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58-399: Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (25 April 1914 – 20 September 2001) was a Venezuelan military officer and the dictator of Venezuela from 1950 to 1958, ruling as member of the military junta from 1950 to 1952 and as president from 1952 to 1958. He took part in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état , becoming part of the ruling junta. He ran in the 1952 election . However, the junta cancelled

116-443: A minute of silence asked in his honor. On 27 March 1957, Aaron Copland had come to Caracas to conduct the first Venezuelan performance of his Lincoln Portrait . A New York Times reviewer said it had a "magical effect" on the audience. As Copland recalled, "To everyone's surprise, the reigning dictator, who had rarely dared to be seen in public, arrived at the last possible moment." On that evening actress Juana Sujo performed

174-484: A clumsily arranged kidnapping that ended in the murder of Delgado Chalbaud, the Military Junta changed its name to a Government Junta, and reorganized itself with Pérez Jiménez pulling the strings of puppet president, Germán Suárez Flamerich . The junta called an election for 1952 in order to elect a Constituent Assembly that would elect a president and draft a new constitution. When early results showed that

232-452: A constitution that gave the president virtually unlimited powers to take measures he deemed necessary to protect national security, peace and order. For all intents and purposes, it transformed Pérez Jiménez' presidency into a legal dictatorship. Pérez Jiménez (widely known as "P.J.") changed the name of the country, which had been " United States of Venezuela " since 1864, to the " Republic of Venezuela ". This name remained until 1999, when it

290-532: A diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples , Africans , Asians (including the Arabs/West Asians ) and other recent immigrants. The autosomal DNA genetic composition of population in Venezuela,

348-746: A government of nationalist roots . His government was based on an ideological pragmatism characterized by the Doctrine of National Wellbeing , that the regime expressed in the New National Ideal would be the philosophical beacon to guide the actions of the government. His political legacy known perezjimenismo was upheld by the Cruzada Cívica Nacionalista (CCN; Nationalist Civic Crusade) party, which held seats in Congress from 1968 to 1978. In recent years there has been

406-657: A high number of other Europeans brought in were from Portuguese , Italian , and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth , and in much smaller numbers of French , English , Portuguese , Polish , Russian , Greek , Scandinavian , Romanian , Ukrainian and Hungarian communities who immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War . 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards and immigrated in

464-400: A high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal. As of 1981, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics, about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos or mulattos (called Criollos : the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians. According to these scholars, is

522-604: A plebiscite in which voters could only choose between voting "yes" or "no" to another term for the president. Predictably, Pérez Jiménez won by a large margin, though by all accounts the count was blatantly rigged. One of the first public demonstrations against the Pérez Jiménez regime occurred on 1952, after the assassination of opposition leader Leonardo Ruiz Pineda . During a commemorative ceremony in Nuevo Circo, Caracas, hundreds of people waved handkerchiefs during

580-491: A revival of perezjimenismo and the New National Ideal, with numerous groups revising and upholding the legacy of Marcos Pérez Jiménez. In Venezuelan politics, he symbolizes forms a right-wing caudillo mentality together with Juan Vicente Gómez . The documentary film Tiempos de dictadura ( English: Times of dictatorship ), directed by Carlos Oteyza  [ es ] , focuses on his dictatorship, from

638-525: A transitional provision to change the official name from Estados Unidos de Venezuela ("United States of Venezuela") to República de Venezuela ("Republic of Venezuela"). The next constitution , of 1961, confirmed the new name. Venezuela is currently, under the new Constitution of 1999 , officially known as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ), The 1864 constitution established

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696-603: Is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of Amerindian contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Moreno population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%). This proportion is beginning to decrease, though, as mixed lower income Venezuelans are more likely to flee to other South American countries. Early European settlers and post-independence immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but

754-532: Is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins, as a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. Venezuela as Argentina and Brazil, received most immigrants, during 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received a major wave of 2.1 million European immigrants, being the third country in Latin America to have received Europeans, behind Argentina and Brazil. Writing

