121-580: Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore ( Italian pronunciation: [tʃitˈta ddel trikoˈloːre] ; with the first half officially written in all caps ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Reggio Emilia , Italy. It is currently the home ground of U.S. Sassuolo and A.C. Reggiana , that both play in Serie B . The stadium holds 21,525 and was built in 1995, replacing the Stadio Mirabello . It
242-475: A Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin. Juventus have worn the shirts ever since, considering the colours to be aggressive and powerful. Juventus's official emblem has undergone different and small modifications since the 1920s. The previous modification of the Juventus badge took place in 2004, when the emblem of the team changed to a black-and-white oval shield of
363-448: A world football transfer record fee , the early 1990s under Luigi Maifredi and subsequently Trapattoni once again also saw little success for Juventus, as they only managed to win the 1993 UEFA Cup final . [REDACTED] Marcello Lippi took over as Juventus manager at the start of the 1994–95 Serie A . His first season at the helm of the club was a successful one, as Juventus recorded their first Serie A championship title since
484-409: A 1–0 defeat against Torinese . In 1904, businessman Marco Ajmone-Marsan revived the finances of Juventus, making it possible to transfer the training field from piazza d'armi to the more appropriate Velodrome Umberto I. During this period, the team wore a pink and black kit. Juventus first won the 1905 Italian Football Championship while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground. By this time,
605-463: A 2–0 victory against Napoli . With Inter Milan's win of the 2020–21 Serie A , Juventus's run of nine consecutive titles came to an end; the club managed to secure a fourth-place finish on the final day of the league, granting Juventus qualification to the following season's Champions League. In the 2021 Coppa Italia final , Juventus won their 14th title. On 28 May, Juventus sacked Pirlo from his managerial position, and announced Allegri's return to
726-514: A black tie. The father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the colour so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them. Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage , if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a colour that would better withstand the elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being
847-434: A clean sweep of all five historical confederation trophies; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition, until 2022 , the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000, Juventus
968-689: A commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of small caps to emphasise key names or acronyms (for example, Text in Small Caps ), or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold . In addition, if all caps must be used it is customary to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10 per cent of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing. Some digital fonts contain alternative spacing metrics for this purpose. Messages completely in capital letters are often equated on social media to shouting and other impolite or argumentative behaviors. This became
1089-483: A computer program shouting at its user. Information technology journalist Lee Hutchinson described Microsoft's using the practice as "LITERALLY TERRIBLE ... [it] doesn't so much violate OS X's design conventions as it does take them out behind the shed, pour gasoline on them, and set them on fire." In programming, writing in all caps (possibly with underscores replacing spaces ) is an identifier naming convention in many programming languages that symbolizes that
1210-495: A delicate scanning of characters (from a damaged image that needs further contextual text correction). Depending on the typeface , these similarities accidentally create various duplicates (even quite briefly and without realizing it when reading). E.g. H/A, F/E or I/T by adding a bar; P/R, O/Q, even C/G from similar errors; V/U, D/O, even B/S while rounding the shape; and more deformations implying mixings. Adding digits in all caps styled texts may multiply these confusions, which
1331-399: A mainstream interpretation with the advent of networked computers, from the 1980s onward. However, a similar interpretation was already evidenced by written sources that predated the computing era, in some cases by at least a century, and the textual display of shouting or emphasis was still not a settled matter by 1984. The following sources may be relevant to the history of all caps: Before
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#17327976868051452-463: A new stadium of its property. The stadium was opened in 1995 with a sold-out match between Reggiana and Juventus . In the aftermath of Reggiana's dissolution and reconstitution in 2005, the club lost the property of the stadium, which was assigned to the Tribunal of Reggio Emilia. The reconstituted Reggiana continued to play in the stadium and had its headquarters and its historical museum located in
1573-585: A record of five consecutive Italian football championships and form the core of the Italy national football team during the Vittorio Pozzo era, including the 1934 FIFA World Cup winning squad, with star players like Raimundo Orsi , Luigi Bertolini , Giovanni Ferrari , and Luis Monti , among others. Juventus moved to the Stadio Comunale , but for the rest of the 1930s and the majority of
1694-461: A record tenth Coppa Italia , after beating Lazio 2–2 in the 2015 Coppa Italia final , for the domestic double. The club also beat Real Madrid 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League to face Barcelona in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final in Berlin for the first time since the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League . Juventus lost the final against Barcelona 3–1. In
1815-508: A revocation of judgment pursuant to Article 39 of the Code of Sports Justice. Despite his remaining charges being cancelled without a new trial due to statute of limitations, the court confirmed that Moggi was actively involved in the sporting fraud, which was intended to favour Juventus and increase his own personal benefits according to La Gazzetta dello Sport . As did the Naples court in 2012,
1936-532: A slowed speed is possible – but in principle too many factors of low legibility are involved." Other critics are of the opinion that all caps letters in text are often "too tightly packed against each other". Besides the aforementioned speed of reading, all caps is can be prone to character -based ambiguities. Namely, the upper-case letters are globally simpler than their lower-case counterpart. For example, they lack ascenders and descenders . Since they are built from fewer positional and building elements (e.g.
