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86-579: The Manunggul Jar is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Philippine pre-colonial artworks ever produced and is considered a masterpiece of Philippine ceramics . It is listed as a national treasure and designated as item 64-MO-74 by the National Museum of the Philippines . It is now housed at the National Museum of Anthropology and is one of the most popular exhibits there. It is made from clay with some sand soil. The Manunggul Jar

172-469: A Late Neolithic burial site (890-710 BC). Seventy-eight jars and earthenwares, including the Manunggul Jar, were discovered on the subsurface and surface of Chamber A. Each artifact varied in design and form but was evidently a type of funerary pottery . The first ever excavation that discovered this burial jar was in the year 1964 by Robert Fox. During that time, he and his team were excavating

258-567: A World Heritage Site . Folk structures range from simple, sacred stick stands to indigenous castles or fortresses (such as Batanes' ijangs and geological alterations such as the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (another World Heritage Site). Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and crafters, connected

344-495: A pangablan , using binakul , binetwagan , or tinumballitan styles. Bontoc weave emphasizes the concept of centeredness, key to the culture of the Bontoc people . The weave begins with the sides ( langkit ), followed by the pa-ikid (side panels), fatawil ( warp bands), and shukyong (arrows). The sinamaki weaving then begins, incorporating a tinagtakho (human figure), minatmata (diamond), and tinitiko (zigzag). The last

430-455: A loom, mats are woven by hand. They are woven in cool shade, and are kept cool to preserve their integrity. An example is the banig of Basey, where its weavers usually work in a cave. Fibers include banana, grass, and palm. Baskets have intricate designs, styles and forms for specific purposes, such as harvesting, rice storage, traveling, and sword storage. Basket weaving is believed to have arrived with north-to-south human migration. Some of

516-520: A number of indigenous scripts collectively known as suyat , each of which has its own calligraphy . Since 16th-century Spanish colonization, ethnolinguistic groups have used the scripts in a variety of media. By the end of the colonial era, only four suyat scripts survived and continue to be used: the Hanunó'o and Buhid scripts and those of the Tagbanwa and Palawan peoples . All four were inscribed in

602-518: A number of stained-glass windows. Other glass art includes chandeliers and sculptures. The gourd-based tabungaw of Abra and Ilocos Region is an example of hat-making. Indigenous hats were widely worn until the 20th century (when they were replaced by Western styles), and are currently worn for festivals, rituals, or theatre. Mask-making is an indigenous and imported tradition; some communities made masks before colonization, and other mask-making traditions were introduced by trade with Asia and

688-399: A revival after centuries of decline. Ornamental art includes glass art, accessories and metal crafts. Glass art is found in places such as Pinagbayanan. Stained glass has been a feature of many churches since Spanish colonization. European craftspeople initially produced stained glass, with Filipinos beginning to join the craft during the 20th century. The Manila Cathedral contains

774-573: A sour broth), pancit (noodles), and lumpia (fresh or fried spring rolls). Shell crafts are common, due to the variety of mollusk shells available. The country's shell industry emphasizes crafts made of capiz shells , which are seen in a variety of products including capiz-shell windows , statues, and lamps. Lantern-making is also a traditional art form which began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns (locally known as parol ) are in Filipino streets and in front of houses for

860-425: A soy-tomato sauce), puchero (beef in a banana-and-tomato sauce), afritada (chicken or pork simmered in tomato sauce with vegetables), kare-kare ( oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce ), pinakbet (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), crispy pata (deep-fried pig's leg), hamonado (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), sinigang (meat or seafood in

946-519: A thorough grasp of tradition and history, which the NCCA provides. It is done in gold to symbolize the immense wealth of Philippine culture. The agung is a knobbed, deep-rimmed metal gong prominently used by Mindanao ethnic groups in the Philippines a nd used in various communal rituals. Suspended in the air from a frame by rope or metal chains, the musical instrument which traces its roots in Indonesia

