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125-407: She was born on June 16, 1794, in the city of Santo Domingo. She was the only daughter of Isidora Ramona and Fernando Raimundo Sánchez, both descendants of slaves. She was baptised at 14 days old. She had 4 brothers, Francisco, Narciso, Dionsio, and José. Se lived in a humble hut, made of palm boards, located on La Luna Street (today Sánchez), in an area occupied by the poor. She was considered one of

250-419: A freedman ). Because of their different racial and social-economical status (hers being superior to his), Narciso Sánchez and Olaya del Rosario married after a special authorisation given by the mayor. His mother was a hairdresser who produced combs, while his father worked in the meat trade, selling, butchering and raising cattle. Narciso inherited the occupation from his father, Fernando Raimundo Sánchez, (who

375-425: A circumstance that he took advantage of to direct the conspiratorial tasks, virtually replacing Duarte. He gained the support of relatives of some of his colleagues from La Trinitaria, which made it possible for him to remain hidden for more than seven months, since at all times he rejected the possibility of leaving the country. According to historian Frank Moya Pons , in order to act with fewer difficulties, he spread

500-711: A counterattack, expelling the Trinitarios from the Central Government Board, and the Seibano leader was sworn in as President of the Republic. The young Trinitarios, previously revered as the architects of the Dominican nationalism, had to suffer the most unlikely persecutions, exiles, imprisonments and executions, as well as receive false moral insults with the intention of piercing their lineage. Not

625-514: A decree issued by Rafael Trujillo which dictated that all the descendants of the patrician change their main surname, if they did not have it, to that of his distinguished ancestor. During the 1980s, he would end up getting involved in a debate with the historian and later president of the Dominican Academy of History, Juan Daniel Balcácer, about the actions of several national figures, including his great-grandfather. José Aníbal in turn

750-758: A document was prepared in which both parties called for the creation of the Dominican Republic. The document is titled “ Demonstration of the peoples of the Eastern Part of the formerly Spanish Island or of Santo Domingo, on the causes of its separation from the Haitian Republic ” and is known as the Manifesto of January 16 due to the date on which it was read for the first time. Four copies were made, one remained in Santo Domingo and

875-736: A effort to educate himself, which was key to his outstanding patriotic action. He was self-taught, like almost all of his classmates. He had a love for culture; he was fascinated with the Bible and even enjoyed reading material by Greek and Roman authors. Historian Juan Daniel Balcácer described Sánchez as tall, with dark skin, a thin build, and extremely circumspect. Possessing a fine sense of humor, he stood out among his friends for his constant smile, always on his lips. He played various musical instruments and enjoyed reciting poetry. According to Eugenio María de Hostos , while educated and having taught himself Latin , English , and French later in life, he

1000-498: A heroine could not wait: You offer me your life in exchange for revealing the names of the main headlines, so you can kill them then. They are more useful to the cause of the Republic than I. I prefer that they be ignored and the sentence given be carried out on me. At no time did Trinidad lose its cool. As a woman of religious convictions, who had turned fifty months earlier, she was concerned only with protecting her modesty, for which purpose she made some underwear. Already in front of

1125-403: A leading position in the organization, becoming a fundamental figure in the daily work to achieve the objectives that gave rise to it. Eventually, not only would he prove to be a vital asset for the cause, but it would also allow him to earn Duarte's faith in him, placing his full trust on the young revolutionary. Sánchez's significance is seen in that he was one of those who led the overthrow of

1250-478: A national conception, since he was overcome with skepticism about the political potential of the Dominican people. Tradition relates that, on the occasion of appointments to important public positions of people lacking merit, he expressed to his son: “Convince yourself, Francisco; This may be a country, but it will never be a nation.” This conviction explains why he did not get involved in political affairs again and that he even implicitly harbored certain illusions about

1375-484: A pro-Spanish position, according to Lugo Lovatón, due to the damage that the Haitians had caused, since 1801, to the livestock activity and its owners, the whites of colonial society, who were his employers. These different political positions between father and son portray the changes in mentality that the young liberal founders of La Trinitaria carried out. Francisco del Rosario Sánchez had children with various women,

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1500-432: A romantic relationship, thus conceiving a daughter. However, Sánchez had received the tragic news that his aunt, Maria Trinidad Sánchez, had been tortured and executed by Santana for refusing to name the conspirators against him on 27 February 1845, exactly one year after the independence from Haiti. Sanchez's elder half-brother, Andrés, Nicolás de Barías and José del Carmen Figueroa were also shot. In 1848, Manuel Jimenes ,

1625-495: A single one of the young Duartistas escaped the cruel campaign of indictments by Pedro Santana and the conservative sectors who assaulted the political command in the nascent republic. As a sad paradox of fate, six months after the consummation of National Independence, on 22 August 1844, the Central Government Board led by Pedro Santana, issued a resolution declaring the Trinitario chiefs (Duarte, Sánchez and Mella) "traitors to

1750-486: A very nationalistic family. He first received his education from his mother, and later by the Peruvian priest Gaspar Hernández, a patriot who encouraged the young Sánchez to follow in his family's footsteps. He was also influenced by his father and aunt, Maria Trinidad Sánchez , both involved in the movement Revolution of Los Alcarrizos , an early resistance that attempted to libertate Dominicans from Haitian rule under

1875-539: A very special day, when hundreds of people from the city gathered, including the elderly, women and young people. Once the Separation was achieved, the women returned to daily life, although the danger of Haitian attacks remained. In any case, the active participation of women was no longer necessary, so Trinidad, like others, disappeared from the traces left by the chronicles. That does not mean that she remained completely passive, since what happened on February 27, 1844,