2057-416: A smaller grid pertaining to minimalist digital fonts), they are more fragile to small changes. These variations, generally involuntary but sometimes induced on purpose, are caused by a misinterpretation (the information is transferred) or by a deterioration (the data is lost, in the analysis wording). They can occur horizontally and/or vertically, while misreading (without this extra effort or time), or during
2178-663: A term is conspicuous, we look at more than formatting. A term that appears in capitals can still be inconspicuous if it is hidden on the back of a contract in small type. Terms that are in capitals but also appear in hard-to-read type may flunk the conspicuousness test. A sentence in capitals, buried deep within a long paragraph in capitals will probably not be deemed conspicuous...it is entirely possible for text to be conspicuous without being in capitals. Certain musicians—such as Marina , Finneas , who are both known mononymously, and MF DOOM —as well as some bands such as Haim and Kiss —have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it
2299-428: A tight contest. Juventus won the title on the 37th matchday after beating Cagliari 2–0 and Milan losing to Inter 4–2. After a 3–1 win in the final matchday against Atalanta , Juventus became the first team to go the season unbeaten in the current 38-game format. In 2013–14 Serie A , Juventus won a third consecutive scudetto with a record 102 points and 33 wins. The title was the 30th official league championship in
2420-483: A two-and-a-half-season absence, Lippi returned to the club in 2001, following his replacement Carlo Ancelotti 's dismissal, signing big name players like Gianluigi Buffon , David Trezeguet , Pavel Nedvěd , and Lilian Thuram , helping the team to win the 2001–02 Serie A , which was their first since 1998, and confirmed themselves in the 2002–03 Serie A . Juventus were also part of the all Italian 2003 UEFA Champions League final but lost out to Milan on penalties after
2541-429: A type used by Italian ecclesiastics. It is divided in five vertical stripes: two white stripes and three black stripes, inside which are the following elements, while in its upper section the name of the society superimposed on a white convex section , over golden curvature (gold for honour). The white silhouette of a charging bull is in the lower section of the oval shield, superimposed on a black old French shield and
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#17327976868052662-584: A zebra, alongside the two golden stars with the club's name forming an arc above. Juventus unofficially won their 30th league title in 2011–12, but a dispute with the FIGC, which stripped Juventus of their 2004–05 title and did not assign them the 2005–06 title due to their involvement in the Calciopoli scandal, left their official total at 28; the club elected to wear no stars at all the following season . Juventus won their 30th title in 2013–14 and thus earned
2783-418: Is a pictogram composed by a stylised Black and White " J " which Agnelli said reflects "the Juventus way of living." Juventus was the first team in sports history to adopt a star as a symbol associated with any competition's triumph, who added one above their badge in 1958 to represent their tenth Italian Football Championship and Serie A title, and has since become popularized with other clubs as well. In
2904-403: Is an "apparent consensus" that lower-case text is more legible, but that some editors continue to use all caps in text regardless. In his studies of all caps in headlines , he states that, "Editors who favor capitals claim that they give greater emphasis. Those who prefer lower case claim their preferences gives greater legibility." Wheildon, who informs us that "When a person reads a line of type,
3025-557: Is called J. J is a cartoon-designed zebra, black and white stripes with golden edge piping on its body, golden shining eyes, and three golden stars on the front of its neck. J made its debut at Juventus Stadium on 12 September 2015. During its history, the club has acquired a number of nicknames, la Vecchia Signora (the Old Lady) being the best example. The "old" part of the nickname is a pun on Juventus which means "youth" in Latin. It
3146-615: Is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " disemvoweling ") to use all caps, with prominent examples including STRFKR , MSTRKRFT , PWR BTTM , SBTRKT , JPNSGRLS (now known as Hotel Mira), BLK JKS , MNDR , and DWNTWN . Miles Tinker , renowned for his landmark work, Legibility of Print , performed scientific studies on the legibility and readability of all-capital print. His findings were as follows: All-capital print greatly retards speed of reading in comparison with lower-case type. Also, most readers judge all capitals to be less legible. Faster reading of
3267-435: Is less legible and readable than lower-case text. In addition, switching to all caps may make text appear hectoring and obnoxious for cultural reasons, since all-capitals is often used in transcribed speech to indicate that the speaker is shouting. All-caps text is common in comic books, as well as on older teleprinter and radio transmission systems, which often do not indicate letter case at all. In professional documents,
3388-509: Is one aim of Leet (intentional pseudo duplicates) and can provide simple means of concealing messages (often numbers). Juventus FC Juventus Football Club (from Latin : iuventūs , 'youth'; Italian pronunciation: [juˈvɛntus] ), commonly known as Juventus or colloquially as Juve ( pronounced [ˈjuːve] ), is an Italian professional football club based in Turin , Piedmont , who compete in Serie A ,
3509-586: Is the home ground of Reggiana . It also hosts larger rugby union matches for the United Rugby Championship team Zebre of Parma . Football club Carpi used the ground for home matches during the 2011–12 season. In the 2013–14 season, the promoted Serie A side, Sassuolo , played at the ground. They signed a two-year rent deal with Reggiana, which manages the venue. The agreement struck with Reggiana also included infrastructural improvements, including new benches and locker rooms, along with
3630-463: Is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ("anti-parochialism") and italianità ("Italianness"). Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards, four of these in consecutive years (1982–1985, an overall joint record), among these Michel Platini as well as three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as
