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53-536: The region around the present-day city of Mansehra was inhabited by the early Indo-Aryans since the 3rd millennium BC , and was later a part of the ancient kingdom of Gandhara and the Mauryan Empire . Ashoka governed this area as a prince on the imperial throne in c. 272 BCE. He made it one of the major seats of his government. The Edicts of Ashoka , inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of

106-404: A Mahalle council ( Persian : شورای محله ), a quarter mosque, and a small parkette. A maalo (sometimes maale ), plural maala ( Macedonian : маало / маале, маала ) is a synonym for neighborhood in colloquial speech, but can also appear as part of a neighborhood name, such as Skopje's "Debar maalo", and Bitola's "Jeni maale", "Madzar maala". In Romanian, the word mahala has come to have

159-882: A language shift in the northern Indian subcontinent. Several hundred years later, the Iranian languages were brought into the Iranian plateau by the Iranians, who were closely related to the Indo-Aryans. The Proto-Indo-Iranian culture, which gave rise to the Indo-Aryans and Iranians, developed on the Central Asian steppes north of the Caspian Sea as the Sintashta culture (c. 2200-1900 BCE), in present-day Russia and Kazakhstan, and developed further as

212-511: A muhtasib and a territorial muhtasibat . They were urban divisions in central Asian communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in central Asia, mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting

265-689: A language shift in northern India. David Anthony, in his "revised Steppe hypothesis" notes that the spread of the Indo-European languages probably did not happen through "chain-type folk migrations", but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites, which were emulated by large groups of people, a process which he calls "elite recruitment". According to Parpola, local elites joined "small but powerful groups" of Indo-European speaking migrants. These migrants had an attractive social system and good weapons, and luxury goods which marked their status and power. Joining these groups

318-425: A large-scale immigration, but may have consisted of small groups which were genetically diverse. Their culture and language spread by the same mechanisms of acculturalisation, and the absorption of other groups into their patron-client system. Indo-European languages probably spread through language shifts. Small groups can change a larger cultural area, and elite male dominance by small groups may have led to

371-561: A local community becomes incorporated in a larger social structure. The Indo-Aryan migrations form part of a complex genetic puzzle on the origin and spread of the various components of the Indian population, including various waves of admixture and language shift. Studies indicate north and south Indians share a common maternal ancestry. A series of studies show that the Indian subcontinent harbours two major ancestral components, namely

424-618: A migration, but later Vedic and Puranic texts do show the movement into the Gangetic plains. A number of Indologists and historians offering the Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra, verse 18.44:397.9 , as explicit recorded evidence of a migration: Then, there is the following direct statement contained in (the admittedly much later) BSS [Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra] 18.44:397.9 sqq which has once again been overlooked, not having been translated yet: "Ayu went eastwards. His (people) are

477-512: A separate type of settlement administration on some occasions. In rural mountainous areas, villages were often scattered and consisted of relatively separate mahalas with badly developed infrastructure . Today, settlements are divided into towns or villages, and the official division of towns is into quarters. It today is used almost always to refer to the Roma neighbourhoods of towns such as Arman Mahala . In Greece , mahalas ( Greek : μαχαλάς )

530-471: A town, usually with its own school , religious building or buildings, mayor's representative etc. Mahalas are often named after the first settler or, when ethnically separate, according to the dominant ethnicity. In the Ottoman Empire, the "mahalle" was the smallest administrative entity. The mahalle was generally perceived to play an important role in identity formation , with the local mosque and

583-536: Is an Arabic word variously translated as district , quarter , ward , or neighborhood in many parts of the Arab world , the Balkans , Western Asia , the Indian subcontinent , and nearby nations. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today it is popularly recognised also by non-Muslims as a neighbourhood in large cities and towns. Mahallas lie at

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636-477: Is an Islamic congregation or parish. Typically, a mahalla supports a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of a mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a city or town , especially an electoral district, for ritual and representative purposes. Unlike a ward , it is an optional and non-elective unit of a city corporation or municipal corporation . Mahalla also means an urban neighbourhood. In Bulgaria , mahalas were historically considered

689-487: Is considered a neighborhood. Sometimes it is considered a quarter of a small town or a gypsy neighborhood. The township of Szentendre lost most of its population during the Ottoman era, and was repopulated by various migrant groups from the Balkans - Serbs , Dalmatians , Bosniaks and the like. They built their own churches and created their own neighborhoods around them. They called them mahala or mehala , using

