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139-624: The total area is 294 m (3,160 sq ft); it has five exposition and four exhibition halls. The museum is housed in two buildings, the Marc Chagall Art Center and the Marc Chagall House-Museum. The Marc Chagall Art Center, at 2 Putna Street, was opened in 1992. Exhibitions of graphic works by Chagall from the museum's collection are held here: woodcuts, etchings, aquatints, a series of illustrations of Nikolai Gogol 's novel "Dead Souls" (1923-1925),

278-457: A Romantic poem of German idyllic life – Hans Küchelgarten , and had it published at his own expense, under the pseudonym "V. Alov." The magazines he sent it to almost universally derided it. He bought all the copies and destroyed them, swearing never to write poetry again. His stay in St. Petersburg forced Gogol to make a certain decision regarding his self-identification. It was a period of turmoil;

417-545: A katorga prison camp in Omsk , Siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached Tobolsk , a prisoner way station. Despite the circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's kindness and eventually abandoned his decision to kill himself. In Tobolsk,

556-423: A Farm , Gogol pictures Ukraine as a "nation ... united by organic culture , historical memory, and language ". His image of Russia lacks this depth and is always based in the present, particularly focused on Russia's bureaucracy and corruption. Dead Souls , according to Bojanowska, "presents Russian uniqueness as a catalog of faults and vices." The duality of Gogol’s national identity is frequently expressed as

695-431: A Jewish perspective." Gogol's oeuvre has also had an impact on Russia's non-literary culture, and his stories have been adapted numerous times into opera and film. The Russian composer Alfred Schnittke wrote the eight-part Gogol Suite as incidental music to The Government Inspector performed as a play , and Dmitri Shostakovich set The Nose as his first opera in 1928 – a peculiar choice of subject for what

834-550: A Madman ". Gogol's short story " Christmas Eve " (literally the Russian title «Ночь перед Рождеством» translates as "The Night before Christmas") was adapted into operatic form by at least three East Slavic composers. Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko wrote his Christmas Eve («Різдвяна ніч», with libretto in Ukrainian by Mykhailo Starytsky ) in 1872. Just two years later, in 1874, Tchaikovsky composed his version under

973-517: A Spaniard in late spring and Dostoevsky's gambling addiction and age ended their relationship. He later described her in a letter to Nadezhda Suslova as a "great egoist. Her egoism and her vanity are colossal. She demands everything of other people, all the perfections, and does not pardon the slightest imperfection in the light of other qualities that one may possess", and later stated "I still love her, but I do not want to love her any more. She doesn't deserve this love ..." In 1858 Dostoevsky had

1112-449: A black handkerchief wrapped around his head, simulating a toothache, while another professor interrogated the students. Gogol resigned his chair in 1835. Between 1832 and 1836, Gogol worked with great energy, and had extensive contact with Pushkin, but he still had not yet decided that his ambitions were to be fulfilled by success in literature. During this time, the Russian critics Stepan Shevyrev and Vissarion Belinsky , contradicting

1251-623: A collection of essays, but funds were lacking, and the Diary was published in Vladimir Meshchersky 's The Citizen , beginning on 1 January, in return for a salary of 3,000 rubles per year. In the summer of 1873, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with the children, while Dostoevsky stayed in St Petersburg to continue with his Diary . In March 1874, Dostoevsky left The Citizen because of the stressful work and interference from

1390-401: A convincingness, a truthfulness, and inevitability – attained as a rule by slight but definitive strokes of unexpected reality – that seems to beggar the visible world itself." According to Andrey Bely , Gogol's work influenced the emergence of Gothic romance , and served as a forerunner for absurdism and impressionism . The aspect under which the mature Gogol sees reality is expressed by

1529-404: A dark and secretive disposition, marked by a painful self-consciousness and boundless ambition. Equally early he developed a talent for mimicry, which later made him a matchless reader of his own works and induced him to toy with the idea of becoming an actor. On leaving school in 1828, Gogol went to Saint Petersburg, full of vague but ambitious hopes. He desired literary fame, and brought with him

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1668-719: A delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. They stayed in Berlin and visited the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden , where he sought inspiration for his writing. They continued their trip through Germany, visiting Frankfurt , Darmstadt , Heidelberg and Karlsruhe . They spent five weeks in Baden-Baden , where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with Turgenev and again lost much money at

1807-446: A disaster: He turned in a performance ludicrous enough to warrant satiric treatment in one of his own stories. After an introductory lecture made up of brilliant generalizations which the 'historian' had prudently prepared and memorized, he gave up all pretence at erudition and teaching, missed two lectures out of three, and when he did appear, muttered unintelligibly through his teeth. At the final examination, he sat in utter silence with

1946-504: A dropped pen holder. After another haemorrhage, Anna called the doctors, who gave a poor prognosis. A third haemorrhage followed shortly afterwards. While seeing his children before dying, Dostoevsky requested that the parable of the Prodigal Son be read to his children. The profound meaning of this request is pointed out by Joseph Frank : It was this parable of transgression, repentance, and forgiveness that he wished to leave as

2085-577: A great satirist who lampooned the unseemly sides of Imperial Russia. They did not know that Dead Souls was but the first part of a planned modern-day counterpart to the Divine Comedy of Dante . The first part represented the Inferno ; the second part would depict the gradual purification and transformation of the rogue Chichikov under the influence of virtuous publicans and governors – Purgatory . In April 1848, Gogol returned to Russia from

2224-465: A job as a lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned by Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no less good-natured and no less courteous than his brother, but when not in a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and sometimes was carried away to the point of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness". Dostoevsky's first completed literary work,

2363-620: A journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. Notes from the House of the Dead was released in Russky Mir (Russian World) in September 1860. Humiliated and Insulted was published in the new Vremya magazine, which had been created with the help of funds from his brother's cigarette factory. Dostoevsky travelled to western Europe for