3751-442: The Calciopoli scandal. In July, Juventus was placed at the bottom of the league table and relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history. The club was also stripped of the 2004–05 Serie A title, while the 2005–06 Serie A winner, after a period sub judice , was declared to be third-placed Inter Milan. This remains a much debated and controversial issue, particularly due to Inter Milan's later revealed involvement,
Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore - Misplaced Pages Continue
3872-491: The scudetto in the 1971–72 Serie A , and followed through in the 1972–73 Serie A , with players like as Roberto Bettega , Franco Causio , and José Altafini breaking through. During the rest of the decade, they won the league thrice more, with defender Gaetano Scirea contributing significantly. The latter two success in Serie A was under Giovanni Trapattoni , who also led the club to their first ever major European title,
3993-579: The 1959–60 Juventus F.C. season , they beat Fiorentina to complete their first league and cup double , winning the 1959–60 Serie A and the 1960 Coppa Italia final . Boniperti retired in 1961 as the all-time top scorer at the club, with 182 goals in all competitions, a club record that stood for 45 years. During the rest of the decade, the club only won the 1966–67 Serie A . The 1970s saw Juventus further solidify their strong position in Italian football, and under former player Čestmír Vycpálek they won
4114-407: The 1976–77 UEFA Cup , and helped the club's domination continue on into the early part of the 1980s. [REDACTED] The club led under Trapattoni in the 1980s brought them the league title three more times by 1984. This meant Juventus had won 20 Italian league titles and were allowed to add a second golden star to their shirt, becoming the only Italian club to achieve this. Around this time,
4235-475: The 1985 Intercontinental Cup , the club also became the first and thus far the only in association football history to have won all five possible confederation competitions, an achievement that it revalidated with a sixth title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup . With the exception of winning the closely contested 1985–86 Serie A , the rest of the 1980s were not very successful for the club. As well as having to contend with Diego Maradona 's Napoli , both of
4356-401: The 2007–08 Serie A , Juventus appointed Claudio Ranieri as manager. They finished in third place in their first season back in the top flight and qualified for the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League 's third qualifying round in the preliminary stages. Juventus reached the group stages, where they beat Real Madrid in both home and away legs, before losing in the knockout round to Chelsea . Ranieri
4477-462: The 2016 Coppa Italia final , the club won the title for the 11th time and second straight win, becoming the first team in Italy's history to win Serie A and Coppa Italia doubles in back-to-back seasons. In the 2017 Coppa Italia final , Juventus won their 12th Coppa Italia title in a 2–0 win over Lazio, becoming the first team to win three consecutive titles. Four days later on 21 May, Juventus became
4598-484: The 2018 Supercoppa Italiana , which was held in January 2019, Juventus and Milan, who were tied for Supercoppa Italiana wins with seven each, played against each other; Juventus won their eight title after beating Milan 1–0. In April 2019, Juventus secured their eighth consecutive Serie A title, further extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition. Following Allegri's departure, Maurizio Sarri
4719-481: The 2021 Coppa Italia Final between Atalanta and Juventus. 44°42′53″N 10°38′59″E / 44.71472°N 10.64972°E / 44.71472; 10.64972 All caps In typography , text or font in all caps (short for " all capitals ") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG. All-caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements , newspaper headlines , and
4840-718: The 2022–23 Serie A in seventh place and qualified to the UEFA Europa Conference League with 62 points. However, on 28 July, UEFA ejected Juventus from its competitions for one year as the club violated a settlement agreement with UEFA signed in August 2022. The 2023–24 season was the first in which Juventus did not participate in UEFA competitions since 2011–12. Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, with white shorts, sometimes black shorts since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with
4961-566: The ASCII table , so can display both alphabets, but all caps only. Mikrosha is switchable to KOI-7N1, in this mode, it can display both caps and lower-case, but in Cyrillic only. Other Soviet computers, such as BK0010 , MK 85 , Corvette and Agat-9 , use 8-bit encoding called KOI-8R, they can display both Cyrillic and Latin in caps and lower-case. Many, but not all NES games use all caps because of tile graphics, where charset and tiles share
Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore - Misplaced Pages Continue
5082-465: The Calciopoli scandal which saw Juventus forcibly relegated, the two were the only Italian clubs to have never played below Serie A. Notably, the two sides are the first and the second most supported clubs in Italy and the rivalry has intensified since the later part of the 1990s; reaching its highest levels ever post- Calciopoli , with the return of Juventus to Serie A. The rivalry with AC Milan
5203-432: The previous season . For the 2016–17 season , Juventus re-designed their kit with a different take on the trademark black and white stripes. For the 2017–18 season , Juventus introduced the J shaped logo onto the kits. In September 2015, Juventus officially announced a new project called JKids for its junior supporters on its website. Along with this project, Juventus also introduced a new mascot to all its fans which
5324-436: The 1930s. Other nicknames include [la] Madama ( Piedmontese for Madam), i bianconeri ( lit. ' the black-and-whites ' ), le zebre ( lit. ' the zebras ' ) in reference to Juventus's colours. I gobbi ( lit. ' the hunchbacks ' ) is the nickname that is used to define Juventus supporters, but is also used sometimes for team's players. The most widely accepted origin of gobbi dates to
5445-598: The 1940s they were unable to recapture championship dominance. After the Second World War, Gianni Agnelli was appointed president. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the club added two more league championships to its name, winning the 1949–50 Serie A under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver , and then repeating in the 1951–52 Serie A . For the 1957–58 Serie A , two new strikers, Welshman John Charles and Italian Argentine Omar Sívori , were signed to play alongside longtime member Giampiero Boniperti . In