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1032-599: A variety of colors. Painting on skin is practiced, especially by the Yakan people. Tattooing was introduced by the Austronesian peoples thousands of years ago, and it developed into cultural symbols in a number of ethnic groups. It was first documented the 16th century, with the bravest Pintados (people of central and eastern Visayas) the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were the Bicolanos of Camarines and

1118-593: A variety of fibers to create headgear such as the Ivatan vakul and the snake headpiece of the Bontoc . Woven fish traps are a specialty of the Ilocano people . Broom weaving is another tradition, exemplified by the Kalinga people . The Philippines has Buddhist artifacts with Vajrayāna influence, most of which date to the ninth century and reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire. They were produced from

1204-485: Is arnis (also known as kali and eskrima) (the country's national sport and martial art), which has weapon-based fighting styles with sticks , knives , bladed and improvised weapons and open-hand techniques. Arnis has changed over time, and was also known as estoque , estocada , and garrote during Spanish colonization. The Spanish recorded it as called paccalicali-t by the Ibanags , didya (or kabaroan ) by

1290-631: Is also common, with products including kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, and musical instruments such as the Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (the world's only organ made of bamboo). In bulakaykay , bamboo is bristled to create large arches. Floristry is popular for festivals, birthdays, and Undas . Leaf speech (language and meaning) is popular among the Dumagat people, who use leaves to express themselves and send secret messages. Shamanism and its related healing arts are found throughout

1376-629: Is also employed by some indigenous groups as a means to announce community events, and as an indicator of the passage of time. Agung, the official newsletter of the NCCA is published on a quarterly basis. In celebration of the 150th birth anniversary of Jose Rizal , The National Commission for Culture and the Arts formally established the Philippines' first Sentro Rizal at the NCCA Building in Intramuros, Manila on June 28, 2011. Sentro Rizal

1462-425: Is an ancient art form, and each ethnic group has a distinct weaving technique. The weaving arts include basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear weaving, and fishnet weaving. Valuable textiles are made with a back strap loom . Fibers such as cotton, abaca , banana fiber, grass, and palm are used in Filipino weaving. There are a number of types of woven cloth. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth woven with

1548-635: Is divided into categories and subcategories. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts , the cultural agency of the Philippine government, has categorized Filipino arts as traditional and non-traditional. Each category has sub-categories. Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. Traditional artists or groups of artists receive

1634-423: Is missing its paddle, as is the mast in the center of the boat, against which the steersman would have braced his feet. The manner in which the hands of the front figure are folded across the chest is a widespread practice in the Philippines when arranging the corpse. The lid of the Manunggul Jar provides a clear example of a cultural link between the archeological past and the ethnographic present. It also signifies

1720-702: Is of a female Hindu or Buddhist deity sitting cross-legged and wearing a headdress and other ornaments. It is on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. A bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in Tondo, Manila . An image of the Buddha was moulded on a clay medallion in bas-relief in the municipality of Calatagan. It reportedly resembles iconographic depictions of

1806-543: Is responsible for bestowing significant awards reflecting Filipino culture and the arts. These awards are the Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists), Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award), Gawad Alab ng Haraya (Alab ng Haraya Awards), Dangal ng Haraya (Achievement Award), Ani ng Dangal (Harvest of Honors), and the Philippine Heritage Awards. In 2016,

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1892-530: Is the Alab ng Haraya (The Flame of Imagination), which symbolizes the spring of Filipino art and culture. It is composed of two basic elements – the fire and the censer. The fire is a stylized character "ka" of the Philippine indigenous script Baybayin , that stands for kadakilaan or greatness. The fire represents the highest level of imagination and emanates from a three-tiered censer. The three tiers stand for organization, economic support, and an orientation rooted on

1978-671: Is the kampilan , a sharp blade with a spikelet one the flat side of the tip and a pommel depicting one of four sacred creatures: a bakunawa (dragon), a buaya (crocodile), a kalaw ( hornbill ), or a kakatua ( cockatoo ). Other Filipino bladed weapons include the balarao , balasiong , balisong , balisword , bangkung , banyal , barong , batangas , bolo , dahong palay , gunong , gayang , golok , kalis , karambit , panabas , pinutí , pirah , gunong , susuwat , tagan, and utak . A variety of spears ( sibat ), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana or busog) are also used. Filipino martial arts vary by ethnic group. The best-known