2000-428: A white pennant if it is daylight and a lantern above the mainmast if it were night. Once all this has been determined, you will try, if possible, to communicate it to Santo Domingo so that you can go and wait on the coast on December 9, or before, because it is necessary to fear the audacity of a third party or an enemy of ours, the people being so inflamed. Ramón Mella prepares to go there, although he tells us that he

2125-453: Is clear from the letter that Sánchez and Vicente Celestino Duarte intended to carry out the break with Haiti relying only on the Trinitario liberal sector. This is how it can be understood that the reproach they leveled at Mella and the haste they required to prevent their rivals from the third party, the French team, from overtaking them. Sánchez wrote a manifesto calling for independence, which

2250-414: Is going to Saint Thomas and it is not convenient for you to trust him, since he is the only one who has harmed us in any way again due to his blind ambition and imprudence. The National Guard has been ordered to exercise here, and one afternoon, because a soldier had left the line, Mr. Colonel Alfau lashed him, but he miraculously escaped with a bayonet and had the sad disappointment of being almost attacked

2375-444: Is mostly remembered as a man of action. One day, while attending philosophy classes, he was approached by a classmate, Juan Pablo Duarte , who was immediately intrigued by Sánchez's level of intellect. In 1838, Duarte founded the movement La Trinitaria , a nationalistic organization that intends to bring freedom to the Dominican people, who during this time were living in tyranny under Haitian rule. The main objective of this movement

2500-419: Is probable, given her mysticism. As part of that build, she was concerned about leading a dignified life, which is why she became known as one of the seamstresses with the best mastery of the trade in the city. The concern that women tended to assume for cultural reproduction, along with an ideal of social and spiritual improvement of offspring, was applied by Trinidad Sánchez to her nephew Francisco, whom she made

2625-488: Is recorded in much more detail than the subsequent events. Months later, the Trinitarios were defeated by the conservative annexationists in July 1844, and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez was deported along with his main companions, Juan Pablo Duarte and Matías Ramón Mella , accused of treason. Pedro Santana , thanks to his military prestige, began to exercise a dictatorship as leader of the conservative clique of supporters of

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2750-489: Is the sacred right of the peoples and their duty to throw off the yoke of such a government and provide for new guarantees ensuring its future stability and prosperity and adds: "Twenty-two years ago, the Dominican People, through one of those fatalities of fate, are suffering the most ignominious oppression... The manifesto, having already been unified by the alliance made between liberals and conservatives, changed

2875-489: The La Trinitaria secret society. The Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo began two years before her birth, and she grew up under Haitian rule. When Jean-Pierre Boyer took possession of the Dominican territory in 1822, the result was a political and cultural clash between the two countries, since the cultural base of the Haitians was Franco-African, while that of the Dominican people was Hispanic . For this reason

3000-538: The Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella is named partially in his honor. Following Duarte's exile, Sánchez took leadership of the independence movement, while continuing to correspond with Duarte through his relatives. Under Sánchez, the Dominicans would successfully overthrow Haitian rule and declare Dominican independence on 27 February 1844. With the success of the separation from Haiti, Sánchez took office as

3125-493: The 17th century, the Carmen church was conceived as a chapel for a slave brotherhood, a function that may have continued during the 18th century. This relationship corresponded with the modest condition of Trinidad, who lived in a plank hut in the southern part of Calle de la Luna, which currently bears the name of Sánchez. In colonial times, the western portion of the city served as a residence for poor or humble people, since most of

3250-657: The Baluarte pronouncement. The decision was, as expected, the sentencing of the four to the death penalty. It can be assumed that the sentence was ordered by Santana, who had special influence in the military establishment. Those who have considered that Bobadilla was truly responsible are guilty of candor. When faced with requests for clemency, Santana simply responded that it was not within his powers to attend to them, an excuse again motivated by his desire to evade responsibilities. The desperation of Santana and his collaborators went so far that, macabrely, they chose February 27 for

3375-412: The Dominican Republic's first interim president before ceding his position. But his ideas of an independent state were fiercely challenged by many within the sector who felt that the new nation's independence was only a temporary success. Because of his patriotic ideals, Sánchez, like many of his peers, would be on the receiving end of these political struggles. His main political rival was none other than

3500-496: The Dominican people A few days after the first letter it must have become clear to Sánchez that the sector he led found it impossible to produce independence on its own and that, therefore, it was imperative to reach an agreement with people of other orientations. In this sense, at the end of 1843 he reoriented himself towards achieving an alliance with a conservative sector, a position that he had criticized Mella shortly before. This way we can understand what Pina conveyed to Duarte, in

3625-513: The Father of the Nation, there were several who stood out in national life. Carlos Augusto Sánchez y Sánchez was an illustrious jurist, diplomat, historian and literary critic. His brother Juan Francisco (Tongo) Sánchez y Sánchez, a notable Dominican professor, dedicated mainly to the study of philosophy, and a self-taught pianist. With his notes he usually enlivened the clubs and gatherings of which he

3750-511: The Fortress, from where his leaders began negotiations with the French consul that led to the bloodless capitulation on February 28. The Haitians residing in the city, although they received guarantees that they could become Dominicans, preferred to emigrate. On February 29, apparently of his own free will, Sánchez handed over the presidency of the Board to Bobadilla, in recognition of the role that

3875-603: The French protectorate. This dictatorship was legalized by article 210 of the Constitution promulgated in San Cristóbal in November 1844, which stipulated that the president could monopolize full powers whenever he considered that the country was in danger. Trinidad's persistent willingness to take action is demonstrated by its participation in the conspiracy that was forged in the city of Santo Domingo beginning in

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4000-470: The Haitian authorities of Santo Domingo appointed by Jean Pierre Boyer, deposed at the end of March 1843 by the movement called La Reforma . Soon, the Trinitarios and the Haitian liberals took divergent paths, as the former formulated the goal of becoming independent from Haiti. Upon noticing the rise of independence ideas among Dominicans, Haitian President Charles Rivière-Hérard , who came to power after