5566-573: The 1990s, more than three-quarters of newspapers in the western world used lower-case letters in headline text. Discussion regarding the use of all caps for headlines centers on the greater emphasis offered by all caps versus the greater legibility offered by lower-case letters. Colin Wheildon conducted a scientific study with 224 readers who analyzed various headline styles and concluded that "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." All caps typography
5687-487: The 2004 championship (the sole being investigated) deemed regular and not fixed, Juventus being absolved as club in the ordinary justice proceedings, their renounce to the Italian civil courts appeal, which could have cleared the club's name and avoid relegation, after FIFA threatened to suspend the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and barring all Italian clubs from international play, and
5808-720: The 2005–06 season, the Torinese side contested their home matches at Stadio delle Alpi, built for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, although in very rare circumstances the club played some home games in other stadia such as Renzo Barbera at Palermo, Dino Manuzzi in Cesena and the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in Milan. In August 2006, Juventus returned to play in the Stadio Comunale, then known as Stadio Olimpico , after
5929-619: The 2019–2021 budgets during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in November 2021. This was harsher than the point deduction recommended by the FIGC prosecutor, who said that in the standings Juventus "must now finish behind Roma, outside the European Cup area". The penalty caused an uproar and protests among Juventus supporters, who cancelled, or threatened to do so, their Sky Sport and DAZN subscriptions. Following Juventus's appeal,
6050-452: The 5 and 10-minute time limits, and 13.9 percent for the whole 20-minute period". Tinker concluded that, "Obviously, all-capital printing slows reading to a marked degree in comparison with Roman lower case." Tinker provides the following explanations for why all capital printing is more difficult to read: Text in all capitals covers about 35 percent more printing surface than the same material set in lower case. This would tend to increase
6171-522: The European Cup, as more highly regarded players were brought into the fold in the form of Zinedine Zidane , Filippo Inzaghi , and Edgar Davids . At home, Juventus won the 1996–97 Serie A , successfully defended their title in the 1997–98 Serie A , won the 1996 UEFA Super Cup , and followed through with the 1996 Intercontinental Cup . Juventus reached two consecutive Champions League finals during this period but lost out to Borussia Dortmund and Real Madrid , respectively in 1997 and 1998. After
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#17327976868056292-775: The Main Stand; in the same years the shopping mall "I Petali" was built behind the Away End and the East Stand, with a good range of shops, cinemas, gyms and restaurants. Stadio Giglio was renamed by the Municipality "Città del Tricolore", referring to the creation of the Italian Tricolour in Reggio Emilia in 1797. The stadium is unique in that there is a water-filled moat built between the pitch and
6413-532: The Milanese clubs, A.C. Milan and Inter Milan , won Italian championships; Juventus achieved a double by winning the 1989–90 Coppa Italia and the 1990 UEFA Cup final under the guidance of former club legend Dino Zoff . In 1990, Juventus also moved into their new home, the Stadio delle Alpi , which was built for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Despite the arrival of Italian star Roberto Baggio later that year for
6534-610: The Parco del Valentino and Parco Cittadella, their matches were held in the Piazza d'Armi Stadium until 1908, except in 1905 (the first year of the scudetto ) and in 1906, years in which they played at the Corso Re Umberto . From 1909 to 1922, Juventus played their internal competitions at Corso Sebastopoli Camp before moving the following year to Corso Marsiglia Camp, where they remained until 1933, winning four league titles. At
6655-471: The all-time record of successive Coppa Italia titles. Juventus then secured their seventh consecutive Serie A title, extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition. Juventus, eager to secure the Champions League title, signed Cristiano Ronaldo for £99.2 million from Real Madrid on 10 July 2018. In Italy, the signing was dubbed the "deal of the century." For Juventus,
6776-478: The charging bull is a symbol of the comune of Turin. There is also a black silhouette of a mural crown above the black spherical triangle's base. This is a reminiscence to Augusta Tourinorum, the old city of the Roman era which the present capital of Piedmont region is its cultural heiress. In January 2017, president Andrea Agnelli announced the change to the Juventus badge for a logotype . More specifically, it
6897-519: The city centre to raise the attention on the topic. In June 2016 a group of Reggiana ultras attended the Campionato Primavera held in the stadium between Roma and Juventus and protested against the stadium’s ownership. In September 2016, Luca Vecchi, Mayor of Reggio Emilia, was heavily booed by the fans during the club's presentation due to the Municipality position on the dispute. It is currently used mostly for football matches and
7018-419: The club as manager after two years away from management on a four-year contract. During the three seasons that featured Ronaldo, the Champions League all-time top scorer, Juventus disappointingly failed to win the Champions League. Ronaldo left the club for Manchester United in late 2021. Although Allegri had considered the victory of the scudetto as a seasonal goal, Juventus reached another fourth place in
7139-482: The club colours had changed to black and white stripes, inspired by English side Notts County . There was a split at the club in 1906, after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin. Alfred Dick , the club's president, was unhappy with this, and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino , which in turn spawned the Derby della Mole . Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after
7260-539: The club's future defense core Giorgio Chiellini , remained to help the club return to Serie A, while youngsters from the Campionato Nazionale Primavera (youth team), such as Sebastian Giovinco and Claudio Marchisio , were integrated into the first team. Juventus won the Cadetti title (Serie B championship) despite starting with a points deduction and gained promotion straight back up to