2064-527: Is the center ( pa-khawa ), with the kan-ay (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles contain geometric designs; one motif is a lozenge pattern known as inata-ata . Piña is considered the finest indigenous Filipino textile. Aklanon textiles are used in national costumes. Hablon is the textile of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon peoples. Tapestry woven by the Yakan people uses the bunga-sama supplementary weft weave,

2150-531: Is the facade of Miagao Church . Ivory carving has been practiced in the Philippines for a millennium; its oldest known ivory artifact is the Butuan Ivory Seal , dated to the ninth to 12th centuries. Ivory religious carvings (locally known as garing ) became widespread after ivory was imported to the Philippines from Asia, where carvings focused on Christian themes such as the Madonna and child,

2236-468: Is usually decorated with the okir motif. Baguio is also a center for metalwork. Hispanic metal crafts are common in the lowlands. They include large bells, and Asia's largest bell is at Panay Church . Metal deities, notably of gold, are also found. Filipino bladesmiths have been creating swords and other bladed weapons for centuries. Many swords are made for ceremonies and agriculture, and others are used for warfare. The best-known Filipino sword

2322-428: The pabasa . Another awit is the 1838 Florante at Laura . Dalit poetry contains four lines of eight syllables each. Ambahan poetry consists of seven-syllable lines with rhythmic end syllables, often chanted and sometimes written on bamboo. Balagtasan is a debate in verse. Other poems include A la juventud filipina , and Ako'y may alaga . Epic poems include the 17-cycle, 72,000-line Darangen of

2408-1237: The Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal , created during the Neolithic (6000 to 2000 BC). The drawings have been interpreted as religious, with infant drawings to relieve sickness in children. Another petroglyph is in Alab (Bontoc), dated as not later than 1500 BC and containing fertility symbols such as the pudenda . Ancient petrographs are also found; those in Peñablanca and Singnapan are drawn with charcoal, and those in Anda (Bohol) are drawn with red hematite . Recently-discovered petrographs in Monreal (Ticao) include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms (or snakes), plants, dragonflies, and birds. Evidence indicates that indigenous Filipinos have been painting and glazing pottery for thousands of years. Pigments used for painting range from gold, yellow, reddish-purple, green, white, and blue-green to blue. Statues and other creations have also been painted with

2494-680: The Darul Jambangan (Palace of Flowers), the residence of the sultan of Sulu before colonization. Folk architecture also includes religious buildings, generally called spirit houses , which are shrines to protective spirits or gods. Most are open-air, house-like buildings made of native materials. Some were originally pagoda-like (a style continued by natives who converted to Islam), and are now rare. Other buildings have indigenous and Hispanic motifs ( bahay na bato architecture and its prototypes). Many bahay na bato buildings are in Vigan ,

2580-476: The Filipinos ' maritime culture is paramount that it reflected its ancestors' religious beliefs. Many epics around the Philippines would tell how souls go to the next life, aboard boats, pass through the rivers and seas. This belief is connected with the Austronesian belief of the anito . The fine lines and intricate designs of the Manunggul Jar reflect the artistry of early Filipinos. These designs are proof of

2666-1086: The Ilocanos , sitbatan or kalirongan by the Pangasinenses , sinawali ("to weave") by the Kapampangans , calis or pananandata ("use of weapons") by the Tagalogs, pagaradman by the Ilonggos , and kaliradman by the Cebuanos . Unarmed martial-arts techniques include pangamot (the Bisaya), suntukan (the Tagalogs), sikaran (the Rizal Tagalogs), dumog (the Karay-a), buno (the Igorot people ), and yaw-yan. Martial-arts weapons include

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2752-536: The Manunggul Jar (890–710 BCE) and Maitum anthropomorphic pottery (5 BC-225 AD). High-fired pottery was first made around 1,000 years ago, leading to a ceramic age in the Philippines. Ceramics were traded, and pottery and fragments from the Arab world (possibly Egypt) and East Asia have been found. Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan. Before colonization during the 16th century, foreign porcelain