4125-416: The Haitian authorities, Sánchez, then 25 years old, assumed the leadership of the independence movement La Trinitaria , where he presided over the group's meetings and expanded contacts with representatives of the most important social sector in the city, with the collaboration of fellow member Matías Ramón Mella . Sanchez's revolutionary work was intense. He originally intended to consummate independence at

4250-546: The Homeland” and deported them in perpetuity. Sánchez was exiled to Europe on 26 August 1844, along with Mella. However, tragedy struck while on board the ship, which crashed off the coast of Ireland , killing many of the people on the ship. The survivors, of which included Sánchez and Mella, found themselves in Dublin . In December 1844, they relocated to New York , United States. From there, Sánchez moved to Curaçao . Mella, on

4375-502: The Republic are not used in the destruction of their children. On the night of February 26, hours before the fatal moment, Trinidad Sánchez received a visit from Bobadilla, who, in accordance with family tradition, offered to commute his sentence if he revealed who had truly led the conspiracy. From what is clear from the story full of falsehoods that he gave to his son-in-law Carlos Nouel, the “universal minister” wanted his rival Manuel Jiménes, Minister of War, to be indicted. The response of

4500-474: The acts of the president, in his capacity as head of the Executive Branch, had to be endorsed by the ministry. However, it is evident that he was the architect of the banning of Trinitario leaders and that he had no disagreements with his ministers in this regard. The tyrant simply tried to evade responsibilities in the situation to make himself as likable as possible, a subterfuge that was also part of

4625-425: The annexation of 1861, despite the execution of his son at the beginning. Trinidad Sánchez was actively involved in the struggle that led to the founding of the Dominican Republic. She was not the only woman who took part in the great event, which can be understood in light of the consensus reached by the urban sectors on the convenience of liberating Santo Domingo from Haiti. Now, as Vetilio Alfau Durán highlights, in

4750-409: The aunt also had an impact on the young man's later life, since “she was always a woman of numerous and magnificent friends with whom Francisco interacted.” As was required, Trinidad Sánchez had no interest in politics. However, there is no doubt that she shared her brother's point of view against Haitian domination. The social position of Narciso Sánchez, as has been seen, of promotion processes since

4875-438: The author Ramón Lugo Lovatón assured that she was a friend of sententious phrases and strange anecdotes. She was also characterized by her marked religiosity and she was considered a saint, who wore a virgin's habit and performed penances . She was part of a community in the Carmen parish. She normally wore a habit of that virgin, with which she performed frequent penances that attracted the attention of his neighbors. Originally in

5000-404: The beginnings of the silent rivalry that he began to maintain with Tomás Bobadilla , who then directed the daily actions of the government, to the degree of known as the “universal minister.” Santana, however, claimed absolute personal power, so that the ministers were completely subordinated to him. The response he gave to the requests indicates that he was already maneuvering stealthily to curtail

5125-423: The best seamstresses in the city. She was like a second mother to her nieces and nephews and is recognized as having been a key figure in the initial education of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , her nephew and one of the fathers of the country. In the opinion of historian Roberto Cassá , Sánchez, who had slave ancestors, "showed a personality consistent with the stereotypes of the time.” Regarding Trinidad Sánchez,

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5250-584: The buildings were made of boards and yaguas and were interspersed with lots that were used as small conucos. Over time, Trinidad Sánchez established a deep relationship with the nuns of the Santa Clara convent, located on the eastern fringe of the walled city. The link with these may indicate that Trinidad Sánchez had achieved social recognition thanks to its industriousness and deep religiosity. She never married. Family memories do not clarify, however, whether she abstained from any form of marriage, although it

5375-532: The case of father and son, but never between two brothers, since this would be equivalent to authoritatively repeating the example of Cain and Abel. Finally, orders were given for the picket to approach; fire at point blank range, and it had an effect. (In the second volley they injured his hand and his suit caught fire) Biografía y valoración en Red Poder Comunitario . Francisco del Rosario S%C3%A1nchez [REDACTED]   Dominican Army Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (9 March 1817 – 4 July 1861)

5500-458: The charge of shooting a woman, so they diverted the first two shots, which prolonged the agony and highlighted a stoic fortitude. Juan Francisco Sánchez captured the heroine's final moments. Three shocks were fired. Andrés fell in the first. When seeing Since the shots left her unharmed, she asked her brother Narciso – who was a very good shooter – to execute her. Archbishop Don Tomás de Portes refused this, declaring that he would have accepted, in

5625-431: The circumstances have been favorable, so that we only lacked a combination to have delivered the blow. To this date, the business is in the same state in which you left it: for what we ask you, even at the expense of a star from heaven, the following effects: two thousand or one thousand or five hundred rifles, at least: four thousand cartridges, two or three hundred weight of lead; five hundred spears or whatever you can get,

5750-450: The city of Santo Domingo fell into panic because they believed that nothing would stop Soulouque. In Congress, Buenaventura Báez promoted the appointment of Santana as head of the army, contravening Jiménes' position. The attempt he made to lead the troops also ended in failure, a victim of sabotage by Santana's faithful. Sánchez accompanied Santana for a few days. However, it seems that differences arose between them for unknown reasons, and by

5875-417: The city, fired his legendary blunderbuss into the air, and at that moment, Sánchez raised the historical tricolor 1844 independent Dominican flag , shouting at the top of his lungs, the national slogan, Dios, Patria, Y Libertad , (God, Homeland, and Freedom), proclaiming to the world the birth of the new independent nation: The Dominican Republic. A new republic, now free of foreign rule, had now been born in