742-421: Is part of a larger theoretical framework. This framework explains the similarities between a wide range of contemporary and ancient languages. It combines linguistic, archaeological and anthropological research. This provides an overview of the development of Indo-European languages, and the spread of these Indo-European languages by migration and acculturation. The linguistic part traces the connections between

795-488: Is the administrative capital of District and Tehsil Mansehra. The City of Mansehra is administratively divided into four Union Councils : Mansehra City Wards No. 1–4 and Mansehra (Rural)/suburban. Each union council is divided into Mohallas . The city hosts the Mansehra Shiva Temple , which is known for its annual Shivarathri festival. During the festival of Durgashtami , held in the first month of

848-737: The Ancestral North Indians (ANI) which is "genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans", and the Ancestral South Indians (ASI) which is clearly distinct from ANI. These two groups mixed in India between 4,200 and 1,900 years ago (2200 BCE – 100 CE), after which a shift to endogamy took place, possibly by the enforcement of "social values and norms" during the Gupta Empire . Moorjani et al. (2013) describe three scenarios regarding

901-713: The Andronovo culture (2000–1450 BCE). The Indo-Aryans split off sometime between 2000 BCE and 1600 BCE from the Indo-Iranians, and migrated southwards to the Bactria–Margiana culture (BMAC), from which they borrowed some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices. From the BMAC, the Indo-Aryans migrated into northern Syria and, possibly in multiple waves, into the Punjab (northern Pakistan and India), while

954-597: The Hazara-i-Karlugh , after whom the name of Hazara Division is derived. Hazara region comprised Pakhli Sarkar of the Mughal province of Kashmir , and was administered so until the Durrani invasions by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the early 18th century, which resulted into anarchy and severe economic decline. The area was divided among several petty tribal chieftaincies in the following decades, and remained so until

1007-1000: The Hindu calendar and the seventh month of the Nanakshahi calendar , about 400 local Hindus assembled on Bareri Hill to worship Devi (as Durga ). Offerings were taken by a Brahmin of Mansehra. The assembly on each occasion lasted only one day. The site is ancient, as at the base of Bareri Hill are the boulders inscribed with the Edicts of Ashoka. Indo-Aryan migrations Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Indo-Aryan migrations were

1060-624: The Indo-European migrations out of the Eurasian Steppes , which started approximately in 2000 BCE. These Indo-Aryan speaking people were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as ārya , "noble". Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted. The Indo-Aryan migration theory

1113-886: The Mitanni kingdom, of present-day northern Syria. The religious practices depicted in the Rigveda and those depicted in the Avesta , the central religious text of Zoroastrianism , show similarities. Some of the references to the Sarasvati in the Rigveda refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River , while the Afghan river Haraxvaiti/Harauvati Helmand is sometimes quoted as the locus of the early Rigvedic river. The Rigveda does not explicitly refer to an external homeland or to

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1166-445: The "nucleus" of the proto-Indo-European language. From this area, which already included various subcultures, Indo-European languages spread west, south and east starting around 4,000 BCE. These languages may have been carried by small groups of males, with patron-client systems which allowed for the inclusion of other groups into their cultural system. Eastward emerged the Sintashta culture (2200–1900 BCE), where common Indo-Iranian

1219-596: The British formed the buffer province of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Hazara was annexed into it. During the British rule , Mansehra was a small town. Its population according to the 1901 census was 5,087. After the independence , Hazara district was elevated to the divisional status in 1976. In the October of the same year Mansehra Tehsil was made district and Mansehra became its headquarters. Mansehra City

1272-676: The Indo-Aryan migrations. Gallego Romero et al. (2011) propose that the ANI component came from Iran and the Middle East, less than 10,000 years ago, while according to Lazaridis et al. (2016) ANI is a mix of "early farmers of western Iran" and "people of the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe". Several studies also show traces of later influxes of maternal genetic material and of paternal genetic material related to ANI and possibly

1325-488: The Indo-European languages argue against an Indian origin of these languages, and point to a steppe origin. The archaeological part posits an " Urheimat " on the Pontic steppes, which developed after the introduction of cattle on the steppes around 5,200 BCE. This introduction marked the change from foragist to pastoralist cultures, and the development of a hierarchical social system with chieftains, patron-client systems, and

1378-587: The Indo-Europeans. While others have analysed the hereditary distribution of lactose intolerance , and specifically the presence of the -13910T lactase persistence mutation, found in Europe and Central Asia, across South Asia. The oldest known inscribed Indo-Iranian words, and particularly invocations of the Indo-Aryan deities, date to mid second millennia BCE, as loan words in Hurrian treaties of