7381-482: The club's history. They also achieved the semi-finals of 2013–14 UEFA Europa League , where they were eliminated at home against ten-man Benfica 's catenaccio , missing the 2014 UEFA Europa League final at the Juventus Stadium. In the 2014–15 Serie A , Massimiliano Allegri was appointed as manager, with whom Juventus won their 31st official title, making it a fourth-straight, as well as achieving
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#17327976868057502-588: The club's players were attracting considerable attention, and Paolo Rossi was named European Footballer of the Year following his contribution to Italy's victory in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , where he was named Player of the Tournament. Frenchman Michel Platini was awarded the European Footballer of the Year title for three years in a row in 1983, 1984 and 1985, which is a record. Juventus are
7623-653: The competition's group stage. Through their better goal difference over fourth-placed Maccabi Haifa , the team finished third and dropped down into the Europa League, in which they were defeated 2–1 by Sevilla after extra time at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium in the semi-final. On 28 November 2022, the entire board of directors resigned from their respective positions, Andrea Agnelli as president, Pavel Nedvěd as vice president, and Maurizio Arrivabene as CEO. Agnelli's presidency
7744-562: The country. Juventus is widely and especially popular throughout mainland Southern Italy, Sicily and Malta , leading the team to have one of the largest followings in its away matches, more than in Turin itself. Juventus have significant rivalries with two main clubs. Their traditional rivals are fellow Turin club Torino ; matches between the two sides are known as the Derby della Mole (Turin Derby). The rivalry dates back to 1906 as Torino
7865-587: The court commented that the developments and behavior of other clubs and executives were not investigated in depth. Once they exhausted their appeals in Italy's courts, both Moggi and Giraudo appealed to the European Court of Human Rights in March 2020; Giraudo's was accepted in September 2021. Juventus continued to present new appeals, which were declared inadmissible. After making their comeback for
7986-402: The decision had initially been reversed on 20 April 2023, but the club were given a new penalty, this time of ten points, on 22 May. Within the aforementioned FIGC's inquiry, on 29 May, Juventus proposed a plea bargain for their false accounting on staff salaries; the request was accepted one day later and Juventus only received a fine of €718,240 without any further penalty. Juventus finished
8107-462: The development of lower-case letters in the 8th century, texts in the Latin alphabet were written in a single case, which is now considered to be capital letters. Text in all caps is not widely used in body copy . The main exception to this is the so-called fine print in legal documents. Capital letters have been widely used in printed headlines from the early days of newspapers until the 1950s. In
8228-401: The development of new marketing and trade policies, which aimed to take advantage of the business opportunities that come with the club's Serie A promotion. The stadium was consequently renamed Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore . The stadium hosted the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final between Wolfsburg and Lyon , the 2020 Supercoppa Italiana between Juventus and Napoli , and
8349-404: The end of 1933, they began to play at the new Stadio Benito Mussolini inaugurated for the 1934 World Championships . After the Second World War, the stadium was renamed as Stadio Comunale Vittorio Pozzo . Juventus played home matches at the ground for 57 years, a total of 890 league matches. The team continued to host training sessions at the stadium until July 2003. From 1990 until
8470-469: The end of the 2012–13 season. The stadium was then renamed "MAPEI Stadium" due to sponsorship reasons. Sassuolo's move and MAPEI's acquisition and subsequent renaming of the stadium has caused much outrage from supporters of Reggiana. The protests included demonstrations at the 2015 TIM Trophy and during some Sassuolo's Serie A games and the formation of a group called "Via il Sassuolo da Reggio Emilia" (Sassuolo out of Reggio Emilia), but also marches through
8591-534: The evidence that all-capital printing retards speed of reading to a striking degree in comparison with lower case and is not liked by readers, it would seem wise to eliminate such printing whenever rapid reading and consumer (reader) views are of importance. Examples of this would include any continuous reading material, posters, bus cards, billboards, magazine advertising copy, headings in books, business forms and records, titles of articles, books and book chapters, and newspaper headlines. Colin Wheildon stated that there
8712-433: The exception of the 2006–07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923. The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus one of the first professional sporting clubs ante litteram in the country, having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since
8833-538: The eye recognizes letters by the shapes of their upper halves", asserts that recognizing words in all caps "becomes a task instead of a natural process". His conclusions, based on scientific testing in 1982–1990, are: "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." John Ryder , in the Case for Legibility , stated that "Printing with capital letters can be done sufficiently well to arouse interest and, with short lines, reading at
8954-418: The field, was released on Netflix ; the other three episodes were released on 6 July 2018. On 25 November 2021, an eight-episode docu-series called All or Nothing: Juventus , which followed the club throughout the season , by spending time with the players behind the scenes both on and off the field, was released on Amazon Prime . After the first two years (1897 and 1898), during which Juventus played in
9075-465: The fifties, when the bianconeri wore a large jersey. When players ran on the field, the jersey, which had a laced opening at the chest, generated a bulge over the back (a sort of parachute effect), making the players look hunchbacked. The official anthem of Juventus is Juve (storia di un grande amore) , or Juve (story of a great love) in English, written by Alessandra Torre and Claudio Guidetti, in
9196-454: The first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations: the 1976–77 UEFA Cup (first Southern European side to do so), the 1983–84 Cup Winners' Cup and the 1984–85 European Champions' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete
9317-514: The first and one of the only two clubs to have players from their club winning the award in four consecutive years. It was Platini who scored the winning goal in the 1985 European Cup final against Liverpool ; this was marred by the Heysel Stadium disaster , which changed European football. That year, Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions ; after their triumph in
9438-499: The first player representing Serie A, Omar Sívori , and the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards, with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinedine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall, respectively, in the cited prizes. Finally, the club has also provided the most players to the Italy national team —mostly in official competitions in almost uninterrupted way since 1924—who often formed
9559-409: The first team to win six consecutive Serie A titles. In the 2017 UEFA Champions League final , their second Champions League final in three years, Juventus were defeated 1–4 by defending champions Real Madrid; the 2017 Turin stampede happened ten minutes before the end of the match. In the 2018 Coppa Italia final , Juventus won their 13th title and fourth in a row in a 4–0 win over Milan, extending
9680-407: The game ended in a 0–0 draw. At the conclusion of the following season, Lippi was appointed as the Italy national team's head coach, bringing an end to one of the most fruitful managerial spells in Juventus's history. Fabio Capello was appointed as Juventus's coach in 2004 and led the club to two more consecutive Serie A first places. In May 2006, Juventus emerged as one of the five clubs linked to
9801-569: The given identifier represents a constant . A practice exists (most commonly in Francophone countries) of distinguishing the surname from the rest of a personal name by stylizing the surname only in all caps. This practice is also common among Japanese, when names are spelled using Roman letters. In April 2013, the U.S. Navy moved away from an all caps-based messaging system, which was begun with 1850s-era teleprinters that had only uppercase letters. The switch to mixed-case communications
9922-620: The group that led the Azzurri squad to international success, most importantly in the 1934 , 1982 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . Juventus was founded as Sport-Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo d'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin, among them Eugenio Canfari and Enrico Canfari . It was renamed as Foot-Ball Club Juventus two years later. The club joined the 1900 Italian Football Championship . Juventus played their first Italian Football Championship match on 11 March 1900 in
10043-399: The league. After losing 4–2 after extra time to Inter Milan in the 2022 Coppa Italia final , the 2021–22 Juventus F.C. season marked the first season since 2010–11 in which the club had not won a trophy. In the 2022–23 season , Juventus had one victory and five defeats in their Champions League group, achieving their worst-ever score (3 points) and their greatest-ever number of losses in
10164-471: The lost scudetti in exchange for Juventus dropping the lawsuit. In September 2015, the Supreme Court released a 150-page document that explained its final ruling of the case, based on the controversial 2006 sports ruling, which did not take in consideration the other clubs involved because they could not be put on trial due to the statute of limitations, and it would be necessary to request and open
10285-567: The lower-case print is due to the characteristic word forms furnished by this type. This permits reading by word units, while all capitals tend to be read letter by letter. Furthermore, since all-capital printing takes at least one-third more space than lower case, more fixation pauses are required for reading the same amount of material. The use of all capitals should be dispensed with in every printing situation. According to Tinker, "As early as 1914, Starch reported that material set in Roman lower case
10406-461: The mid-1970s, and becoming, in a nearly stable basis, one of the top-ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s, being listed on the Borsa Italiana since 2001. Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986, including six league titles and five international tournaments, and became
10527-428: The mid-1980s, as well as the 1995 Coppa Italia final . The crop of players during this period featured Ciro Ferrara , Roberto Baggio , Gianluca Vialli , and a young Alessandro Del Piero . Lippi led Juventus to the 1995 Supercoppa Italiana and the 1995–96 UEFA Champions League , beating Ajax on penalties after a 1–1 draw in which Fabrizio Ravanelli scored for Juventus. The club did not rest long after winning
10648-434: The most for an Italian team in both cases and joint second overall in the last cited. Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus, initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section (1893) and has competed every season of the premier club division (reformulated in different formats until the Serie A inception in 1929) since its debut in 1900 with
10769-554: The most supported football clubs in the world, with over 300 million supporters (41 million in Europe alone), particularly in the Mediterranean countries to which a large number of Italian diaspora have emigrated. The Torinese side has fan clubs branches across the globe. Demand for Juventus tickets in occasional home games held away from Turin is high, suggesting that Juventus have stronger support in other parts of
10890-449: The motivations, such as sentimento popolare (people's feelings), and the newly created ad-hoc rule used to relegate the club. Many key players left following their relegation to Serie B, including Thuram, star striker Zlatan Ibrahimović , midfielders Emerson and Patrick Vieira , and defensive stalwarts Fabio Cannavaro and Gianluca Zambrotta ; other big name players, such as Del Piero, Buffon, Trezeguet, and Nedvěd, as well as
11011-523: The opportunity to add marginal notes emphasising key points. Legal writing expert Bryan A. Garner has described the practice as "ghastly". A 2020 study found that all-caps in legal texts is ineffective and is, in fact, harmful to older readers. In 2002, a US court spoke out against the practice, ruling that simply making text all-capitals has no bearing on whether it is clear and easily readable: Lawyers who think their caps lock keys are instant "make conspicuous" buttons are deluded. In determining whether