6000-413: The colonial phase, explains his hostility to the Haitian government established in 1822 by Jean-Pierre Boyer , despite the measures he took in favor of slaves and freedmen . Despite his humble origins, Narciso frequented high places, which led him to share his points of view. Lugo Lovatón assures that “he was fond of Spain,” among other things because his father Fernando “lived contentedly and in peace when

6125-467: The conservative sector was called to play from now on, with more social influence than the Trinitarios among the rural population of the interior from the country. Sánchez had anticipated for his predecessors to follow Duarte's ideals to maintain an independent state free of any foreign power. But these ideas were tossed to the ground due to opposing sides who felt that the new nation was not financially and economy able to withstand on its own, especially in

6250-483: The conspirators showed signs of naivety, which raises doubts about the scope of what they were doing. Contrary to what some of the conspirators expected, as soon as he heard about the plot, the President decided to punish the plotters with extreme severity, aware that an act of this nature weakened conservative power and could harm it in the long run. As indicated by the letter he sent to Bobadilla, who seems to have been

6375-401: The country as his El Prado ranch. Very dear Don Tomás: I was surprised by your obituary regarding what Ur. measured about the coup to overthrow the ministry. I believe that this could be false and if this were so it would be an attack. I will try to inform myself and prevent any disorder that has arisen. I do not believe it, I repeat what is known today is that some officers have resigned, as I

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6500-562: The country was placed under military repression under Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella , who set about recruiting youths for the military service of the Dominican Republic. Bona grew up in a family fully committed to the patriotic cause that followed the ideas of Juan Pablo Duarte . Young and brave, with her family she unconditionally adopted the Trinitarian ideas. Thus it was that together with her cousin, María de Jesús Pina, Isabel Sosa and María Trinidad Sánchez , using fine fabrics she made

6625-475: The cultural heritage that allowed Francisco del Rosario Sánchez such a relevant political role. From the moment when Sánchez was subject to persecution by the Haitian authorities, he had the help of his aunt. Shortly after leaving his home, after a brief refuge with the Alfonseca sisters, close friends of his parents, he hid Trinidad Sánchez's home, where he became ill, a circumstance that allowed him to spread

6750-399: The dictatorship of Jean-Pierre Boyer , who invaded in 1822 and brought the whole island under his control. Unfortunately, this conspiracy was eventually discovered by Boyer, who order all those involved to be executed. Narciso, however, was imprisoned. This action not only caused Olaya to suffer, but it also accumulated into a long lasting fear and worry for her children and husband, who by now

6875-480: The dominant figure among the Dominican representatives in the Constituent Assembly of the Haitian capital, who established secret negotiations with the consul general of France, Emile de Levasseur , in order for The projected Dominican Republic would be constituted as a protectorate of France. Such a project was supposed to materialize through the appointment of a French governor for 10 renewable years,

7000-446: The end of 1843 with only the Trinitarian forces. The objective was an uprising at the end of 1843, for which he sent a letter to Juan Pablo Duarte, which his brother, Vicente Celestino Duarte , also signed, dated November 15, 1843. Sánchez and Vicente Celestino Duarte asked the father of the country to arrive along the coast of Guayacanes to put himself at the forefront of the insurrection, and to try to bring weapons. The letter portrays

7125-463: The entire first battalion and see nothing but his brother Abbot in his defense. To Juan Isidro Pérez and Pedro Pina, who receive all the expression of affection that we could do if we saw them and that we did not write to them separately due to lack of time. Juan Pablo, we repeat the greatest activity, let's see if we make the month of December memorable forever. God, Country and Freedom, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Vicente Celestino Duarte. It

7250-416: The execution of the condemned. It was the first anniversary of the still called Separation, an event in which the four had taken part. The selection of the date had a symbolic value, in order to warn that anyone who tried to question the current order would have to face drastic consequences. Unlike what happened in July of the previous year, when Santana did not dare to shoot Duarte and his companions because of

7375-481: The firing squad, she asked her brother to tie her skirts. The path of the condemned, between the fortress and the cemetery outside the walls, was accompanied by a clamor that led the heroine to cover her ears, so as not to hear the sobs and not suffer weakness. She was accompanied by Archbishop Tomás de Portes , with whom she had a friendship due to their ties to the Church. The members of the firing squad tried to evade

7500-580: The first being Felícita Martínez, with whom he fathered Mónica Sánchez Martínez, who was born on January 30, 1838. Some years later, he fathered María Gregoria (Goyita) with María Evarista Hinojosa. who was born on November 28, 1841. Goyita had a daughter named Mercedes Laura Sánchez. In exile, Sánchez fathered with Leoncia Leydes Rodríguez (b. September 15, 1846/47), a daughter whom they named Leoncia Sánchez. This she, in turn, had two daughters: Emilia Mercedes and Manuela Dolores Sánchez. With Mercedes Pembrén Chevalier Sánchez procreated Petronila Sánchez Pembrén, who

7625-411: The first to receive the complaint although he was initially skeptical about its veracity, Santana ratified his trust in the super minister and set out to dismantle the conspiracy. The tyrant realized that, although the purpose was to elevate him to the status of dictator, the order he represented was questioned. The terrible spelling of the obituary shows the cultural level of the person who began to manage

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7750-550: The form of a republican and democratic government. Sánchez was just 26 years old when this took place. As agreed, his first act after declaration of independence was to take presidency of the Central Governing Board, designed to govern over the nation in the wake of its independence. He ordered Bobadilla to go to Monte Grande to assure the freedmen that slavery would not be reinstated. The small Haitian garrison did not dare to offer resistance. He locked himself in

7875-407: The group. This is what explains that after Sánchez changed hiding places, the aunt continued to be busy carrying messages and helping move him from one place to another. Furthermore, when the time comes for the coup against Haitian domination, Trinidad Sánchez was in charge of making capsules for the few weapons that the conspirators had. She took part in the preparations for the pronouncement, and on