812-658: Is around 60,000 Syrian-Venezuelans living in Syria. More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druze sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century. According to a 2011 poll, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant , and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons ( LDS Church ). The Venezuelans without religion are 9% ( atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of

870-499: Is considered by scholars to be a classic study in the precedent for enforcement of administrative honesty in Latin American countries. Upon arrival in Venezuela he was imprisoned until his trial, which did not take place for another five years. Convicted of embezzlement and sentenced to four years in prison, he was released as he had already spent more time in jail while he awaited trial. He was then exiled to Spain. In 1968, he

928-558: Is sometimes used to refer to Venezuelan women, drawing inspiration from the Roman goddess Venus to emphasize elegance and femininity. These terms parallel other friendly demonyms like “Aussies” for Australians or “Kiwis” for New Zealanders, reflecting a trend of using lighthearted names to show warmth and familiarity. They add a modern and friendly twist to Venezuelan identity, being introduced by local communities in english speaking countries as they welcome newcomers from Venezuela. Venezuela

986-627: The 1948 coup d'état against President Rómulo Gallegos and the human rights violations committed by the Seguridad Nacional (including censorship, arrests, torture and extrajudicial killings) to the public works and lavish carnivals promoted by the oil boom . On 4 February 1945, Pérez married Flor María Chalbaud , daughter of Antonio Chalbaud Cardona and Angelina Castro Tejera. The couple had four daughters together. Venezuelans Irreligion , Deism , Agnosticism and Atheism : (8.0%) Venezuelans ( Spanish : venezolanos ) are

1044-755: The Aroa Valley , Litoral varguense , Eastern Falcon state ; Gibraltar , Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón , Barlovento Region ( Acevedo , Andrés Bello , Brión , Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa , Choroní ; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos , well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of

1102-701: The Colombian President signed the Venezuela–Colombia Boundary Treaty of 1941 , the border treaty between the two countries, which ceded 108,000 square kilometres (42,000 square miles) of territory to Colombia. The 1864 constitution gave these former provinces the status as states: It was stated that the boundaries would remain as in 1856. The 1881 constitution merged the states created in 1864 into eight, larger states: The 1891 constitution established new state boundaries: The 1901 constitution established new divisions of

1160-763: The Liberal Party ( Partido Liberal ) won power in the Federal War it called for a constitutional convention, to establish the constitution on federal principles. On 28 March 1864, members of the convention met in Caracas to sign it. President Falcón ordered its publication and circulation on 13 April, and on 22 April it was finally ratified by the Ministers of the Interior and Justice, Finance, Development, and War and Sea. The 1953 constitution included

1218-738: The Military academy of Venezuela , at the top of his class. He subsequently studied at Chorrillos Military School in Peru . In 1945, Pérez Jiménez participated in a coup that helped install the founder of the Democratic Action , Rómulo Betancourt , as President of the Revolutionary Government Junta . The government would later become known as El Trienio Adeco . After a constitutional change providing universal suffrage, elections were held in 1947 that resulted in

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1276-754: The Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches . There are few Muslims . Israel has been chosen by many Venezuelan Jews , along with the United States and other countries. According to the Venezuelan Institute of Statistics, about one million Venezuelans have Syrian origins and more than 20,000 Venezuelans are registered in the Venezuelan Embassy in Damascus. Other sources stated that there

1334-486: The United States , Canada and Peru . Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Western Asia, particularly Lebanon , Syria , and Palestine . They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island , representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela. In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to

1392-425: The citizens identified with the country of Venezuela . This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela. In recent years, after mass emigrations, the term " Venzies " has emerged as a playful and affectionate nickname for Venezuelan men, while " Venuzzies "

1450-575: The 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s). Up to 95% of Venezuelans live principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas , Maracaibo , Maracay , Valencia , Lecheria , Barquisimeto / Cabudare , Colonia Tovar , Punto Fijo ; the Andean States , Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula . They represent almost half of the population with 43.6% self-identifying as ‘blanco’ (white) in