11132-414: The past, the convex section of the emblem had a blue colour (another symbol of Turin) and it was concave in shape. The old French shield and the mural crown, also in the lower section of the emblem, had a considerably greater size. The two "Golden Stars for Sport Excellence" were located above the convex and concave section of Juventus's emblem. During the 1980s, the club emblem was the blurred silhouette of
11253-489: The reading time. When this is combined with the difficulty in reading words in all-capital letters as units, the hindrance to rapid reading becomes marked. In the eye-movement study by Tinker and Patterson, the principal difference in oculomotor patterns between lower case and all capitals was the very large increase in number of fixation pauses for reading the all-capital print. All caps text should be eliminated from most forms of composition, according to Tinker: Considering
11374-439: The record of scoring in the most consecutive Serie A matches (11). On 8 August 2020, Sarri was sacked from his managerial position, one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League by Lyon . On the same day, former player Andrea Pirlo was announced as the new coach, signing a two-year contract. In the 2020 Supercoppa Italiana , which was held in January 2021, Juventus won their ninth title after
11495-404: The restructuring of the stadium for the 2006 Winter Olympics onward. In November 2008, Juventus announced that they would invest around €120 million to build a new ground, the Juventus Stadium, on the site of delle Alpi. Unlike the old ground, there is not a running track and instead the pitch is only 7.5 metres away from the stands. The capacity is 41,507. Work began during spring 2009 and
11616-400: The results of Calciopoli trials connected to the 2006 scandal. When former general manager Luciano Moggi 's conviction in criminal court in connection with the scandal was partially written off by the Supreme Court in March 2015, the club sued the FIGC for €443 million for damages caused by their 2006 relegation. Then-FIGC president Carlo Tavecchio offered to discuss reinstatement of
11737-496: The right to wear their third star, but Agnelli stated that the club suspended the use of the stars until another team wins their 20th championship, having the right to wear two stars "to emphasise the difference". For the 2015–16 season , Juventus reintroduced the stars and added the third star to their jersey as well with new kit manufacturers Adidas , in addition to the Coppa Italia badge for winning their tenth Coppa Italia
11858-572: The same ROM. Game designers often choose to have less characters in favor of more tiles. With the advent of the bulletin board system , or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with "shouting" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed typography usage of all capitals to mean shouting. For this reason, etiquette generally discourages
11979-472: The side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) classification, whilst on the international stage the club occupies the sixth position in Europe and the twelfth in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies, as well as the fourth in the all-time Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions ranking, having obtained the highest coefficient score during seven seasons since its introduction in 1979,
12100-404: The signing of Ronaldo went beyond football—it represented a step toward elevating the club's status as a global business. Deloitte ranked the world's richest clubs earlier in the year and Juventus ranked 10th; by leveraging Ronaldo's massive social media following and commercial appeal, the club expected to close the financial gap with the likes of Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Manchester United. In
12221-586: The sixth place in the league table at the end of January 2010, leading to the dismissal of Ferrara and the naming of Alberto Zaccheroni as caretaker manager. Zaccheroni could not help the side improve, as Juventus finished the season in seventh place in Serie A. For the 2010–11 Serie A , Jean-Claude Blanc was replaced by Andrea Agnelli as the club's president. Agnelli's first action was to replace Zaccheroni and director of sport Alessio Secco with Sampdoria manager Luigi Delneri and director of sport Giuseppe Marotta . Delneri failed to improve their fortunes and
12342-559: The split, surviving the First World War. In 1913, Juventus was relegated to the second division after ended in last place , but after pressure made by their executives to the Italian Federation, it was decided to increase the number of teams in the following season, that permitted Juventus to remain in the top league. In 1922, a new stadium was inaugurated and, a year later, FIAT vice president Edoardo Agnelli
12463-554: The stadium was opened on 8 September 2011, ahead of the start of the 2011–12 season. Since 1 July 2017, the Juventus Stadium is known commercially as the Allianz Stadium of Turin until 30 June 2030. Juventus is the most-supported football club in Italy, with over 12 million fans or tifosi , which represent approximately 34% of the total Italian football fans according to a research published in September 2016 by Italian research agency Demos & Pi, as well as one of
12584-433: The stands to try to prevent pitch invasions. Because the water is supplied from a nearby river, there have even been cases in which bored fans have been seen successfully fishing in it. In 2013, the Tribunal hosted a public auction for the property of the stadium, which was won by the ceramic industry MAPEI, owned by former Confindustria president Giorgio Squinzi, which also owned U.S. Sassuolo Calcio , promoted to Serie A at
12705-425: The titles on book covers. Short strings of words in capital letters appear bolder and "louder" than mixed case, and this is sometimes referred to as "screaming" or "shouting". All caps can also be used to indicate that a given word is an acronym . Studies have been conducted on the readability and legibility of all caps text. Scientific testing from the 20th century onward has generally indicated that all caps text
12826-425: The top division, with Del Piero claiming the top scorer award with 21 goals, as league winners after the 2006–07 Serie B season. As early as 2010, when many other clubs were implicated and Inter Milan, Livorno , and Milan liable of direct Article 6 violations in the 2011 Palazzi Report, Juventus considered challenging the stripping of their scudetto from 2006 and the non-assignment of the 2005 title, dependent on