8000-692: The independentist Francisco Soñé. Despite Juan Francisco having recognized them, due to family problems related to his mother, neither of them used the surname Sánchez for most of their lives. In the case of Carlos Fernández, it is likely that he adopted it as a second surname later. He later married Eudocia Maggiolo, who produced Francisco del Rosario, Filomena, Fernando Arturo, María, Flérida and Manuel A. Sánchez Maggiolo. Later he married his niece Emilia Mercedes Sánchez, with whom he fathered Manuel Antonio Francisco, María Patria, Manuel Emilio, Héctor, Carlos Augusto, Emilia, Marina Altagracia, and Juan Francisco Sánchez y Sánchez. Of this generation of grandchildren of

8125-472: The intention of achieving the return of the Trinitarios on the basis of achieving the overthrow of the ministry and the expansion of Santana's powers. A statement against the government was planned to be held in the Plaza de Armas, aimed at overthrowing it. Those who opposed should be eliminated immediately. There is no clarity about whether, in addition to those who were discovered, other people were involved in

8250-411: The last days of 1844, in order to achieve the return of the Trinitarios exiled a few months before. Various people had approached Pedro Santana to intercede on behalf of the young liberals, to which the tyrant responded that it was not possible because the members of his cabinet, according to him, were in favor of keeping out the outlaws. It is true that the recently promulgated Constitution stipulated that

8375-576: The military general, Pedro Santana . His status as a patriot came with many unfortunate consequences, including incarceration, deprived of his assets, exiled throughout the Caribbean , and worst of all, the death of his companions. By 1861, his worst fears of the end of the republic came to reality upon learning that the pro-annexation group led by Santana agreed to reintegrate Dominican Republic back to colonial status. With no time to waste, Sánchez rushed back to his homeland to challenge this decision, but

8500-416: The ministers would be deposed and dictatorial powers would be attributed to Santana. This coincidence indicates that the tyrant had been able to confuse the discontented, to cast the blame that belonged to himself on his subordinates. Manuel Joaquín del Monte, in his chronicle about the events that occurred between 1838 and 1845, considers that the idea of the conspiracy came from the deception of which Trinidad

8625-500: The moderate, faithful and courageous Sánchez whom we believed in the grave. Ramón Contreras is a new party leader, also a Duartist. That of the French people has weakened to such a degree that only the Alfau and Delgado remain in it; The other supporters, some have joined ours and the others are indifferent. The reigning party awaits you as general in chief, to begin that great and glorious revolutionary movement, which will bring happiness to

8750-417: The mountainous life of ranching. According to historian Ramón Lugo Lovatón, his professions allowed him to achieve a certain level of social advancement. However, in his will, he clarified that the couple did not bring property to the marriage, indicating that his professions did not bring fortune to the family. A detail that illustrates the social status of Sánchez's parents is that their initial relationship

8875-497: The newly elected president, granted an amnesty which allowed the return of Sanchez and many of the exiled patriots back to the country. Sanchez returned to the Dominican Republic during a very crucial time. He had returned just in time to find that his parents, Olaya del Rosario and Narsisso Sanchez, were still alive. However, by the beginning of February 1849, Olaya del Rosario became seriously ill. Longing to enjoy her presence, both Sánchez and his father came to an agreement that her end

9000-496: The news that the enemy had taken possession of Azua without the expected resistance being put up, seeing that General Santana was going down to the theater of war, I voluntarily asked the Minister of War to Division General Ramón Bidó was then, to replace me in the post I occupied and give me route order to leave with the troops that I could collect, to place myself at the disposal of Generals Pedro Santana and Antonio Duvergé who were

9125-402: The night of February 27, according to José María Serra , “she carried gunpowder in his own skirts” to distribute it among those who showed up at the Baluarte del Conde with firearms. Family tradition also relates that, because she was a seamstress, she hastily sewed a flag, adding a white cross to the Haitian flag, before the one made by Concepción Bona arrived. Certainly, February 27, 1844 was

9250-406: The object of her preferences. In a way, she acted like a second mother to her nephews, actively collaborating in all household matters, shoulder to shoulder with her sister-in-law, Olaya del Rosario Belen, Francisco's mother. The family chronicle shows that the initial education received by Sánchez was due to the efforts, within the strict home horizon, of his mother and aunt. To a considerable extent,

9375-402: The objective contained in the Trinitarian oath: We believe we have demonstrated with heroic constancy, that the evils of a government must be suffered while they are bearable, rather than do justice by abolishing forms; but when a long series of injustices, violations, and insults, continuing to the same end, denote the design of reducing everything to despotism and the most obsolete tyranny, it

9500-557: The ones who they commanded the army of operations. Concepci%C3%B3n Bona Maria de la Concepción Bona Hernández , Mother Founder (December 6, 1824 – July 2, 1901) was a nursery school teacher and a campaigner for the independence of the Dominican Republic . Together with María Trinidad Sánchez , Isabel Sosa and María de Jesús Pina, she took part in designing the Dominican flag . Concepción Bona

9625-468: The other hand, resettled in neighboring Puerto Rico . His life in Curaçao was very simple. He settled in the suburb community of Pietermaai , located in the capital city of Willemstad . He took a job as a teacher, where he taught Spanish and other subjects in the company of companions of his friend, Juan José Illás. This allowed him to meet Leoncia Rodríguez, a Curaçaoan woman, with whom he established

9750-419: The other three were sent to the main regions of the country: Juan Evangelista Jiménez took it to Cibao, to the south, Gabino Puello , and to the east, Juan Contreras. The Manifesto of January 16 was a response to the one prepared by Buenaventura Báez on January 1 of the same year, in which he called for the creation of the Dominican Republic as a protectorate of France. The first, on the other hand, clearly stated