2502-433: A key role in these processes". Gogol's appreciation of Ukraine grew during his discovery of Ukrainian history, and he concluded that "Ukraine possessed exactly the kind of cultural wholeness, proud tradition, and self-awareness that Russia lacked." He rejected or was critical of many of the postulates of official Russian history about Ukrainian nationhood. His unpublished " Mazepa’s Meditations" presents Ukrainian history in

2641-677: A last heritage to his children, and it may well be seen as his own ultimate understanding of the meaning of his life and the message of his work. Among Dostoevsky's last words was his quotation of Matthew 3:14–15 : "But John forbad him, saying, I have a need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness", and he finished with "Hear now—permit it. Do not restrain me!". His last words to his wife Anna were: "Remember, Anya, I have always loved you passionately and have never been unfaithful to you ever, even in my thoughts!" When he died, his body

2780-474: A lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk , which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg 's literary circles. However, he was arrested in 1849 for belonging to a literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle , that discussed banned books critical of Tsarist Russia . Dostoevsky was sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted at

2919-541: A letter asking to resign his post. Shortly thereafter, he wrote his second novel, The Double , which appeared in the journal Notes of the Fatherland on 30 January 1846, before being published in February. Around the same time, Dostoevsky discovered socialism through the writings of French thinkers Fourier , Cabet , Proudhon and Saint-Simon . Through his relationship with Belinsky he expanded his knowledge of

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3058-554: A letter from the Tsar commuting the sentence. Dostoevsky later described the experience of what he believed to be the last moments of his life in his novel The Idiot . The story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad but reprieved at the last moment is recounted by the main character, Prince Myshkin, who describes the experience from the point of view of the victim, and considers the philosophical and spiritual implications. Dostoevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at

3197-473: A local prince, his progeny then taking the name "Dostoevsky" based on a village there called Dostojewo  [ pl ] (derived from Old Polish dostojnik – dignitary). Dostoevsky's immediate ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on his father's side were priests. In 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there he

3336-585: A manner that justifies Ukraine’s "historic right to independence". Before 1836, Gogol had planned to move to Kyiv to study Ukrainian ethnography and history, and it was after these plans failed that he decided to become a Russian writer. Even before the publication of Dead Souls , Belinsky recognized Gogol as the first Russian-language realist writer and as the head of the natural school , to which he also assigned such younger or lesser authors as Goncharov , Turgenev , Dmitry Grigorovich , Vladimir Dahl and Vladimir Sollogub . Gogol himself appeared skeptical about

3475-660: A mixture of the Russian Nikolai and the Ukrainian Mykola. As a child, Gogol helped stage plays in his uncle's home theater. In 1820, Nikolai Gogol went to a school of higher art in Nezhin (Nizhyn) (now Nizhyn Gogol State University ) and remained there until 1828. It was there that he began writing. He was not popular among his schoolmates, who called him their "mysterious dwarf", but with two or three of them he formed lasting friendships. Very early he developed

3614-517: A nine-year-old girl had been raped by a drunk, he was asked to fetch his father to attend to her. The incident haunted him, and the theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl appears in The Devils , The Brothers Karamazov , Crime and Punishment , and other writings. An incident involving a family servant, or serf , in the estate in Darovoye, is described in " The Peasant Marey ": when

3753-473: A particularly scathing one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more frequent, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several short stories in the magazine Notes of the Fatherland , including " Mr. Prokharchin ", " The Landlady ", "A Weak Heart", and " White Nights ". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health problems and Belinsky's attacks, caused him distress and financial difficulty, but this

3892-542: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem and passed his last years in restless movement throughout the country. While visiting the capitals, he stayed with friends such as Mikhail Pogodin and Sergey Aksakov . During this period, he also spent much time with his old Ukrainian friends, Maksymovych and Osyp Bodiansky . He intensified his relationship with a starets or spiritual elder, Matvey Konstantinovsky, whom he had known for several years. Konstantinovsky seems to have strengthened in Gogol

4031-606: A position to buy the vacated land. The serfs were acquitted in a trial in Tula , but Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the story. After his father's death, Dostoevsky continued his studies, passed his exams and obtained the rank of engineer cadet, entitling him to live away from the academy. He visited Mikhail in Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During this time, two of his friends introduced him to gambling. On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took

4170-606: A powerful impression even on Jewish writers who inherited his literary legacy. Amelia Glaser has noted the influence of Gogol's literary innovations on Sholem Aleichem , who "chose to model much of his writing, and even his appearance, on Gogol... What Sholem Aleichem was borrowing from Gogol was a rural East European landscape that may have been dangerous, but could unite readers through the power of collective memory. He also learned from Gogol to soften this danger through laughter, and he often rewrites Gogol's Jewish characters, correcting anti-Semitic stereotypes and narrating history from

4309-518: A regional Ukrainian writer, and used his works to illustrate the specific of Ukrainian national characters. The themes and style of these early prose works by Gogol, as well as his later drama, were similar to the work of Ukrainian-language writers and dramatists who were his contemporaries and friends, including Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko . However, Gogol's satire was much more sophisticated and unconventional. Although these works were written in Russian, they were nevertheless full of Ukrainianisms, which

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4448-685: A result, he obtained the right to publish books and to marry, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. Maria married Dostoevsky in Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, even though she had initially refused his marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other and that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was unhappy and she found it difficult to cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of her strange, suspicious and fantastic character, we were definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other; and

4587-567: A series of color lithographs from 1956 and 1960 on the theme of the Bible, a cycle of colour lithographs entitled The 12 tribes of Israel (1960) and other of his works. The museum also houses a collection of printed graphics by European avant-garde artists such as Joan Miró , Pablo Picasso and Fernand Léger . The Art Center has a scientific library dedicated to the works of Chagall and other avant-garde artists, which has more than 3500 volumes. The Marc Chagall House-Museum, at 11 Pokrovskaya Street,

4726-521: A speech. He was appointed an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , from which he received an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to an international congress on copyright in Paris after his son Alyosha had a severe epileptic seizure and died on 16 May. The family later moved to the apartment where Dostoevsky had written his first works. Around this time, he