2838-888: The Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam . Crude bronze statues of the Hindu deity Ganesha were found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in Puerto Princesa , Palawan, and in Mactan , Cebu . The statues were produced locally. A bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara was also excavated that year by Beyer in Mactan. A gold Kinnara was found in Surigao. Other gold relics include rings (some with images of Nandi ), jewellery chains , inscribed gold sheets, and gold plaques with repoussé images of Hindu deities. Carving includes on woodcarving and

2924-613: The National Living Treasures Award (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA)) for their contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage. Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. Traditions (and objects associated with them) are performed by medical artisans and shamans. Practices, grounded on the physical elements, are an ancient science and art. Herbal remedies, complementing mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are also part of many traditions as well. The category

3010-707: The Tagalogs of Marinduque . Tattooed people in Mindanao include the Manobo , whose tattoo tradition is known as pang-o-túb . The T'boli also tattoo their skin in the belief that the tattoos glow after death, guiding the soul in its journey to the afterlife. The best-known tattooed people may have been the Igorot people of highland Luzon. Only Tinglayan in Kalinga has traditional tattoo artists crafting batok ; they were headed by master tattooist and Kalinga matriarch Whang-od . Traditional tattooing has experienced

3096-809: The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme as Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala’wan) in 1999. Artists and cultural experts have also revived extinct suyat scripts, including the Visayan badlit script, the iniskaya script of the Eskaya people , the baybayin script of the Tagalog people , the sambali script of the Sambal people , the basahan script of the Bicolano people ,

3182-417: The bangka , the bangka anak-anak canoe, the salambáw -lifting basnigan , the bigiw double-outrigger sailboat, the birau dugout canoe, the buggoh dugout canoe, the casco barge, the single mast and pointed chinarem , the rough-sea open-deck chinedkeran , the djenging double-outrigger plank boat, the garay pirate ship, the guilalo sailing outrigger ship, the falua open-deck boat,

3268-457: The junkun canoe, the motorized junkung , the outrigger karakoa and lanong warships, the lepa houseboat, the ontang raft, the owong lake canoe, the open-deck fishing boat panineman , the double-outrigger paraw sailboat, the salisipan war canoe, the tataya fishing boat, the motorized tempel , the dinghy tiririt , and the outrigger vinta . From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons were built by Filipino artisans. Weaving

3354-567: The siniluan warp-floating pattern, the inalaman supplementary-weft technique, and the pinantupan weft-band pattern. Blaan weaving depicts crocodiles and curls. The Mandaya use a mud-dye technique. Meranaw textiles are used for the malong and other Maranao clothing. T'nalak is a Tboli textile. The oldest known ikat textile in Southeast Asia is the Banton cloth, dating to the 13th to 14th centuries. Unlike cloth weaving with

3440-621: The Agusan-Surigao area on Mindanao to Cebu , Palawan , and Luzon . The Agusan image is a 2 kg (4.4 lb), 21-karat gold statuette found in 1917 on the Wawa River near Esperanza , Agusan del Sur , Mindanao , dates to the ninth or tenth centuries. The image is commonly known as the Golden Tara, an allusion to its reported identity as an image of a Buddhist Tara . The figure, about 178 mm (7.0 in) tall,

3526-645: The Alliance of Artists for the Creation of a Ministry of Culture (AACMC) drafted and adopted a proposal for the establishment of a Ministry of Culture. The group cited the inability of the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports to devote time and attention to cultural planning due to the gargantuan task of addressing the problems of the educational system . President Corazon Aquino responded by issuing Executive Order No. 118 on January 30, 1987 which established

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3612-414: The Arts of the Philippines ( NCCA ; Filipino : Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining , Cebuano : Nasodnong Komisyon alang sa Budaya ug mga Arte ) is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines. It is the overall policy making body, coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture; an executing agency for