9875-406: The plans on the uprising, which they agreed would be set for 27 February 1844. A day later, the rebels were sent to various parts of the country for the purpose of finalizing the agreements made during the meeting. In addition to Sánchez and Mella, Vicente Celestino Duarte, José Joaquín Puello , those of La Concha ( Jacinto and Tomás), Juan Alejandro Acosta and many others attended that meeting. At

10000-488: The plethora of Februaryists, Trinidad occupied the most prominent place. Other women who participated in the preparations for the revolt or in subsequent actions were Concepción Bona , Manuela Díez Jiménez , Rosa Duarte , María Baltasara de los Reyes , Josefa Pérez de la Paz , Ana Valverde , María de Jesús Pina, the Villa sisters and Juana Saltitopa . It can be concluded that the exceptional prominence of Trinidad Sánchez

10125-413: The plot. It was speculated that behind the conspirators were some high-level officials, among them the Minister of War, Manuel Jiménes , who was never a supporter of Santana and disputed positions with Bobadilla. It is known that María Trinidad Sánchez, her nephew Andrés Sánchez and several other people established contacts with active military personnel, who agreed to compromise, with the understanding that

10250-434: The power of his conservative associates. A little more than two years later, the conflict of interests would focus between Santana and Bobadilla, in which the former was victorious. Meanwhile, at the end of 1844, these responses raised hopes that it would be feasible to reverse the prevailing situation with no less than the help of Santana. With his tricks, the tyrant stimulated a movement that started from an act of naivety:

10375-453: The pressure that arose, this time he found no obstacles. Added to this was the unusual fact that the woman with the most conspicuous participation in the previous year's pronouncement was going to be shot, a tribute to the cowardice of Santana and his acolytes. As an expression of the establishment of an autocratic order, the lawyers of the accused, Juan N. Tejera and Félix María Delmonte , despite having been Trinitarios and friends of Duarte, in

10500-500: The proposal of some of his companions, among whom were Félix Mercenario, Manuel María Valverde, Manuel Jimenes and Mariano Echavarría, it was agreed that Sánchez would preside over the Governing Board that was to direct the destinies of the nascent republic. In the previous days, the commitment of the officers of the 31st and 32nd regiments, as well as the city garrison, had been achieved. For example, Manuel Jiménes obtained

10625-414: The purpose of establishing a fully sovereign State, although it did not mention the term independence but that of separation. Even so, there is no hint of protectionist approaches that would mediate national autonomy. The secret dissemination of the text ended up creating the conditions for Haitian rule to be overthrown. In one of the paragraphs of the manifesto, Sánchez denotes his firm decision to achieve

10750-466: The request for clemency submitted to Santana, referred to those arrested in derogatory way, as “miserable automatons”, and they did them a disservice by recognizing the legal validity of the ruling: Convinced both of the legality of the sentence and of the idiocy, ignorance and innocent intentions of the condemned, we ask Your Excellency that despite the inflexible severity of the Law, the victorious weapons of

10875-472: The rumor that he had died and had been secretly buried in the small cemetery of the Carmen church. Juan Pablo Duarte's exile took place at the last and most crucial stage of the struggle. But it was when Duarte was exiled and in hiding in Venezuela that Sánchez became the central presence in the Dominican revolt. In 1843, when Duarte went into exile in Curaçao for fear of being assassinated or imprisoned by

11000-489: The rumor that he had died. It was in that house where Dr. Manuel Guerrero cured Sánchez. He took advantage of a hidden cistern in the patio to take refuge when the authorities requisitioned the home. But he decided to leave the Trinidad Sánchez's home, aware that his pursuers suspected he was there, and had to change hiding places on several occasions. That did not prevent his aunt from continuing to visit him when it

11125-469: The scheduled time, around midnight on the 27th. On the night of 27 February 1844, Sánchez and his men seized the Ozama Fortress in the capital of Santo Domingo. The Haitian garrison stationed in the city was caught by surprise, apparently betrayed by one of their sentinels, and was forced to flee the scene. After this, Sánchez marched to the tip of Puerta Del Conde . Mella, who had just arrived in

11250-511: The sense that some French people had joined the liberals. The basic link in such alliance was Tomás Bobadilla , a lawyer who held positions in public administration since the time of España Boba and who had collaborated with the Haitian regime. Bobadilla, like other figures of social prestige, understood that the crisis in which Haiti's ruling groups were struggling had created the conditions to overthrow their rule. For accidental reasons, Bobadilla had not reached agreements with Buenaventura Báez ,

11375-472: The situation that the efforts in pursuit of independence were going through: Juan Pablo: With Mr. José Ramón Chaves Hernández we write to you on November 18, imposing on you the political state of this city and the needs we have for you to (get) help for the triumph of our cause. Now we take advantage of the opportunity of Mr. Buenaventura Freites to repeat to you what we tell you in the others in case they had not reached your hands. After your departure, all

11500-525: The steps initiated by Mella, when he became convinced that the Trinitarian sector he headed could not declare independence on its own. Although conservative participation was crucial for it to materialize on February 27, all the work was directed by Sánchez and his Trinitarian companions, who had a greater capacity for initiative than the Frenchified group. This primacy made it easier for the Trinitarios to remain compact around Sánchez. From this alliance,

11625-519: The support of Martín Girón, officer in charge of the Puerta del Conde. The plan established that a part of the conspirators would gather at the Puerta de la Misericordia and from there they would converge with others who would go to the Puerta del Conde, as a meeting point to assume control of the city and take the Ozama Fortress. Testimonies indicate that many of those committed did not show up at

11750-467: The time and her cousin was 16. Bona married Marcos Gómez y Carvajal, who was from Baní , on June 2, 1851. The couple had six children: Marcos Antonio, Manuel de Jesús, Eloísa, Rafael María, José María, and another José María. Concepción Bona died on July 2, 1901, in Santo Domingo. She was 76 years old. Her remains are preserved in the National Pantheon . A metro station in Santo Domingo