4865-401: A strong sense of justice, protected newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped poor farmers. Although he was solitary and inhabited his own literary world, he was respected by his classmates. His reclusiveness and interest in religion earned him the nickname "Monk Photius ". Signs of Dostoevsky's epilepsy may have first appeared on learning of

5004-528: A time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers. Dostoevsky's body of work consists of thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen short stories, and numerous other works. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia and influenced an equally great number of later writers including Russians such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov , philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche , Albert Camus , and Jean-Paul Sartre , and

5143-506: A translation of Honoré de Balzac 's novel Eugénie Grandet , was published in June and July 1843 in the 6th and 7th volumes of the journal Repertoire and Pantheon , followed by several other translations. None were successful, and his financial difficulties led him to write a novel. Dostoevsky completed his first novel, Poor Folk , in May 1845. His friend Dmitry Grigorovich , with whom he

5282-406: A view that "in the aesthetic, psychological, and existential senses Gogol is inscribed ... into Ukrainian culture", while "in historical and cultural terms he is part of Russian literature and culture". Slavicist Edyta Bojanowska writes that Gogol, after arriving in St. Petersburg, was surprised to find that he was perceived as a Ukrainian, and even as a khokhol (hick). Bojanowska argues that it

5421-521: A visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky met the family of Alexander Ivanovich Isaev and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and fell in love with the latter. Alexander Isaev took a new post in Kuznetsk , where he died in August 1855. Maria and her son then moved with Dostoevsky to Barnaul . In 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter through Wrangel to General Eduard Totleben , apologising for his activity in several utopian circles. As

5560-435: A writer presents common things in an unfamiliar or strange way so that the reader can gain new perspectives and see the world differently. His early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka , were influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing, Ukrainian culture and folklore . His later writing satirised political corruption in contemporary Russia ( The Government Inspector , Dead Souls ), although Gogol also enjoyed

5699-503: Is a sense of boundless superfluity that is soon revealed as utter emptiness and a rich comedy that suddenly turns into metaphysical horror." His stories often interweave pathos and mockery, while " The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich " begins as a merry farce and ends with the famous dictum, "It is dull in this world, gentlemen!" It stunned Gogol when some critics interpreted The Government Inspector as an indictment of Tsarism despite Nicholas I's patronage of

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5838-581: Is also well represented on stamps worldwide. Several commemorative coins have been issued in the USSR and Russia. In 2009, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin dedicated to Gogol. Streets have been named after Gogol in various cities, including Moscow, Sofia, Lipetsk , Odesa , Myrhorod , Krasnodar , Vladimir , Vladivostok , Penza , Petrozavodsk , Riga , Bratislava , Belgrade, Harbin and many other towns and cities. Gogol

5977-641: Is mentioned several times in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's Poor Folk and Crime and Punishment and Chekhov 's The Seagull . Ryūnosuke Akutagawa considered Gogol along with Edgar Allan Poe his favorite writers. BBC Radio 4 made a series of six Gogol short stories, entitled Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat (2002, adaptations by Jim Poyser) starring Griff Rhys-Jones and Stephen Moore . The stories adapted were " The Two Ivans ", " The Overcoat ", " Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt ", " The Nose ", " The Mysterious Portrait " and " Diary of

6116-406: Is why a glossary of Ukrainian words was included at the end of the volumes. At this time, Gogol developed a passion for Ukrainian Cossack history and tried to obtain an appointment to the history department at Saint Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev . Despite the support of Alexander Pushkin and Sergey Uvarov , the Russian minister of education, the appointment was blocked by a bureaucrat on

6255-624: The Encyclopædia Britannica as "the triumph of Gogolesque irony". The period of literary modernism saw a revival of interest in and a change of attitude towards Gogol's work. One of the pioneering works of Russian formalism was Eichenbaum 's reappraisal of "The Overcoat". In the 1920s, a group of Russian short-story writers, known as the Serapion Brothers , placed Gogol among their precursors and consciously sought to imitate his techniques. The leading novelists of

6394-542: The Lubny Regiment in 1710. His father Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky , who died when Gogol was 15 years old, was supposedly a descendant of Ukrainian Cossacks (see Lyzohub family ) and belonged to the 'petty gentry'. Gogol knew that his paternal ancestor Ostap Hohol  [ uk ] , a Cossack hetman in Polish service, received nobility from the Polish king. The family used the Polish surname "Janowski" (Ianovskii) and

6533-549: The Most Holy Synod , influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to conservatism. Around early 1872 the family spent several months in Staraya Russa , a town known for its mineral spa . Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either typhus or malaria , and Anna developed an abscess on her throat. The family returned to St Petersburg in September. Demons

6672-650: The November Uprising in the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to a rise of Russian nationalism . Initially, Gogol used the surname Gogol-Ianovskii, but it soon became inconvenient. At first he tried to shorten it to the Russian-sounding "Ianov", but in the second half of 1830 he abandoned the Polish part of his surname altogether. He even admonished his mother in a letter to address him only as "Gogol", as Poles had become "suspect" in St. Petersburg. Tsarist authorities encouraged

6811-581: The Novodevichy Cemetery . His body was discovered lying face down, which gave rise to the conspiracy theory that Gogol had been buried alive. The authorities moved the Golgotha stone to the new gravesite, but removed the cross; in 1952, the Soviets replaced the stone with a bust of Gogol. The stone was later reused for the tomb of Gogol's admirer Mikhail Bulgakov . In 2009, in connection with

6950-537: The October Revolution . Joseph Stalin did not like the statue, and it was replaced by a more orthodox Socialist Realist monument in 1952. It took enormous efforts to save Andreyev's original work from destruction; as of 2014 it stands in front of the house where Gogol died. D. S. Mirsky characterizes Gogol's universe as "one of the most marvellous, unexpected – in the strictest sense, original – worlds ever created by an artist of words". Gogol saw

7089-420: The human condition in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia , and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), The Adolescent (1875), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered to be one of