1431-463: The Iranians could have reached western Iran before 1300 BCE, both bringing with them the Indo-Iranian languages . Migration by an Indo-European-speaking people was first hypothesized in the late 18th century, following the discovery of the Indo-European language family , when similarities between western and Indian languages had been noted. Given these similarities, a single source or origin

1484-787: The Kuru Panchala and the Kasi-Videha. This is the Ayava (migration). (His other people) stayed at home. His people are the Gandhari , Parsu and Aratta. This is the Amavasava (group)" (Witzel 1989: 235). Climate change and drought may have triggered both the initial dispersal of Indo-European speakers, and the migration of Indo-Europeans from the steppes in south central Asia and India. Mohalla A mahallah , also mahalla , mahallya , mahalle , mohalla , mehalla , or mehalle

1537-621: The Ottoman nomenclature, and the word is still in use to describe these small quarters of the town today. In India, the word mohalla is used in Hindi and Urdu to refer to a "neighbourhood". The "mahalle" is the smallest urban administrative division in Iran . Each city is divided into a few Mantaqe s, ( Persian : منطقه ), which is then divided into Nahiye s ( Persian : ناحیه ), further subdivided to Mahalle ( Persian : محله ), usually having

1590-536: The Sikh rule, but these uprisings failed and the Sikhs remained in power until 1849, when the area came under British rule. The British East India Company conquered Mansehra after the defeat of the Sikhs in the first Anglo-Sikh War in 1846. The British divided Hazara region into three tehsils (administrative subdivisions): Mansehra, Abbottabad , and Haripur . Hazara formed part of Punjab province until 1901, when

1643-610: The area. The Uḍi Śāhis were the last great Gandharan dynasty before the Muslim conquest of Gandhara . They were notable for their impressive coinage and architecture , and built a series of temples in the region. They remained in control of the area until their defeat at Peshawar by the Ghaznavids in the year 1001. The region was originally known as Pakhli ; it came to be known as Hazara only after Timurid invasion in 1399, when Tamerlane assigned it to his local chieftains, namely

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1696-505: The bringing together of the two groups: migrations before the development of agriculture before 8,000–9,000 years before present (BP); migration of western Asian people together with the spread of agriculture , maybe up to 4,600 years BP; migrations of western Eurasians from 3,000 to 4,000 years BP. While Reich notes that the onset of admixture coincides with the arrival of Indo-European language, according to Moorjani et al. (2013) these groups were present "unmixed" in India before

1749-586: The conquest by the Sikhs in 1818. Hari Singh Nalwa , a Sikh commander of Ranjit Singh , conquered the Hazara region in 1818 by defeating the local chieftains. He governed Hazara from the newly-established city of Haripur , named after him. After his death in 1837, Hari Singh was succeeded by Mahan Singh Hazarawala as the Nazim of Hazara, who founded the modern city of Mansehra. There were popular uprisings against

1802-575: The emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in the subcontinent , dating to the middle of the third century BCE, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script. Mauryans were followed by a variety of kingdoms, including Kushans , whose most notable ruler, Kanishka the Great , ruled from the nearby city of Puruṣapura . During this period Buddhist art and architecture flourished in

1855-780: The exchange of goods and gifts. The oldest nucleus may have been the Samara culture (late 6th and early 5th millennium BCE), at a bend in the Volga. A wider "horizon" developed, called the Kurgan culture by Marija Gimbutas in the 1950s. She included several cultures in this "Kurgan Culture", including the Samara culture and the Yamna culture, although the Yamna culture (36th–23rd centuries BCE), also called "Pit Grave Culture", may more aptly be called

1908-502: The intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions are performed through mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. It is an official administrative unit in many Middle Eastern countries. The word was brought to the Balkans through Ottoman Turkish mahalle , but it originates in Arabic محلة ( mähallä ), from

1961-429: The local coffee house as the main social gathering institutions. Mahalle lay at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions were performed by mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, lifecycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. Today, the mahalle is represented in the municipality and government by its muhtar . The muhtarlık,

2014-491: The migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples , an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages . These are the predominant languages of today's Bangladesh , Maldives , Nepal , North India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . Indo-Aryan migration into the region, from Central Asia , is considered to have started after 2000 BCE as a slow diffusion during the Late Harappan period and led to

2067-453: The office of the muhtar, has been designed as the smallest administrative office, with representative and enforcement powers at the local level. In some cases, however, the muhtar acts as not only the representative of the government towards the community but also the head of the community toward the government and subverts official government policies by intricate face-to-face mahalle-level relationships. A mahalla ( pronounced mo-hol-la ),