3698-649: The Buddha in Siam , India, and Nepal : in a tribhanga pose inside an oval nimbus . Scholars have noted a Mahayanic orientation in the image, since the boddhisattva Avalokiteśvara is also shown. Another gold artifact, from the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan , is an image of Garuda , the bird who is the mount of Vishnu . The Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in the caves has been linked to those in Oc Eo , in

3784-584: The Christ child, and the Sorrowful Mother. Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs. The Filipino ivory trade has boomed because of the demand for carvings, but the government has cracked down on the illegal trade. In 2013, the Philippines was the first country to destroy its ivory stock; the ivory trade has decimated the world's elephant and rhinoceros populations. Horns of dead carabaos have substituted for ivory in

3870-789: The Christmas season (which begins in September and ends in January, the world's longest Christmas season). The Giant Lantern Festival , which also celebrates Christmas, features large lanterns made by Filipino artisans. Pyrotechnics are popular during the New Year celebrations and the Christmas season. The Philippines has hosted the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition , the world's largest pyrotechnic competition (previously known as

3956-608: The Filipinos' common heritage from the Austronesian-speaking ancestors despite the diversity of the cultures of the Filipinos. The upper part of the Manunggul jar, as well as the cover, is carved with curvilinear scroll designs (reminiscent of waves on the sea) which are painted with hematite . Early Filipinos believed that a man is composed of a body, a life force called ginhawa, and a kaluluwa. This explains why

4042-758: The Maranao and the Hinilawod . Others include Biag ni Lam-Ang , Ibalon , Hudhud , Alim , the Ulalim cycle, Lumalindaw , Kudaman , the Agyu Cycle , Tulelangan , Gumao of Dumalinao , Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan , Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo , and Tudbulul . Filipino Sign Language is used to pass on oral literature to the hearing-impaired. Folk literature is documented by scholars in manuscripts, tapes, and video recordings. These are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting. The Philippines has

4128-549: The Maranao in Tugaya are valued. Metal crafts by the Moro people decorate a variety of objects, and are inscribed with the okir motif. Metal crafts also decorate religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and vestments . Apalit , in Pampanga , is a center of the craft. Gold has been used in a number of ornaments, and most which survive are human accessories with elaborate, ancient designs. Pottery (ceramics, clay, and folk clay sculpture) has been part of Filipino culture for about 3,500 years. Notable artifacts include

4214-428: The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and its partners in Congress have announced that they will seek to establish a Department of Culture. However, political factors hindered its initial pace. In January 2017, the filing of a bill which seeks to formally establish a holistic Department of Culture was completed. The bill is a priority legislation, which was expected to pass into law in early 2019. The Secretary of

4300-399: The Philippines, National Museum of the Philippines, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, National Library of the Philippines, National Archives of the Philippines, Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, Intramuros Administration, National Parks Development Committee, Nayong Filipino Foundation, Film Development Council of the Philippines, National Book Development Board, and Design Center of

4386-453: The Philippines. The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among all Filipino ethnic groups, and the stars are used to interpret for communities to conduct farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. Notable constellations include Balatik and Moroporo. Another cosmic reading is the utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which locals use to see

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4472-416: The Presidential Commission on Culture and the Arts (PCCA). It was a diminutive agency compared to the proposal of AACMC but the said order was cognizant of the existence of specialized cultural agencies and that these should only be placed under the umbrella of one agency to coordinate their efforts. On April 3, 1992, under the new constitution, Congress enacted Republic Act No. 7356 which institutionalized

4558-400: The Senakulo is a popular drama with Hispanic groups. Folk (oral) literature includes the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of Filipino ethnic groups. The country's poetry is rich in metaphors. Tanaga poetry has a 7777 syllable count, and its rhyme forms range from dual rhymes to none. Awit poetry has 12-syllable quatrains, with rhyming similar to the Pasyon chanted in

4644-500: The Sulu archipelago. Wood crafts of objects such as sword hilts and musical instruments depict ancient, mythical beings. Indigenous wood-crafting techniques have been utilized in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as in Paete . Religious Hispanic woodcarvings were introduced with Christianity, and are a fusion of indigenous and Hispanic styles. Paete is a center of religious Hispanic woodcarving. Such woodcarving also exists in many municipalities, where most crafts depict