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7228-557: The Crystal Palace as a monument to soulless modern society, the myth of progress, and the worship of empty materialism. From August to October 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip to western Europe. He met his second love, Polina Suslova , in Paris and lost nearly all his money gambling in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his brother Mikhail died, and Dostoevsky became the lone parent of his stepson Pasha and

7367-630: The Dead , based on his experience in prison, was published in 1861 in the journal Vremya ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Russian prisons. Before moving in mid-March to Semipalatinsk , where he was forced to serve in the Siberian Army Corps of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met geographer Pyotr Semyonov and ethnographer Shokan Walikhanuli . Around November 1854, he met Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel, an admirer of his books, who had attended

7506-607: The Fatherland , but his banishment ended the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue of the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted to complete it leaving only a sketch of the novel behind. The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to Liprandi , an official at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works by Belinsky, including the banned Letter to Gogol , and of circulating copies of these and other works. Antonelli,

7645-595: The Fatherland ; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – 100 more than the text's publication in The Russian Messenger would have earned. Dostoevsky accepted. As his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in St Petersburg and was advised to take a cure outside Russia. Around July, he reached Ems and consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh . During his stay he began The Adolescent . He returned to Saint Petersburg in late July. Anna proposed that they spend

7784-668: The Jew: Essays in Literary Ethnocentrism , discuss "the significance of the Jewish characters and the negative image of the Ukrainian Jewish community in Gogol's novel Taras Bulba , pointing out Gogol's attachment to anti-Jewish prejudices prevalent in Russian and Ukrainian culture." In Léon Poliakov 's The History of Antisemitism , the author mentions that "The 'Yankel' from Taras Bulba indeed became

7923-533: The New Testament: Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it dies, it bringeth forth much fruit. Dostoevsky had his first known affair with Avdotya Panaeva , whom he met in the Ivan Panaev 's circle in the early 1840s. He described her as educated, interested in literature, and a femme fatale . He admitted later that he

8062-688: The Orthodox Church in his book Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends (1847), Gogol came under attack from his former patron Vissarion Belinsky . The first Russian intellectual to publicly preach the economic theories of Karl Marx , Belinsky accused Gogol of betraying his readership by defending the status quo . Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town of Sorochyntsi . According to Edyta Bojanowska , Gogol's images of Ukraine are in-depth, distinguished by description of folklore and history . In his Evenings on

8201-456: The Russian bureaucracy. In his fifteen months with The Citizen , he had been taken to court twice: on 11 June 1873 for citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to sell a new novel he had not yet begun to write to The Russian Messenger , but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov suggested that he publish A Writer's Diary in Notes of

8340-413: The Russian word poshlost' , which means something similar to "triviality, banality, inferiority", moral and spiritual, widespread in a group of people or the entire society. Like Sterne before him, Gogol was a great destroyer of prohibitions and of romantic illusions. He undermined Russian Romanticism by making vulgarity reign where only the sublime and the beautiful had before. "Characteristic of Gogol

8479-623: The South Korean horror film Evil Spirit: Viy (2008). In 2016, Gogol's short story "The Portrait" was announced to be adapted into a feature film of the same name, by Anastasia Elena Baranoff and Elena Vladimir Baranoff. The Russian TV-3 television series Gogol features Nikolai Gogol as a lead character and presents a fictionalized version of his life that mixes his history with elements from his various stories. The episodes were also released theatrically starting with Gogol. The Beginning in August 2017. A sequel entitled Gogol: Viy

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8618-686: The Ukrainian intellectuals to sever ties with the Poles, promoting a limited, folkloric Ukrainian particularism as part of the heritage of the Russian empire. In 1831, the first volume of Gogol's Ukrainian stories ( Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka ) was published under a pen name "Rudy Panko", was in line with this trend, and met with immediate success. A second volume was published in 1832, followed by two volumes of stories entitled Mirgorod in 1835, and two volumes of miscellaneous prose entitled Arabesques . At this time, Russian editors and critics such as Nikolai Polevoy and Nikolai Nadezhdin saw Gogol as

8757-708: The aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Garden outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale face was covered with freckles, and his blond hair was cut short. He was a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man I was." In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren and came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to read passages from newspapers and magazines. During

8896-409: The age of three, he had read heroic sagas, fairy tales and legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in his upbringing and his love for fictional stories. When he was four, his mother used the Bible to teach him to read and write. His parents introduced him to a wide range of literature, including Russian writers Karamzin , Pushkin and Derzhavin ; Gothic fiction such as

9035-555: The archetypal Jew in Russian literature. Gogol painted him as supremely exploitative, cowardly, and repulsive, albeit capable of gratitude. But it seems perfectly natural in the story that he and his cohorts be drowned in the Dniper by the Cossack lords. Above all, Yankel is ridiculous, and the image of the plucked chicken that Gogol used has made the rounds of great Russian authors." Despite his portrayal of Jewish characters, Gogol left

9174-603: The bicentennial of Gogol's birth, the bust was moved to the museum at the Novodevichy Cemetery, and the original Golgotha stone was returned, along with a copy of the original Orthodox cross. The first Gogol monument in Moscow, a Symbolist statue on Arbat Square , represented the sculptor Nikolay Andreyev 's idea of Gogol rather than the real man. Unveiled in 1909, the statue received praise from Ilya Repin and from Leo Tolstoy as an outstanding projection of Gogol's tortured personality. Everything changed after

9313-584: The brink of his private abyss, he became the greatest artist that Russia has yet produced." Critics traditionally interpreted "The Overcoat" as a masterpiece of "humanitarian realism", but Nabokov and some other attentive readers argued that "holes in the language" make the story susceptible to interpretation as a supernatural tale about a ghostly double of a "small man". Of all Gogol's stories, "The Nose" has stubbornly defied all abstruse interpretations: D.S. Mirsky declared it "a piece of sheer play, almost sheer nonsense". In recent years, however, "The Nose" became

9452-424: The circle in 1848 and set about creating a secret revolutionary society from amongst its members. Dostoevsky himself became a member of this society, was aware of its conspiratorial aims, and actively participated, although he harboured significant doubts about their actions and intentions. In 1849, the first parts of Netochka Nezvanova , a novel Dostoevsky had been planning since 1846, were published in Notes of