12947-766: The top tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students, the club played in different grounds around the city, being the latter the Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed la Vecchia Signora ("the Old Lady"), it has won 36 official league titles , 15 Coppa Italia trophies and nine Italian Super Cups , being the record holder for all these competitions; they also hold two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cup / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners' Cup , three UEFA Cups (Italian record), two UEFA Super Cups and one UEFA Intertoto Cup (Italian record). Consequently,
13068-581: The use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text "bolding" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered "shouting" or irritating. Some aspects of Microsoft's Metro design language involve the use of all caps headings and titles. This has received particular attention when menu and ribbon titles appeared in all caps in Visual Studio 2012 and Office 2013 , respectively. Critics have compared this to
13189-479: The version of the singer and musician Paolo Belli composed in 2007. In 2016, a documentary film called Black and White Stripes: The Juventus Story was produced by the La Villa brothers about Juventus. On 16 February 2018, the first three episodes of a docu-series called First Team: Juventus , which followed the club throughout the season , by spending time with the players behind the scenes both on and off
13310-400: Was appointed manager of the club ahead of the 2019–20 Juventus F.C. season . Juventus were confirmed 2019–20 Serie A champions, reaching an unprecedented milestone of nine consecutive league titles. Ronaldo was imperative to Juventus' continuation of domestic success; notable achievements include him reaching 100 goals in Serie A quicker than anyone in the league's history. He also equalled
13431-643: Was common on teletype machines, such as those used by police departments, news, and the United States' then-called Weather Bureau , as well as early computers, such as certain early Apple II models and the ZX81 , which had a limited support for lower-case text. This changed as full support of ASCII became standard, allowing lower-case characters. Some Soviet computers , such as Radio-86RK , Vector-06C , Agat-7 , use 7-bit encoding called KOI-7N2, where capital Cyrillic letters replace lower-case Latin letters in
13552-545: Was derived from the age of the Juventus star players towards the middle of the 1930s. The "lady" part of the nickname is how fans of the club affectionately referred to it before the 1930s. The club is also nicknamed la Fidanzata d'Italia ( lit. ' the Girlfriend of Italy ' ), because over the years it has received a high level of support from Southern Italian immigrant workers (particularly from Naples and Palermo ), who arrived in Turin to work for FIAT since
13673-528: Was dismissed, and former player and fan favourite Antonio Conte , fresh after winning promotion with Siena , was named as Delneri's replacement. In September 2011, Juventus relocated to the new Juventus Stadium , known as the Allianz Stadium since 2017. With Conte as manager, Juventus were unbeaten for the entire 2011–12 Serie A season. Towards the second half of the season, the team was mostly competing with northern rivals Milan for first place in
13794-410: Was elected club's president. These two events helped the club to its second league championship in the 1925–26 Prima Divisione , after beating Alba Roma in a two-legged final with an aggregate score of 12–1. The club established itself as a major force in Italian football in the 1930s, becoming the country's first professional club and the first with a decentralised fan base. This led Juventus to win
13915-496: Was estimated to save the Navy $ 20 million a year and is compliant with current Internet protocol. An antiquated practice that still remains in use, especially by older American lawyers who grew up before the arrival of computers, is to use all caps text for text that is legally required to be emphasised and clearly readable. The practice dates to the period of typewriters, which generally did not offer bold text, small capitals, or
14036-460: Was founded by break-away Juventus players and staff. Their most high-profile rivalry is with Inter Milan , another big Serie A club located in Milan , the capital of the neighbouring region of Lombardy . Matches between these two clubs are referred to as the Derby d'Italia (Derby of Italy) and the two regularly challenge each other at the top of the league table, hence the intense rivalry. Until
14157-502: Was given the name Stadio Città del Tricolore on 11 March 2012, having previously been called the Stadio Giglio . On 8 July 2013, the stadium was given the current denomination for ownership reason (acquired by Mapei from the comune of Reggio Emilia). The need for a new stadium in Reggio Emilia started when Reggiana gained promotion to Serie A in 1993: the club launched multi-year season tickets in order to raise money to build
14278-665: Was placed seventh in the FIFA's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world, and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), the highest for an Italian club in both. The club's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide. Unlike most European sporting supporters' groups, which are often concentrated around their own club's city of origin, it
14399-427: Was read somewhat faster than similar material printed in all capitals." Another study in 1928 showed that "all-capital text was read 11.8 percent slower than lower case, or approximately 38 words per minute slower", and that "nine-tenths of adult readers consider lower case more legible than all capitals". A 1955 study by Miles Tinker showed that "all-capital text retarded speed of reading from 9.5 to 19.0 percent for
14520-439: Was sacked following a string of unsuccessful results and Ciro Ferrara was appointed as manager on a temporary basis for the last two games of the 2008–09 Serie A , before being subsequently appointed as the manager for the 2009–10 Serie A . Ferrara's stint as Juventus manager proved to be unsuccessful, with Juventus knocked out of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League , and also of the 2009–10 Coppa Italia , as well as just lying on
14641-476: Was the most victorious of the club's history, with 19 titles won. Exor , the club's controlling shareholder, appointed Gianluca Ferrero as its new chairman ahead of the shareholders' meeting on 18 January 2023. Two days later, after being acquitted by the FIGC's Court of Appeal in April–May 2022, Juventus were deducted 15 points as punishment for capital gain violations, as part of an investigation related to
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