4730-453: The Tabon Cave Complex, specifically in the Lipuun Point. Fox's excavation was most unusual in many ways. In addition to the jar, human bones which were covered in red paint were also found. Like Egyptian burial practices, the jar also had numerous bracelets. "... is perhaps unrivaled in Southeast Asia, the work of an artist and a master potter." — Robert Fox, describing the jar's origin, based from its appearance. The Manunggul Jar shows that

4816-399: The West. These masks are primarily worn during the Moriones and MassKara Festivals . Puppet-making is a related art whose products are used in plays and festivals such as the Higantes Festival . Most indigenous masks are made of wood, and gold masks (made for the dead) were common in the Visayas region before Spanish colonization. Masks made of bamboo and paper, used in Lucban depict

4902-413: The World Pyro Olympics) since 2010. Lacquerware is a less-common art form. Filipino researchers are studying the possibility of turning coconut oil into lacquer. Paper arts are common in many communities; examples include the taka papier-mâché of Laguna and the pabalat of Bulacan. A form of leaf-folding art is puni, which uses palm leaves to create forms such as birds and insects. Bamboo art

4988-432: The arrival of kasilapet (the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the next one). Non-traditional arts include dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design. A distinguished artist is inducted as a National Artist of the Philippines . National Commission for Culture and the Arts The National Commission for Culture and

5074-595: The associated foods have evolved over centuries from their Austronesian origins to a mixed cuisine with Indian , Chinese , Spanish , and American influences. Dishes range the simple, such as fried salted fish and rice, to complex paellas and cocidos for Spanish fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón (whole roasted pig), longganisa (Philippine sausage), tapa (cured beef), torta (omelette), adobo (chicken or pork braised in garlic, vinegar, oil and soy sauce , or cooked until dry), kaldereta (meat stewed in tomato sauce), mechado (fatty beef in

5160-495: The baston (or olisi), bangkaw (or tongat), dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged weapons include the daga (or cuchillo), gunong , punyal and barung (or barong) , balisong , karambit (with blades resembling tiger claws), espada , kampilan , ginunting, pinuti , talibong , itak , kalis , kris , golok , sibat , sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible weapons include latigo , buntot pagi, lubid, sarong , cadena (or tanikala), and tabak-toyok . Projectile weapons include

5246-537: The belief of ancient Filipinos in life after death. The practice of jar burial is an instance of secondary burial , in which only the bones of the deceased are reburied. The jar itself was not interred. [REDACTED] Media related to Manunggul Jar at Wikimedia Commons Arts of the Philippines The arts in the Philippines reflect a range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous art. Philippine art consists of two branches: traditional and non-traditional art. Each branch

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5332-1098: The bill is being pushed by senators Escudero, Angara, Aquino, Binay, Ejercito, Gatchalian, Hontiveros, Legarda, Villanueva, and Zubiri – with no senators expressing dissent. The House version of the bill is being pushed by representatives Escudero and De Venecia – with one representative expressing dissent (Atienza). The bureaus that will be established under the department are the following: Bureau of Cultural Communities and Traditional Arts Development, Bureau of Cultural Properties Protection and Regulation, Bureau of Cultural Properties Preservation, Bureau of Artistic Resources Development, Bureau of Cultural Research, Education, and Dissemination; and Bureau of Cultural and Creative Industries. The bill also establishes three national institutes on culture, namely, National Institute of Living Traditions, which would form programs to safeguard, sustain and propagate cultural heritage, particularly for indigenous communities, National Institute of Cultural Heritage Preservation, which would form programs and projects in conservation arts, sciences, trades with focus on

5418-657: The country for centuries. Folk dances, plays, and dramas are performed. Each ethnic group has its own heritage, and Filipino folk performing arts also have Spanish and American influences. Some dances are related to those in neighboring Austronesian and other Asian countries. Folk performing arts include the banga, manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy (or uyauy), pangalay , asik, singkil , sagayan , kapa malong malong, binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, maglalatik , tinikling , subli , cariñosa , kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw. Folk dramas and plays are based on popular epics such as Hinilawod , and