11875-499: The time the Battle of Las Carreras began, on April 21, Sánchez had retreated towards Santo Domingo. Although he returned to the theater of events as soon as he heard the cannon shots, he arrived after the battle was over. Following the Dominican victory over the Haitians, Sánchez wrote a testimony, in which he writes: When the invasion of Soulouque began, I was in the capital carrying out the position of Commander of Arms. After I heard

12000-421: The transfer of Samaná and cooperation with France in the reconquest of Haiti. Liberals and conservatives were aware of their weaknesses and the importance of an alliance, but the attempts that had been made ended in failure. While Duarte was still in the country, meetings were held in which it became clear that the differences were insurmountable. It was up to Sánchez to break this mutual animosity, following

12125-453: The tricolor flag that was hoisted by the independence supporters in Puerta del Conde on February 27, 1844. This marked the birth of the independent Dominican Republic. According to Dominican historians, it was Bona herself who brought the flag to Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , who would fly the flag above the altar following the capture of the Ozama Fortress . Concepción Bona was aged 19 at

12250-417: The triumph of La Reforma, decided to make an intimidating visit to the former Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, known to Haitians as “Partie de L´Est”. Duarte and several of his companions, among whom was Sánchez, hid. The Haitians unleashed a tenacious persecution of the fugitives and Duarte, Juan Isidro Pérez and Pedro Alejandro Pina left the country on August 2, 1843. Sánchez could not do so due to being ill,

12375-623: The wake of the upcoming threats by the Haitians. And thus, this began a new era for the Dominican Republic tainted with violent political standoffs. He left the Presidency of the governing body over Tomás Bobadilla, who treacherously carried out actions to achieve a protectorate of France, through the Levasseur Plan, through which French military aid would materialize, to emerge victorious in the Dominican-Haitian War that

12500-420: The war utensils you can. About money, you know more than anyone what may he needed; In conclusion what is essential is help, however small it may be, since this is the opinion of the majority of the headless. This achieved, you must go to the port if Guayacanes, always with the concern of being a little removed from land, about one or two miles, until you are notified, or signaled, for which purpose you will place

12625-408: The word independence for reparation, culminating these words: To the Dominican union! Since the opportune moment is presented to us from Neiba to Samaná, from Azua to Montecristi, the opinions are in agreement and there is no Dominican who does not exclaim with enthusiasm: Separation, God, Homeland and Freedom. Meeting at the house of Sánchez, on 24 February, the members of La Trinitaria discussed on

12750-468: The ‘whites’ who emigrated when Toussaint Louverture invaded.” Hence, when, in 1824, the promulgation of measures aimed at the destruction of the large traditional livestock property, gave rise to an aborted rebellion against the Haitian regime, Narciso Sánchez joined the conspiracy through Agustín Acosta, one of the ringleaders. The authorities learned of the plot through the denunciation of a subject whom Narciso had informed of some plans. For this reason, he

12875-478: Was a Dominican revolutionary, politician, and former president of the Dominican Republic . He is considered by Dominicans as the second prominent leader of the Dominican War of Independence , after Juan Pablo Duarte and before Matías Ramón Mella . Widely acknowledged as one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic, and the only martyr of the three, he is honored as a national hero . In addition,

13000-400: Was a daughter of Ignacio Bona Pérez, one of the signatories of the Manifesto of January 16, 1844 , and Juana de Dios Hernández, who was the eldest daughter of Josefa Brea Hernández, wife of the independence leader, Matías Ramón Mella . She was also niece of a famous citizen Juan Pina, the father of Pedro Alejandro Pina , who was prominent in the national independence movement and co-founder of

13125-581: Was a fervent enthusiast. On the side of his grandson José Fernández, he married Juana Roselia Brea Sánchez, a distant descendant of the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas and the chronicler Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo . In this way they had as one of their children the writer, doctor and later history professor at the UASD , José Aníbal Sánchez-Fernández (originally born José Aníbal Fernández Brea). He would end up adopting "Sánchez" as his main surname due to

13250-499: Was a victim, eager for her nephew to return, who believed the version of a sergeant who was serving service in Santana's house, that he would proceed in that sense if he were named dictator. This sergeant involved other soldiers, until one of them decided that Santana should be brought up to speed. It is likely that not all the threads were exposed, as perhaps there were experienced people behind those who were prosecuted. In any case,

13375-467: Was appointed Commander of Arms for the city of Santo Domingo by Jimenes. However, almost immediately after assuming office, Faustin Soulouque , the new ruler of Haiti, ensued a new invasion into the territory. The head of the Dominican army, Antonio Duvergé , suffered some defeats against the Haitian troops, which was used by Santana's supporters to discredit him and disobey his orders. The population of

13500-423: Was arrested along with other conspirators; but while several received sentences, Narciso was only the subject of a severe reprimand for not having communicated what he knew. From then on, Narciso Sánchez limited himself to daily life, like almost the entire population, but his views must have influenced his son Francisco, although in a relative way. The father, although in favor of the break from Haiti, did not have

13625-658: Was born (b. April 3, 1852) and Manuel de Jesús, (b. February 16, 1854), who died young. Balbina de Peña died at the age of 70 on April 26, 1895. The only surviving son of the Sánchez Peña household was Juan Francisco (Papi) Sánchez Peña, who held the rank of General, was Minister of Finance of the President Ulises Heureaux and was part of the government cabinet of President Morales Languasco. Juan Francisco Sánchez Peña thus fathered two sons named José and Carlos with Caridad Fernández Soñé, granddaughter of

13750-402: Was born in Santo Domingo on 6 December 1824. From a young age, she showed love for the country and kept up to date with all independence events at all times. Her early years and youth were spent in a house located on Palo Hincado Street, almost on the corner of El Conde, a street that appears in the history of Santo Domingo as the place where most of the independence movements were incubated. She