9591-822: The colours prevalent in Gogol's work depending on the period, his impressionistic use of verbs, the expressive discontinuity of his syntax, the complicated rhythmical patterns of his sentences, and many other secrets of his craft. Based on this work, Vladimir Nabokov published a summary account of Gogol's masterpieces. Gogol's impact on Russian literature has endured, yet various critics have appreciated his works differently. Belinsky , for instance, berated his horror stories as "moribund, monstrous works", while Andrei Bely counted them among his most stylistically daring creations. Nabokov especially admired Dead Souls , The Government Inspector , and " The Overcoat " as works of genius, proclaiming that "when, as in his immortal 'The Overcoat', Gogol really let himself go and pottered happily on

9730-433: The death of his father on 16 June 1839, although the reports of a seizure originated from accounts written by his daughter (later expanded by Sigmund Freud ) which are now considered to be unreliable. His father's official cause of death was an apoplectic stroke, but a neighbour, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused the father's serfs of murder. Had the serfs been found guilty and sent to Siberia , Khotiaintsev would have been in

9869-501: The earlier critics, reclassified Gogol from a Ukrainian to a Russian writer. It was only after the premiere of his comedy The Government Inspector ( Revizor ) at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, on 19 April 1836, that he finally came to believe in his literary vocation. The comedy, a satire of Russian provincial bureaucracy, was staged thanks only to the intervention of the emperor, Nicholas I . The Tsar

10008-621: The emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism . His books have been translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration for many films. Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part of a Russian noble family of Russian Orthodox Christians. The family traced its roots back to Danilo Irtishch , who was granted lands in the Pinsk region (for centuries part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , now in modern-day Belarus ) in 1509 for his services under

10147-515: The emotions of his listeners." The speech was criticised later by liberal political scientist Alexander Gradovsky, who thought that Dostoevsky idolised "the people", and by conservative thinker Konstantin Leontiev , who, in his essay "On Universal Love", compared the speech to French utopian socialism. The attacks led to a further deterioration in his health. On 6 February [ O.S. 25 January] 1881, while searching for members of

10286-642: The end of a honeymoon (originally planned for three months) that had lasted over four years. Back in Russia in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to an apartment near the Institute of Technology soon after. They hoped to cancel their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but difficulties with

10425-407: The existence of such a literary movement. Although he recognized "several young writers" who "have shown a particular desire to observe real life", he upbraided the deficient composition and style of their works. Nevertheless, subsequent generations of radical critics celebrated Gogol (the author in whose world a nose roams the streets of the Russian capital) as a great realist, a reputation decried by

10564-555: The family bought a dacha in Staraya Russa. In the summer of 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness of breath again. He visited Ems for the third time and was told that he might live for another 15 years if he moved to a healthier climate. When he returned to Russia, Tsar Alexander II ordered Dostoevsky to visit his palace to present the Diary to him, and he asked him to educate his sons, Sergey and Paul. This visit further increased Dosteyevsky's circle of acquaintances. He

10703-456: The family estate in Vasilevka was known as Ianovshchyna. His father wrote poetry in Ukrainian as well as Russian, and was an amateur playwright in his own theatre. As was typical of the left-bank Ukrainian gentry of the early nineteenth century, the family was trilingual, speaking Ukrainian as well as Russian, and using Polish mostly for reading. Mother was calling his son Nikola, which is

10842-546: The fear of perdition (damnation) by insisting on the sinfulness of all his imaginative work. Exaggerated ascetic practices undermined his health and he fell into a state of deep depression. On the night of 24 February 1852, he burned some of his manuscripts, which contained most of the second part of Dead Souls . He explained this as a mistake, a practical joke played on him by the Devil . Soon thereafter, he took to bed, refused all food, and died in great pain nine days later. Gogol

10981-577: The first time on 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Berlin, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium, and Paris. In London, he met Herzen and visited the Crystal Palace . He travelled with Nikolay Strakhov through Switzerland and several North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and Florence. He recorded his impressions of those trips in the essay " Winter Notes on Summer Impressions ", in which he also criticised capitalism, social modernisation , materialism , Catholicism and Protestantism. Dostoevsky viewed

11120-516: The first works of existentialist literature. Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends , and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 when he was 15, and around the same time, he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute . After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed

11259-505: The floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs ... Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel ... Classified as "one of the most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had his hands and feet shackled until his release. He was only permitted to read his New Testament Bible. In addition to his seizures, he had haemorrhoids , lost weight and

11398-515: The fragment Rome and his most famous short story, " The Overcoat ". In 1841, the first part of Dead Souls was ready, and Gogol took it to Russia to supervise its printing. It appeared in Moscow in 1842, under a new title imposed by the censorship, The Adventures of Chichikov . The book established his reputation as one of the greatest prose writers in the language. After the triumph of Dead Souls , Gogol's contemporaries came to regard him as

11537-725: The free Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute , forcing the brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered the academy in January 1838, but only with the help of family members. Mikhail was refused admission on health grounds and was sent to an academy in Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia). Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics, and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. As his friend Konstantin Trutovsky once said, "There

11676-422: The government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his statement that at least one of the papers criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by declaring that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke of "personality and human egoism" rather than of politics. Even so, he and his fellow "conspirators" were arrested on 23 April 1849 at

11815-523: The grounds that Gogol was unqualified. His fictional story Taras Bulba , based on the history of Zaporozhian Сossacks , was the result of this phase in his interests. During this time, he also developed a close and lifelong friendship with the historian and naturalist Mykhaylo Maksymovych . In 1834, Gogol was made Professor of Medieval History at the University of St. Petersburg , a job for which he had no qualifications. The academic venture proved

11954-405: The group was "the most innocent and harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means". Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays and occasionally participated in their discussions on freedom from censorship and the abolition of serfdom . Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat Nikolay Speshnev , who joined