2120-499: The ongoing migration crisis, all participants of the festival focus their work using themes of hospitality, identity formation, homelessness, migration, fluctuation, the changing of an existing order and the dissolution of borders. The second Mahalla Festival took place 2018 in Valletta , Malta , in the frame of European Capital of Culture under the title "Generating New Narratives". The third Mahalla Festival took place in 2020 under

2173-516: The period from approximately 2000 to 1600 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot , and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia . It was part of the diffusion of Indo-European languages from the proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe , a large area of grasslands in far Eastern Europe , which started in the 5th to 4th millennia BCE, and

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2226-487: The private sphere with the public sphere. Religious rituals, life-cycle crisis ceremonies, resource management, conflict resolution, and many other community activities were performed at the mahalla, in other words, on the neighbourhood level. An informal council of elders, called oqsoqol (or " aksakal ") provided leadership. After their inclusion in the Soviet Union, informal mahalla organizations were placed under

2279-519: The root meaning "to settle", "to occupy". In September 2017, a Turkish-based association referred to the historical mahalle by organizing a festival with the title "Mahalla" in the frame of parallel events of the 15th Istanbul Biennial . The festival in Istanbul features cultural initiatives of civil society and artists from the Middle East, Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. Against the background of

2332-476: The second millennium BCE widespread aridization led to water shortages and ecological changes in both the Eurasian steppes and the Indian subcontinent , causing the collapse of sedentary urban cultures in south central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, and India, and triggering large-scale migrations, resulting in the merger of migrating peoples with the post-urban cultures. The Indo-Aryan migrations started sometime in

2385-473: The state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government. Mahallas were thought to be "eyes" and "ears" of the Soviet government; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state. Mahalla leaders were then appointed by the government. Mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex, however, as their leaders could serve as henchmen as well as act as buffers between the local community and

2438-490: The state. Due to intimate, face-to face relationships dominant at the mahalla level, mahalla organizations could often shield the community from the incursions of the state. Since 1993, the Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of "Uzbek nationhood" and "morality," effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society. Thus, they are formal structures run by committees and once again regulated by

2491-513: The strictly negative or pejorative connotations of a slum or ghetto that are not present (or not as strongly implied) in other languages. A mahalla is an Islamic congregation or parish in Russia and a number of countries, once part of the Soviet Union . Typically, mahallas support a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of the mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to

2544-638: The title " Wandering Towers " with online and physical events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 edition, " Murmuration ", took place in the Istanbul district of Kadıköy at the Yeldeğirmeni Sanat Merkezi. The word is used in many languages and countries to mean neighborhood or location and originated in Arabic محلة ( maḥalla ), from the root meaning 'to settle', 'to occupy', derived from

2597-557: The various Indo-European languages , and reconstructs the proto-Indo-European language . This is possible because the processes that change languages are not random, but follow strict patterns. Sound shifts, the changing of vowels and consonants, are especially important, although grammar (especially morphology) and the lexicon (vocabulary) may also be significant. Historical-comparative linguistics thus makes it possible to see great similarities between related languages which at first sight might seem very different. Various characteristics of

2650-399: The verb halla (to untie), as in untying a pack horse or camel to make a camp. In ancient cultures, hospitality involved welcoming a stranger at the host location and offering him food, shelter and safety. That demonstration of hospitality centred on the belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while they travel. A mahala was a relatively-independent quarter of a larger village or

2703-427: Was attractive for local leaders, since it strengthened their position, and gave them additional advantages. These new members were further incorporated by matrimonial alliances. According to Joseph Salmons, language shift is facilitated by "dislocation" of language communities, in which the elite is taken over. According to Salmons, this change is facilitated by "systematic changes in community structure", in which

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2756-518: Was proposed, which was diffused by migrations from some original homeland. This linguistic argument of this theory is supported by archaeological, anthropological, genetic, literary and ecological research. Genetic research reveals that those migrations form part of a complex genetic puzzle on the origin and spread of the various components of the Indian population. Literary research reveals similarities between various, geographically distinct, Indo-Aryan historical cultures. Ecological studies reveal that in

2809-579: Was spoken. Out of the Sintashta culture developed the Andronovo culture (2000–1450 BCE), which interacted with the Bactria-Margiana culture (2250–1700 BCE). This interaction further shaped the Indo-Iranians, which split at sometime between 2000 and 1600 BCE into the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians. The Indo-Aryans migrated to the Levant and South Asia . The migration into northern India was not

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