13875-445: Was born on February 22, 1852, who married León Güilamo, they later procreated Mercedes, Rafaela, Micaela, Alicia, León and Asunción Güilamo Sánchez. Following the death of his mother Olaya del Rosario, he decided to marry Balbina de Peña, daughter of Luciano de Peña and Petronila Pérez, on April 4, 1849, in front of witnesses Román Bidó, Minister of Justice; Jacinto de la Concha and Pedro Alejandro Pina . From this union Juan Francisco

14000-413: Was concubinage, despite the fact that the mother had Canarian ancestors. Sánchez had an older maternal brother, Andrés, who was adopted by his father. The same hero was born out of wedlock, and although his final last name was Sánchez, he kept his mother's last name as a middle name. (His surnames are inverted because his parents were not married at the time of his birth, marrying in 1819). His father had

14125-454: Was distributed throughout the country, the text of which has been lost. From information that Pedro Alejandro Pina received and transmitted to Duarte, in a letter dated 27 November 1843, it is deduced that the Trinitarios had recovered from Hérard's repression and were gaining strength, while the French supporters were weakening. Pina says to Duarte: The Duartista party has progressed, receiving life and movement from that excellent patriot, from

14250-418: Was due to her status as aunt of the person who was in charge of the conspiratorial efforts of the young liberal democrats of La Trinitaria . This is undoubtedly true, since Trinidad Sánchez joined the work through her nephew, but it does not explain everything, since her participation cannot be reduced to accidental and passive support. In reality, she was externalizing the patriotic convictions that were part of

14375-422: Was feasible, determined to collaborate with the patriotic struggle. During the months prior to independence, when it became clear to the general population that such an objective was set, Trinidad Sánchez began to have greater weight in conspiratorial activities, a time when surely no other woman did so in such an active and responsible manner. It is deduced that she was simply part of the group as another member of

14500-418: Was lured into a trap by the very same people who allied with him, leading to his unfortunate death on 4 July 1861. His death triggered a national outrage throughout the island, and marking a new era of struggle for independence, which was eventually achieved in 1865. Sanchez was born on 9 March 1817, in the city of Santo Domingo, during the years of a 12-year era known to Dominicans as España Boba . This period

14625-414: Was marked as an enemy by the Haitians. And as the young Sánchez grew up emulating his father's revolutionary footsteps, her bitterness and concerns would transcend into the future. In his youth, Sánchez used to accompany his father in the work of managing agricultural properties, which allowed him to interact with people of different social classes. Beyond what was instilled by his family, Sánchez maintained

14750-465: Was near. He continued to be by her side until her unfortunate death on 2 March 1849. Before her death, Sánchez reconnected with his old girlfriend, Balbina Peña, later marrying her. The two would remain wed until Sánchez's death. In addition, the widowed Narciso Sánchez would later remarry with Emelie Wincler Pitineli, a native of Curaçao, procreating María Teresa Sánchez Wincler in 1852. On his return, Sanchez held many important positions in government. He

14875-449: Was part of the free black population) of which mostly took place in the east, an area where livestock production was concentrated. This job placed him in an intermediate situation between the urban and rural world, which was very common at that time. Much of the herd owners preferred to live in the cities, so they appointment administrators. In the cases of Narciso Sánchez, despite being a resident of Santo Domingo, he spent much of his time in

15000-473: Was plagued into an economic and cultural crisis, in view of the fact that, when Juan Sánchez Ramírez managed to get the "Junta de Bandillo" at the end of 1808 to decide to return to Spain or reincorporate it after defeating French general Jean-Louis Ferrand , in the Battle of Palo Hincado , who applied the Treaty of Basel in 1804, through which Spain ceded the eastern part of the island to France in 1795. Spain

15125-519: Was taking place and in compensation, the new Dominican state would cede the peninsula and the bay of Samaná to France. Angered, the Trinitarios carried out a coup d'état on 9 June and expelled the supporters of the French protectorate and installed Sánchez in the Presidency of the Governing Board. However, Pedro Santana , at the head of the Army of the South, advanced to Santo Domingo and on 12 July 1844 gave

15250-479: Was the father of the famous Dominican poet, intellectual, narrator, essayist, professor, columnist and advertiser, Enriquillo Sánchez Mulet. His childhood was spent in the framework of the period of Haitian domination of the eastern part of the island, which began in 1821 after the failure of the independence initiative of the enlightened José Núñez de Cáceres , which historians refer to as the "Ephemeral Independence." In spite of his humble origins, Sánchez grew up in

15375-648: Was to movement was to not only overthrow Haitian rule of Santo Domingo, but to establish an independent state free of foreign power. Seeing Sánchez as a perfect candidate for membership, Duarte didn't think twice before recruiting him. Sánchez had traveled to the United States and Europe as a young man. His vision of the cause was the typical republican goal of the Age of Enlightenment . With his recruitment, it didn't take long for Sánchez to stand out for his industriousness and determination. Little by little, he gained

15500-468: Was told. Your most blessed servant and friend, Santana.! Promptly, on January 16, the President ordered the formation of a military commission, in accordance with the provisions of article 210 of the Constitution. The detained soldiers confirmed the participation of the heroine and her nephew Andrés, as well as the Venezuelan José del Carmen Figueroa and Nicolás de Barias, a soldier participating in

15625-473: Was under the Napoleonic invasion, which prevented meeting the requirements of the reacquired colony. Sánchez was the son of Olaya del Rosario Belén (1791–1849), a free woman of color , , and Narciso Sánchez Ramona (1789–1869), a tall man who was a descendent of slaves. (According to a marriage certificate, which lists both of his parents as free people of color, it is presumed that Narciso may have been

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