12093-582: The insecurity of many Russians about their own imperial identity". According to Scollins, Gogol's narrative double-voicedness in both Evenings and Taras Bulba and "pidginized Russian" of the Zaporizhian Cossacks in " The Night before Christmas represents a "strateg[y] of resistance, self-assertion, and divergence"". Linguist Daniel Green notes "the complexities of an imperial culture in which Russian and Ukrainian literatures and identities informed and shaped each other, with Gogol´ playing

12232-418: The last moment . He spent four years in a Siberian prison camp, followed by six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary , a collection of his writings. He began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction , which led to financial hardship. For

12371-680: The life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate child of the landowner Versilov and a peasant mother. It deals primarily with the relationship between father and son, which became a frequent theme in Dostoevsky's subsequent works. In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work on his Diary . The book includes numerous essays and a few short stories about society, religion, politics and ethics. The collection sold more than twice as many copies as his previous books. Dostoevsky received more letters from readers than ever before, and people of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's brother,

12510-428: The magazine. Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, Fyodor Stellovsky , that he would complete The Gambler , a short novel focused on gambling addiction, by November, although he had not yet begun writing it. One of Dostoevsky's friends, Milyukov, advised him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Saint Petersburg, who recommended his pupil,

12649-550: The members received food and clothes from the Decembrist women, as well as several copies of the New Testament with a ten-ruble banknote inside each copy. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached Omsk together with just one other member of the Petrashevsky Circle, the writer Sergei Durov. Dostoevsky described his barracks: In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on

12788-425: The more unhappy we were, the more attached to each other we became". They mostly lived apart. In 1859 he was released from military service because of deteriorating health and was granted permission to return to European Russia, first to Tver , where he met his brother for the first time in ten years, and then to St Petersburg. The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) appeared in

12927-602: The nearby synagogue where Chagall and his family were congregants, the Great Lubavitch Synagogue, is open to investors interested in restoring the dilapidated building. 55°12′02″N 30°11′27″E  /  55.20056°N 30.19083°E  / 55.20056; 30.19083 Nikolai Gogol Petersburg Tales  [ fr ] (1833–1842) Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1 April [ O.S. 20 March] 1809  – 4 March [ O.S. 21 February] 1852)

13066-453: The nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family usually spent the summers. Dostoevsky's parents subsequently had six more children: Varvara (1822–1892), Andrei (1825–1897), Lyubov (born and died 1829), Vera (1829–1896), Nikolai (1831–1883) and Aleksandra (1835–1889). Fyodor Dostoevsky, born on 11 November [ O.S. 30 October] 1821 in Moscow,

13205-526: The other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, [this was caused by an injury]. The strangeness of his eyes gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. His face was pale, and it looked unhealthy." On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky married Snitkina in Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg . The 7,000 rubles he had earned from Crime and Punishment did not cover their debts, forcing Anna to sell her valuables. On 14 April 1867, they began

13344-490: The outer world strangely metamorphosed, a singular gift particularly evident from the fantastic spatial transformations in his Gothic stories, " A Terrible Vengeance " and " A Bewitched Place ". His pictures of nature are strange mounds of detail heaped on detail, resulting in an unconnected chaos of things: "His people are caricatures, drawn with the method of the caricaturist – which is to exaggerate salient features and to reduce them to geometrical pattern. But these cartoons have

13483-418: The patronage of Tsar Nicholas I who liked his work. The novel Taras Bulba (1835), the play Marriage (1842), and the short stories " The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich ", " The Portrait " and " The Carriage ", are also among his best-known works. Many writers and critics have recognized Gogol's huge influence on Russian , Ukrainian and world literature. Gogol's influence

13622-429: The period – notably Yevgeny Zamyatin and Mikhail Bulgakov – also admired Gogol and followed in his footsteps. In 1926, Vsevolod Meyerhold staged The Government Inspector as a "comedy of the absurd situation", revealing to his fascinated spectators a corrupt world of endless self-deception. In 1934, Andrei Bely published the most meticulous study of Gogol's literary techniques up to that date, in which he analyzed

13761-475: The philosophy of socialism. He was attracted to its logic, its sense of justice and its preoccupation with the destitute and the disadvantaged. However, his Russian Orthodox faith and religious sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of atheism , utilitarianism and scientific materialism , leading to increasing friction between them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates. After The Double received negative reviews (including

13900-637: The play. Gogol himself, an adherent of the Slavophile movement, believed in a divinely inspired mission for both the House of Romanov and the Russian Orthodox Church . Like Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Gogol sharply disagreed with those Russians who preached constitutional monarchy and the disestablishment of the Orthodox Church. Gogol saw his work as a critique that would change Russia for the better. After defending autocracy , serfdom , and

14039-650: The request of Count A. Orlov and Tsar Nicholas I , who feared a revolution like the Decembrist revolt of 1825 in Russia and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. The members were held in the well-defended Peter and Paul Fortress , which housed the most dangerous convicts. The case was discussed for four months by an investigative commission headed by the Tsar, with Adjutant General Ivan Nabokov , senator Prince Pavel Gagarin , Prince Vasili Dolgorukov , General Yakov Rostovtsev and General Leonty Dubelt, head of

14178-485: The roulette table. At one point, his wife was reportedly forced to pawn her underwear. The couple travelled on to Geneva . In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on The Idiot , and after a prolonged planning process that bore little resemblance to the published novel, he eventually managed to write the first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialisation began in The Russian Messenger in January 1868. Their first child, Sofya, had been conceived in Baden-Baden , and

14317-432: The school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the Moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in some of his works, notably The Adolescent . On 27 February 1837, Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis . The previous May, his parents had sent Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail to Saint Petersburg to attend

14456-474: The secret police. They sentenced the members of the circle to death by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place in Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man groups and the first group was taken in front of the firing squad. Dostoevsky was the third in the second row; next to him stood Pleshcheyev and Durov . The execution was stayed when a cart delivered

14595-423: The socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" had murdered one of its own members, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing Demons . In 1871, Dostoevsky and Anna travelled by train to Berlin. During the trip, he burnt several manuscripts, including those of The Idiot , because he was concerned about potential problems with customs. The family arrived in Saint Petersburg on 8 July, marking