5504-576: The country's best-known goldsmiths came from Butuan . Regalia , jewelry, ceremonial weapons, tooth ornamentation, and ritualistic and funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been found at a number of sites, and the archipelago's gold culture flourished between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Some gold-crafting techniques were lost in colonization, but techniques influenced by other cultures have been adopted by Filipino goldsmiths. Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products used to beautify something else, metal or non-metal, and those made by

5590-401: The country, with each ethnic group having its unique concepts of shamanism and healing. Philippine shamans are regarded as sacred by their ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions (Islam and Christianity) suppressed many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers demeaning native beliefs during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in some parts of

5676-421: The creation of folk non-clay sculptures. Indigenous woodcarving by some ethnic groups dates to before the Hispanic arrival; the oldest may be fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD. A variety of woods are used to make wood crafts, which include bululs. These wooden figures, known by a number of names, are found from north Luzon to southern Mindanao. Wood okir is crafted by ethnic groups in Mindanao and

5762-435: The dead. Mountainsides are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon; the Kabayan Mummies are an example. Marble carvings are centered in Romblon , and most (primarily Buddhist statues and related works) are exported. With the arrival of Christianity, stone carvings became widespread; most are church facades or statues, or statues and other crafts for personal altars. A notable stone carving

5848-459: The design of the cover of the Manunggul Jar features three faces - the soul, the boatman, and the boat itself. On the faces of the figures and on the prow of the boat are eyes and mouth rendered in the same style as other artifacts of Southeast Asia of that period. The two human figures in a boat represent a voyage to the afterlife. The boatman is holding a steering paddle while the one on his front shows hands crossed on his chest. The steersman's oar

5934-470: The establishment of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) replacing PCCA. This said law mandated the formulation of national cultural policies and programs according to the following principles: The establishment of the NCCA prompted the cultural agencies that were attached to it, by virtue of the same law, to review its existing mandates and programs to harmonize the delivery of cultural services. CCP, for its part, transformed itself to become

6020-626: The finest baskets made are from Palawan , in the southwest. Materials vary by ethnic group, and include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton tassels, beeswax, abacá , bark, and dyes. Basketry patterns include closed crossed-over underweave, closed bamboo double-twill weave, and a spaced rattan pentagon pattern. Products include the tupil (lunch box), bukug (basket), kabil (carrying basket), uppig (lunch basket), tagga-i (rice basket), bay'ung (basket pouch), lig-o (winnowing tray), and binga (bag). Weaving traditions have been influenced by modern demands. Woven headpieces are common, and cultures use

6106-433: The islands. Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years, the earliest evidence of boat-making has been carbon-dated to 689 AD: the Butuan boats identified as large balangays . In addition to the balangay, indigenous boats include the two-masted double-outrigger fishing armadahan , the avang trading ship, the awang dugout canoes , the balación sailing outrigger boat ,

6192-699: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, re-introducing the craft in the Philippines. All but one porcelain artifact from the era survived World War II. Notable folk clay art includes The Triumph of Science over Death (1890) and Mother's Revenge (1894), and popular pottery includes the tapayan and palayok . Pottery-making has received recent media attention. Other traditional arts, including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions, cannot be specifically categorized. Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products with simple, utilitarian designs. The Moro people are known for their metalwork, which

6278-729: The life of Jesus and the Virgin Mary . Stone carving predates Western colonization. Carvings may represent an ancestor or a deity who helps the spirit of a loved one enter the afterlife. Ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region. The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik , in Quezon province, are thought to initially have rock covers and were sarcophagi. They are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes where beams have been placed. Stone grave marks are carved with okir motifs to aid

6364-470: The most accessorized may be the Kalinga people. The Gaddang people also use many accessories. The best-known accessory is the lingling-o , a pendant or amulet used from Batanes in the north to Palawan in the south. The oldest known lingling-o has been dated to 500 BC and is made of nephrite . Shells have also traditionally been used for accessories. Gold is crafted by Filipino ethnic groups, and

