30-638: The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus , and opens out into the Tasman Sea . The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burnett Head" / "Ohaka Head") located at the southern end of the Waitākere Ranges and South Head at the end of the Āwhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of
60-426: A D-rating overall, based on water quality, contaminants and sediment, and ecology. Careful and integrated management of land-based activities, such as development through good land-use practices, and commitment to a programme of integrated management is required to reverse this situation and secure a healthy, productive and sustainable resource for everybody now and for future generations. In response to concern about
90-659: A Kupe, a taniwha (supernatural being) in the shape of a stingray to transport him. Rakataura arrived at the Manukau Harbour , waiting at Ihumātao for the Tainui crew to arrive. Days later, the crew arrived, not from the mouth of the harbour, instead from the east (having crossed the Te Tō Waka at Ōtāhuhu over the Auckland isthmus ). Rakataura called out from the hill, hence the name Karangahape ("The Call of Hape"). Another supernatural tradition involves Rakataura beating
120-411: A corruption of mānuka , being a descriptive name for the number of mānuka shrubs growing around the harbour, while another asserts that Manukau is the name of a chief who died in the waters of the harbour. Another traditional name for the harbour is Nga-tai-o-Rakataura, referring to Rakatāura / Hape , the tohunga of the Tainui . During the early colonial era of Auckland, an attempt was made to rename
150-486: A second time at Pureora , however did not survive. After she dies, Rakataura names Kakepuku after the shape of his wife when she was pregnant, and the area where he eventually settled, Te Aroha , after the love he felt for his wife. There, he married again, to a woman named Hinemarino. Some traditions describe Rakataura as settling at Rarotonga / Mount Smart in Tāmaki Makaurau with his wife, before travelling to
180-616: Is a legendary Polynesian navigator and a progenitor of many Māori iwi . Born in Hawaiki, Rakataura was the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) who led the Tainui migratory canoe to New Zealand. Rakataura is associated with stories involving the Manukau Harbour , the Te Tō Waka (the Ōtāhuhu Portage) and the Waikato . Many place names in Tāmaki Makaurau (modern-day Auckland ) and
210-468: Is credited with exploring the forested interior of the Waikato region with his wife, naming places after the members of the Tainui crew, to establish land rights. He placed mauri stones from Hawaiki along the journey, as a way to entice birds to the areas he visited. During their travels, Kahukeke fell ill at Wharepūhunga, where Rakataura built a house for her to rest in and recover. Kahukeke fell ill
240-688: Is crossed by the Māngere Bridge . In the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into the urban area of Papakura . In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku . The harbour reaches into Māngere Lagoon , which occupies a volcanic crater. Auckland Airport is located close to the harbour's eastern shore. The Manukau Harbour is a drowned river valley system, which formed between 3 and 5 million years ago when tectonic forces between
270-516: Is named after Rakataura's sister Hiaroa. Rakataura is cited in oral traditions as the figure who named many areas of the Waikato, including the Whāingaroa Harbour ), Karioi , Maungatautari , Whakamaru , Pureora and Te Aroha . The officially designated name for Mount Maunganui in the early 20th century was Rakataura, named after the tohunga by Bay of Plenty settler J. C. Adams, however this name never came into popular use. Rakataura
300-650: The Last Glacial Maximum . There are various traditions associated with the naming of the harbour. A Tainui tradition involves the crew of the Tainui . As they crossed Te Tō Waka (the portage at Ōtāhuhu between the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River ), the crew believed they heard voices of people on the other side. When they reached the harbour, they found that this was only birds ("Manu kau"). Another Tainui tradition involves Hoturoa ,
330-540: The Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. It began as an open bay, eventually forming as a sheltered harbour as elongated sand dune barriers formed at the harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level . The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after
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#1732772851133360-557: The Tainui crew to reach the Kawhia Harbour by leaping underground between the Māhia Peninsula and Kawhia. In Te Kawerau ā Maki oral tradition, Rakataura travelled to the Waitākere Ranges , bestowing names to the locations he visited. Some of these names include Hikurangi, the name he gave to a location near Piha which referenced a location in his homeland and became one of the traditional names for West Auckland and
390-406: The Tainui , because he refused to let Rakataura marry his daughter Kahukeke . Instead of crossing the portage, Hoturoa and the crew of the Tainui sail around the entire Northland Peninsula to the Manukau Harbour . Rakataura and his sister Hiaroa lit fires and sung incantations to prevent the main Tainui crew from settling around the harbour or the Waikato area. Rakataura travelled south to
420-485: The Waikato River . The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour, being silted up with almost 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself. Because of
450-497: The taniwha Paikea guards the Manukau Harbour and Waitākere Ranges coastline. Cornwallis , on the Karangahape Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However, because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was mostly abandoned in the 1840s. The surrounding bush clad hills had vast amounts of kauri removed for milling and shipped from a wharf on Paratutai to either