14734-441: The sole supporter of his brother's family. The failure of Epoch , the magazine he had founded with Mikhail after the suppression of Vremya , worsened his financial situation, although the continued help of his relatives and friends averted bankruptcy. The first two parts of Crime and Punishment were published in January and February 1866 in the periodical The Russian Messenger , attracting at least 500 new subscribers to

14873-617: The subject of several postmodernist and postcolonial interpretations. The portrayals of Jewish characters in his work have led to Gogol developing a reputation for antisemitism . Due to these portrayals, the Russian Zionist writer Ze'ev Jabotinsky condemned Russian Jews who participated in celebrations of Gogol's centenary. Later critics have also pointed to the apparent antisemitism in his writings, as well as in those of his contemporary, Fyodor Dostoyevsky . Felix Dreizin and David Guaspari, for example, in their The Russian Soul and

15012-551: The tenant resulted in a relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna proposed that they raise money on her husband's copyrights and negotiate with the creditors to pay off their debts in installments. Dostoevsky revived his friendships with Maykov and Strakhov and made new acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Solovyov . Konstantin Pobedonostsev , future Imperial High Commissioner of

15151-408: The terrorist organisation Narodnaya Volya ("The People's Will") who would soon assassinate Tsar Alexander II, the Tsar's secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of one of Dostoevsky's neighbours. On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a pulmonary haemorrhage . Anna denied that the search had caused it, saying that the haemorrhage had occurred after her husband had been looking for

15290-649: The title Vakula the Smith (with Russian libretto by Yakov Polonsky ) and revised it in 1885 as Cherevichki (The Tsarina's Slippers) . In 1894 (i.e., just after Tchaikovsky's death), Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the libretto and music for his own opera based on the same story . "Christmas Eve" was also adapted into a film in 1961 entitled The Night Before Christmas . It was adapted also for radio by Adam Beeson and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 24 December 2008 and subsequently rebroadcast on both Radio 4 and Radio 4 Extra on Christmas Eve 2010, 2011 and 2015. Gogol's story "Viy"

15429-530: The twelve years from 1836, Gogol was in Italy, where he developed an adoration for Rome. He studied art, read Italian literature and developed a passion for opera. Pushkin 's death produced a strong impression on Gogol. His principal work during the years following Pushkin's death was the satirical epic Dead Souls . Concurrently, he worked at other tasks – recast Taras Bulba (1842) and The Portrait , completed his second comedy, Marriage ( Zhenitba ), wrote

15568-415: The twenty-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina . Her shorthand helped Dostoevsky to complete The Gambler on 30 October, after 26 days' work. She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always tried to carry himself erect. "He had light brown, slightly reddish hair, he used some hair conditioner, and he combed his hair in a diligent way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in

15707-454: The winter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had suggested a second visit to Ems because his health had previously improved there. On 10 August 1875 his son Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family returned to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished The Adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had been serialised in Notes of the Fatherland since January. The Adolescent chronicles

15846-496: The works from writer Ann Radcliffe ; romantic works by Schiller and Goethe ; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott ; and Homer 's epics . Dostoevsky was greatly influenced by the work of Nikolai Gogol . Although his father's approach to education has been described as strict and harsh, Dostoevsky himself reported that his imagination was brought alive by nightly readings by his parents. Some of his childhood experiences found their way into his writings. When

15985-509: The young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the forest, Marey, who is working nearby, comforts him. Although Dostoevsky had a delicate physical constitution, his parents described him as hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky. In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly religious, sent him to a French boarding school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described as a pale, introverted dreamer and an over-excitable romantic. To pay

16124-643: Was "burned by some fever, trembling and feeling too hot or too cold every night". The smell of the privy pervaded the entire building, and the small bathroom had to suffice for more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military hospital, where he read newspapers and Dickens novels. He was respected by most of the other prisoners, but despised by some Polish political prisoners because of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments. After his release on 14 February 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to help him financially and to send him books by Vico , Guizot , Ranke , Hegel and Kant . The House of

16263-425: Was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the grotesque in his writings, for example in his works " The Nose ", " Viy ", " The Overcoat ", and " Nevsky Prospekt ". These stories, and others such as " Diary of a Madman ", have also been noted for their proto-surrealist qualities. According to Viktor Shklovsky , Gogol used the technique of defamiliarization when

16402-606: Was a frequent guest in several salons in Saint Petersburg and met many famous people, including Countess Sophia Tolstaya , Yakov Polonsky , Sergei Witte , Alexey Suvorin , Anton Rubinstein and Ilya Repin . Dostoevsky's health declined further, and in March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a manor near Kursk . While returning to St Petersburg to finalise his Diary , he visited Darovoye, where he had spent much of his childhood. In December he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave

16541-583: Was acknowledged by Fyodor Dostoevsky , Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin , Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Franz Kafka , Mikhail Bulgakov , Vladimir Nabokov , Flannery O'Connor and others. Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé said: "We all came out from under Gogol's Overcoat ." Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town of Sorochyntsi , in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire . His mother was descended from Leonty Kosyarovsky, an officer of

16680-494: Was adapted into film by Russian filmmakers four times: the original Viy in 1967; the horror film Vedma (aka The Power of Fear ) in 2006; the action-horror film Viy in 2014; and the horror film Gogol Viy released in 2018. It was also adapted into the Russian FMV video game Viy: The Story Retold (2004). Outside of Russia, the film loosely served as the inspiration for Mario Bava 's film Black Sunday (1960) and

16819-479: Was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as military doctor, and in 1818 he was appointed a senior physician. In 1819 he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor. In 1828, when his two sons, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight and seven respectively, he was promoted to collegiate assessor, a position which raised his legal status to that of

16958-751: Was born in Geneva on 5 March 1868. The baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a woman in despair". Sofya was buried at the Cimetière des Rois ( Cemetery of Kings ), which is considered the Genevan Panthéon . The grave was later dissolved but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque. The couple moved from Geneva to Vevey and then to Milan before continuing to Florence. The Idiot