6450-415: The national coordinating center for the performing arts. It also sought to remove its "elitist" image by strengthening its outreach programs and developing partnerships with local arts councils. As governed by RA 7356, The National Commission for Culture and the Arts is governed by a Board of Commissioners composed of 15 members, namely: It is also responsible for the annual celebration of: The NCCA logo

6536-476: The pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador (or pintik or saltik), kana, lantaka , and luthang. Related martial arts include kuntaw and silat . Filipino cuisine encompasses the country's more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups . Most mainstream dishes are from the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan , Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano (or Bisaya), Tagalog, and Waray groups. The style of cooking and

6622-577: The policies it formulates; and task to administering the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA) – fund exclusively for the implementation of culture and arts programs and projects. The successful overthrow of the dictatorship in 1987 through the People Power Revolution inspired the different sectors of society to rally behind the new government towards the restoration of democracy. On March 12, 1986,

6708-423: The preservation of cultural property and vocational training for the youth, and National Institute of Culture and Arts Management, which would form programs related to the education, training, and certification of cultural officers. The current Sentro Rizal program of the NCCA is upheld and retained in the bill. Under the proposed bill, the following cultural agencies will be under the department: Cultural Center of

6794-487: The proposed Department of Culture should be an expert in the field of culture and the arts, according to the bill. If the bill passes into law, the Department of Culture will be the only department in government where the head should possess the expertise of the field as a qualification for the job. The creation of the culture department is backed by the country's science and technology department. The Senate version of

6880-417: The public, both Filipino and foreign". SR shall also organize cultural programs and activities for Filipinos, especially for children overseas, to promote appreciation and understanding of Philippine culture and the arts. Sentro Rizal aims to educate overseas Filipinos about the culture and arts of the Philippines. Since May 2016, 18 Sentro Rizal offices around the world have been established. The commission

6966-479: The sulat pangasinan script of the Pangasinense people , and the kur-itan (or kurdita) script of the Ilocano people . Spanish and Arabic Jawi scripts are also used. Suyat-based calligraphy has become increasingly popular. Philippine Braille is used by the visually impaired. Folk drawing has been known for thousands of years. The oldest folk drawings are rock drawings and engravings which include

7052-648: The typical Filipino farming family. Masks in Marinduque are used in pantomime; those in Bacolod depict egalitarian values, regardless of economic standards. Masks are worn in theatrical epics, especially those related to the Ramayana and the Mahabharata . Accessories are generally worn with clothing, and some are accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Of the Philippines' over 100 ethnic groups,

7138-510: Was added to the GAMABA in 2020. Folk architecture in the Philippines varies by ethnic group, and structures are made of bamboo , wood, rock , coral , rattan , grass, and other materials. They include the hut-style bahay kubo , highland houses (known as bale ) with four to eight sides, the coral houses of Batanes which protect from the area's harsh, sandy winds, the royal torogan (engraved with an intricate okir motif) and palaces such as

7224-590: Was found by Robert B. Fox and Miguel Antonio in 1964. It was found alongside the remains of a Tabon Man . It was recovered by Robert in Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Southwestern Palawan. Manunggul Cave is one of the Tabon Caves in Lipuun Point. The Tabon Caves are known to be a site of jar burials with artifacts dating in a range from 2300 to 50 B.C. (4250-2000 BP ). Chamber A dates as

7310-452: Was popular in a number of communities; according to oral tradition from Cebu , indigenous porcelain was produced at the time of Cebu's early rulers. The earliest known indigenous porcelain has been dated to the 1900s, however; porcelain found at Filipino archaeological sites was labeled "imported", which has become a subject of controversy. Filipinos worked as porcelain artisans in Japan during

7396-682: Was recognized by virtue of Section 42 of Republic Act 10066 known as the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009, which specifies a center "whose main purpose is the promotion of Philippine arts, culture and language throughout the world." Moreover, Section 43 of the same law, states that the SR "shall be a repository, inter alia, of materials on Philippine arts, culture and language: books, digital video discs, compact discs, films, magazines, artworks, tourism promotion materials, information materials, etc. that shall be made available to

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