well known for their numerous feudal estates. The total acreage controlled by the Paliam swaroopam remains unknown, but the 1956 partition suit allocated over 100,000 rupees apiece to 213 separate family members in the case, while retaining additional sums for future administration and temple maintenance. The Paliam family also enumerated their tenants of
720-464: The accession of Malabar into Travancore-Cochin, the state of Kerala was formed in 1957. During this time, the royal coat of arms of the Travancore kingdom was modified by placing the " Lion Capital of Ashoka " on top of the imperial conch. The Travancore Royal Family uses the erstwhile Royal Coat of Arms of Travancore today, whereas Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Trivandrum uses only the imperial conch crest as its coat of arms. The state animal of Kerala
760-431: The assembly and take questions from members of the assembly. The government is dependent on Kerala Legislative Assembly to make primary legislation . Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election,
800-517: The coalition partners maintain loyalty to the alliance. As a result of this, power has alternated between these two fronts since 1979. In terms of individual parties, the state has strong leanings towards socialism and thus Communist parties have made strong inroads in Kerala. The Malabar region, particularly Kannur and Palakkad , are considered the heartland of the Communist parties. The Kollam and Alapuzha districts, where trade unions have
840-938: The donation of Kuttiyadi by the groom's father, the Kolathiri Raja, from the Kadathanadu swaroopam. Temples like The Padmanabhaswamy Temple was controlled and owned by the Nair Jenmis, known as Ettuveettil Pillamar , and their associates, Ettarayogam , until the 17th century, the Koodalmanikyam Temple (controlled by the Thachudaya Kaimal ) and the Guruvayoor Temple of M. R. Ry. were built on lands owned by these Brahmin and Nair aristocrats. The Maharajas of Cochin and Travancore , as well as many other rulers such as
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#1732801143321880-493: The government departments, though some cabinet positions are sinecures to a greater or lesser degree. Like in other Indian states, the executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of the governor, the chief minister and the Council of Ministers. The chief minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. The governor summons prorogues and dissolves
920-414: The governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in the state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same. All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one member nominated by the governor from
960-500: The governor before it becomes applicable. The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the said period will be extended by Parliament by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time. For administrative convenience, Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 75 taluks, 152 CD blocks, and 1453 revenue villages. For local governance,
1000-416: The governor selects as chief minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the assembly, usually by possessing a majority of MLAs. Under the Indian constitution , executive authority lies with the governor, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet. In most cases, the cabinet members exercise power directly as leaders of
1040-626: The grassroots level. Line departments (field departments) which are distinct from the Secretariat but operate under almost the same name as the Secretariat dept are commonly known as Directorates and Commissionerates. The Kerala State Emblem is a derivative version of the royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Travancore . The state emblem symbolises two elephants guarding the Imperial Shanku , or conch, in its imperial crest. This crest
1080-592: The hilly areas. The Nairs had considerable land holdings in the area and also held about 70% of the land in Attappadi , including Silent Valley . Their peak landholdings reached approximately 180,000 acres. Jenmi Jenmi or Janmi , plural Jenmimar , is the Malayalam term used to refer to the landed aristocracy of Kerala who traditionally held their lands as absolute and allodial owners, with such lands known as Jenmom or Janmam . They formed
1120-426: The house of the local landlord, Kalathil Kesavan Thangal, and massacred his entire family of 18 members. The rioters then decided to eliminate the most powerful Jenmi in the district, Kalliat Anandan Nambiar. However, their plans were somehow leaked and the landlord fled with his family, leaving his nephew Kalliat Kammaran Nambiar to defend the land. Kammaran Nambiar organized a militia of 300 Nair warriors and waited for
1160-617: The landowning nobility as well as the landed gentry of the region in colonial times, and the majority of the estates and feudal properties were owned by this community. They predominantly belonged to the Nambudiri (Brahmin priests) and Nair castes. Although many smallholders existed within the Janmi system, Janmam lands were heavily concentrated into a few dozen families, most of them of Nair or Nambudiri Brahmin rank. The twenty-two families paying 3,000 rupees or more in land revenue to
1200-484: The large numbers of eligible voters , over 21 million , elections are usually held on several dates. Like all other Indian states, the minimum age of registration of a voter is 18 years. Kerala has a unique position in India as one of the most politicised states. It has the nation's largest politically aware population, which actively participates in state politics. Politics in Kerala is dominated by two political fronts:
1240-634: The legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit the list for the Governor's approval. The governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the governor. The governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at
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1280-423: The legislature. He can close the legislative assembly on the recommendation of the chief minister. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in Kerala like other Indian states. The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by
1320-507: The rank of Additional Chief Secretary, Principal Secretary , or Secretary. In addition to the Secretariat department, the State Government operates various field departments that function under the purview of their respective Secretariat department. These field departments form an integral part of the administrative structure, working in conjunction with the Secretariat to effectively implement government policies and initiatives at
1360-508: The rioters. The unsuspecting rioters were ambushed and massacred, and the tenants were forced to abandon their campaign and disband. Korom Incident: Another historic movement was at Korom village in Payyanur on 12 April 1948. Farmers from Payyanur Farka marched to the rice godown of the landlord, Aalakkat Mavila Kunhambu Nambiar, and took control of it and distributed the rice stored there among them. The Malabar Special Police force arrested
1400-523: The state has 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations , and 87 municipalities. The business of the state government is transacted through the various secretariat departments based on the rules of business. Each department consists of secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department and such other deputy secretaries, under secretaries, junior secretaries, officers, and staffs subordinate to him/her. The Chief secretary superintending control over
1440-469: The state level as that of the president of India at the national level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions, such as the appointment of the chief minister, sending reports to the president about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion. Arif Mohammad Khan
1480-592: The time as 12,000 in number, and the temples under their ownership as 41. Other major Jenmis included the Kurumathoor Namburidipad (5,615 acres). Similarly, the powerful aristocracy of Kalliat Nambiars owned 36,779 acres, the Chirakkal Raja owned 32,082 acres (129.83 km ), and the K.T. Moopil Nair family had at least 25,000 acres. Today, however, there are restrictions placed on the amount of land one can own in Kerala. A token pension
1520-571: The volunteers, including K P Kunhikkannan, the leader of the "Karshaka Sangham", upon the request of the landlord. To protest against these arrests, people marched to the spot where the volunteers were kept under police custody. The police started firing on the procession, and this resulted in the death of a harijan youth named Pokkan, who became the first martyr in Payyanur Farka during the 1948 movement. Government of Kerala The Government of Kerala (abbreviated as GoK ), also known as
1560-518: The whole secretariat and staff attached to the ministers. The department is further divided into sections, each of which is under the charge of a section officer. Apart from these sections, dealing with the subjects allotted to them, there are other offices sections, assigned with specific duties. When there is more than one secretary in a department, there shall be a clear separation of work. At present there are 44 Secretariat Departments as below: Out of these 44 Secretariat Departments, 42 (aside from
1600-441: Was the insignia of Lord Sree Padmanabha (a form of Lord Vishnu) - the national deity of Travancore. Shanku was considered one of the common emblems of a majority of the Kerala feudal kingdoms. The Kingdom of Cochin and Zamorin's Malabar also had conch as state emblems. When the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore merged in 1949, for a brief period, the crest carried a wheel or chakra in the centre with Shanku on top of it. With
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