17097-466: Was completed there in January 1869, the final part appearing in The Russian Messenger in February 1869. Anna gave birth to their second daughter, Lyubov , on 26 September 1869 in Dresden. In April 1871, Dostoevsky made a final visit to a gambling hall in Wiesbaden. Anna claimed that he stopped gambling after the birth of their second daughter, but this is a subject of debate. After hearing news that

17236-572: Was diagnosed with early-stage pulmonary emphysema , which his doctor believed could be successfully managed, but not cured. On 3 February 1880 Dostoevsky was elected vice-president of the Slavic Benevolent Society, and he was invited to speak at the unveiling of the Pushkin memorial in Moscow. On 8 June he delivered his speech , giving an impressive performance that had a significant emotional impact on his audience. His speech

17375-525: Was elected to the board of directors of the Slavic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg. That summer, he was elected to the honorary committee of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale , whose members included Victor Hugo , Ivan Turgenev , Paul Heyse , Alfred Tennyson , Anthony Trollope , Henry Longfellow , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Tolstoy . Dostoevsky made his fourth and final visit to Ems in early August 1879. He

17514-449: Was finished on 26 November and released in January 1873 by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which was founded by Dostoevsky and his wife. Although they accepted only cash payments and the bookshop was in their own apartment, the business was successful, and they sold around 3,000 copies of Demons . Anna managed the finances. Dostoevsky proposed that they establish a new periodical, which would be called A Writer's Diary and would include

17653-464: Was greatly alleviated when he joined the utopian socialist Beketov circle, a tightly knit community which helped him to survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended Apollon Maykov and his brother Valerian . In 1846, on the recommendation of the poet Aleksey Pleshcheyev , he joined the Petrashevsky Circle , founded by Mikhail Petrashevsky , who had proposed social reforms in Russia. Mikhail Bakunin once wrote to Alexander Herzen that

17792-557: Was meant to initiate the great tradition of Soviet opera. More recently, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Gogol's birth in 1809, Vienna's renowned Theater an der Wien commissioned music and libretto for a full-length opera on the life of Gogol from Russian composer and writer Lera Auerbach . More than 135 films have been based on Gogol's work, the most recent being The Girl in the White Coat (2011). Gogol has been featured many times on Russian and Soviet postage stamps; he

17931-675: Was met with thunderous applause, and even his long-time rival Turgenev embraced him. Konstantin Staniukovich praised the speech in his essay "The Pushkin Anniversary and Dostoevsky's Speech" in The Business , writing that "the language of Dostoevsky's [Pushkin Speech] really looks like a sermon. He speaks with the tone of a prophet. He makes a sermon like a pastor; it is very deep, sincere, and we understand that he wants to impress

18070-605: Was mourned in the Saint Tatiana church at the Moscow University before his burial and then buried at the Danilov Monastery , close to his fellow Slavophile Aleksey Khomyakov . His grave was marked by a large stone (Golgotha), topped by a Russian Orthodox cross. In 1931, with Russia now ruled by communists, Moscow authorities decided to demolish the monastery and had Gogol's remains transferred to

18209-410: Was no student in the entire institution with less of a military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. He moved clumsily and jerkily; his uniform hung awkwardly on him; and his knapsack , shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter he had been forced to wear for a time and which lay heavily on him." Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among his 120 classmates: he showed bravery and

18348-468: Was opened in 1997 and is located in the house built by the artist's father in the early 1900s. It was here that Chagall spent his youth; he wrote about this period in the autobiographical book My Life . The household items of the townspeople of the 19th and 20th centuries are shown as well as copies of archival documents and works relating to his years of life and his family's life in Vitebsk. As of 2021,

18487-572: Was personally present at the play's premiere, concluding that "there is nothing sinister in the comedy, as it is only a cheerful mockery of bad provincial officials." From 1836 to 1848, Gogol lived abroad, travelling through Germany and Switzerland. Gogol spent the winter of 1836–37 in Paris , among Russian expatriates and Polish exiles , frequently meeting the Polish poets Adam Mickiewicz and Bohdan Zaleski . He eventually settled in Rome . For much of

18626-553: Was placed on a table, following Russian custom. He was interred in the Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Convent , near his favourite poets, Nikolay Karamzin and Vasily Zhukovsky . It is unclear how many attended his funeral. According to one reporter, more than 100,000 mourners were present, while others describe attendance between 40,000 and 50,000. His tombstone is inscribed with lines from

18765-591: Was released in April 2018 and the third film Gogol: Terrible Revenge debuted in August 2018. Fyodor Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881 ), sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky , was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature , as many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces. Dostoevsky's literary works explore

18904-546: Was sharing an apartment at the time, took the manuscript to the poet Nikolay Nekrasov , who in turn showed it to the renowned and influential literary critic Vissarion Belinsky . Belinsky described it as Russia's first " social novel ". Poor Folk was released on 15 January 1846 in the St Petersburg Collection almanac and became a commercial success. Dostoevsky felt that his military career would endanger his now flourishing literary career, so he wrote

19043-482: Was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (born Nechayeva). He was raised in the family home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, which was in a lower class district on the edges of Moscow. Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of the Russian social scale, when playing in the hospital gardens. Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age. From

19182-438: Was this experience that "made him into a self-conscious Ukrainian ". According to Ilchuk, dual national identities were typical at that time as a "compromise with the empire 's demand for national homogenization". Professor of Russian literature Kathleen Scollins notes the tendency to politicize Gogol's identity, and comments on the erasure of Gogol's Ukrainianness by the Russian literary establishment, which she argues "reveals

19321-400: Was uncertain about their relationship. According to Anna Dostoevskaya's memoirs, Dostoevsky once asked his sister's sister-in-law, Yelena Ivanova, whether she would marry him, hoping to replace her mortally ill husband after he died, but she rejected his proposal. Dostoevsky and Polina Suslova had a short but intimate affair, which peaked in the winter of 1862–1863. Suslova's dalliance with

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