480-507: The Waikato later in life. Rakataura / Hape is the namesake of Karangahape Peninsula and Karangahape Road in Auckland, and some of the Māori language names for Ōwairaka / Mount Albert , Te Ahi-kā -a-Rakataura ("The Continuous Fires of Rakataura") and Te Wai o Raka ("The Waters of Raka"). Te Motu a Hiaroa ( Puketutu Island ), one of the first permanent settlements of the Tainui people,
510-406: The Waikato region reference Rakataura, or are described in oral traditions as being named by Rakataura. Rakataura was born in Hawaiki, and was the eldest member of the senior line of his hapū . He received the name Hape, due to his inward-turning feet . Rakataura was the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) of the Tainui migratory waka, and in some traditions, is identified as the shipbuilder of
540-517: The Waitākere Ranges, and One Rangatira, the traditional name for Muriwai Beach, a name which commemorated his visit. Other traditions link Rakataura to the Ōtāhuhu Portage between the Tāmaki River and the Manukau Harbour . In some traditions, he is the tohunga who creates the portage, while in others he attempts to block the Tainui crew from using it and settling to the west. In these traditions, Rakataura quarrels with Hoturoa , captain of
570-573: The Whāingaroa Harbour ( Raglan Harbour ), establishing a tūāhupapa (sacred altar) on the mountain Karioi , and continued to sing incantations to dissuade the Tainui crew from discovering the areas he found. Rakataura travelled further south to the Kawhia Harbour , where he met the Tainui crew, reconciled (either here or further south at Whareorino), and married Kahukeke (the daughter of Hoturoa), later returning to settle at Karioi. Rakataura
600-461: The captain of the Tainui waka. This tradition involves the naming of the Manukau Heads opening and sandbars, which is known as Te Manuka-o-Hotunui or Te Manukanuka-o-Hotunui, describing the anxiety Hoturoa felt when attempting to navigate this passage. The name, originally used for just the mouth of the harbour, became used for the entire harbour over time. Other traditions hold that it is
630-828: The deteriorating state of the Manukau Harbour and the urgent need for a collaborative response to improve its condition, the Manukau Harbour Forum was created in November 2010 to advocate for the restoration of Manukau Harbour. Harbour Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 534067548 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:47:31 GMT Rakat%C4%81ura Rakataura , also known as Hape or Rakatāura ,
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#1732772851133660-486: The facilities at Onehunga are tiny compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on the Waitematā Harbour along the northeast of the isthmus. The harbour has three main arms. The Māngere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Auckland's central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Ōtāhuhu and Māngere urban areas lie south of this arm, which
690-459: The few separate earlier European settlements was Onehunga, from where some raiding of enemy settlements occurred during the New Zealand wars , and which later became a landing point for kauri and other products landed by ship and canoe from the south, the shipping route being shorter than the one along the east coast to the Waitematā Harbour. However, the combination of the difficult entry into
720-579: The harbour Symonds Harbour, after the late William Cornwallis Symonds , who died in 1841, battling a storm in the harbour. The harbour was an important historical waterway for Māori . It had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, and various villages and pā (hill forts) clustered around it. Snapper, flounder, mullet, scallops, cockles and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts. In Te Kawerau ā Maki tradition,
750-661: The harbour, which limited ships to about 1,000 tons maximum, and the extension of the railway to Onehunga in 1873 made naval traffic on the harbour less important again, though the Port of Onehunga can trace its origins to this time. Construction of a canal between the Manukau and the Waitemata was considered in the early 1900s, and the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908 was passed to allow authorities to take privately owned land for this purpose. However, no serious work (or land take)
780-427: The large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads , tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, and, with only one short wharf,
810-480: The other end of the harbour at Onehunga for use in house building in the new city of Auckland, or along the coast to other New Zealand settlements. The last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s. European settlement of the area was thus almost often an outgrowth of the Waitematā Harbour-centred settlement, as these settlers spread south and west through the isthmus and reached the Manukau Harbour. One of
840-458: The southern side, one near Māngere Bridge, and one on the northern side. Since 1988, there has been an annual interclub competition, hosted by each club in rotation. Despite all that is precious about the Manukau, it is under ongoing threat from constant development and growth, with the pollution and damage that brings. Currently, according to the State of Auckland Marine Report Card, the harbour has
870-469: The vessel. In Waiohua oral tradition, Rakataura / Hape travels supernaturally to New Zealand, ahead of the Tainui crew. In this version, Rakataura was chosen to represent his hapū on the Tainui canoe, however this was not popular due to his disability, and only the young and those with sound bodies and minds could travel. Rakataura prayed to Tangaroa for his feet to be restored, however instead of healing his body, Tangaroa sent Kawea Kawea Ki te Whenua
900-410: Was undertaken. The act was reported as technically still being in force as of 2008, but was repealed on 1 November 2010. A 2,700 ft (0.82 km) canal reserve, 2 ch (40 m) wide, remains in place. The harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps; often local beaches are used. The harbour also houses five active sailing clubs, three on
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