1508-482: The 2011 census. African people were brought as slaves , mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century. Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be enslaved and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains , cocoa , tobacco , sugar cane and cotton in

1566-567: The Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time. During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in the crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of

1624-575: The American mainland in what is currently Venezuelan territory. Colonization was rapid despite small local indigenous rebellions, and the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory. During this period, the most significant crossbreeding process took place. One that will later define the social profile of the country. With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race,

1682-519: The Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, Dominicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentines, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians, Guyaneses and Colombians, this being the greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated

1740-843: The Armed Forces of Venezuela on 23 January 1958. Pérez was then exiled to the Dominican Republic , later Miami, United States and afterwards went on to settle in Spain under the Franco regime 's protection. Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez was born in Michelena , Táchira State . His father, Juan Pérez Bustamante, was a farmer; his mother, Adela Jiménez, a schoolteacher from Cucuta, Colombia . Pérez Jiménez attended school in his home town and in Colombia, and in 1934, he graduated from

1798-529: The Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. The country has

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1856-519: The borders of the United States of Venezuela to be the same of those of the 1810 Captaincy General of Venezuela . This statement has been preserved throughout subsequent constitutions. Because of long-running territorial dispute between the United States of Venezuela and the United Kingdom over the Essequibo region, several countries called for an international court of justice to settle

1914-492: The election of a party member, Rómulo Gallegos . Fears of cuts in pay for soldiers and a lack of modernized army equipment led Pérez Jiménez and Carlos Delgado Chalbaud to stage another coup in 1948. Betancourt and Gallegos were exiled, political parties were suppressed, and the Communist Party was once again banished by the military junta headed by Delgado Chalbaud, Luis Felipe Llovera Páez and Pérez Jiménez. After

1972-524: The election when early results indicated that the opposition was ahead, and declared Jiménez provisional president. He became president in 1953 and instituted a constitution that granted him dictatorial powers. Under Pérez's rule, the rise of oil prices facilitated many public works projects, including roads, bridges, government buildings and public housing, as well as the rapid development of industries such as hydroelectricity , mining , and steel . The economy of Venezuela developed rapidly while Pérez

2030-560: The fact that virtually there are no pure blacks nor indigenous people in Venezuela. With the exception of direct descendants of immigrants or specific indigenous tribes. In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% European, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution. The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011) made Venezuela

2088-766: The matter, which was held in Paris in 1899, and ruled in the UK's favour. From 1900 to 1905, Venezuela participated in the Joint Committee of the British-Venezuelan Border for the final demarcation between the two countries, which was signed in September 1907. In 1932, Juan Vicente Gómez agreed a point on the summit of Mount Roraima as the three-way boundary between Brazil , British Guiana and Venezuela. In 1941 President Eleazar López Contreras and

2146-512: The opposition was well on its way to victory, the junta halted the count. On 2 December 1952, it released "final" results that showed the pro-junta "Independent Electoral Front" (FEI) winning a majority of assembly seats. On the same day, the junta dissolved itself and turned over power to the military, who then made Pérez provisional president. The Constitutional Assembly, comprising only FEI delegates after an opposition boycott, formally elected him president on 19 April 1953. Soon afterward, it enacted

2204-713: The people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by the mixed population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures. European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans ( Portuguese , Italians , Germans and Americans ) who migrated to

2262-424: The policy of reinforced concrete , with construction of buildings, large and modern highways , which linked and renewed ties between states and other major works which greatly modernized the country. Pérez Jiménez was up for reelection in 1957. By this time, the opposition had been so cowed that Pérez Jiménez could not possibly have been defeated. However, he dispensed with even those formalities. Instead, he held

2320-422: The population follow other religions (1% of them are of santeria ). United States of Venezuela The United States of Venezuela used three official flags in its time: From 1830 to 1857 the official name of the country was Spanish : Estado de Venezuela ("State of Venezuela"). The 1858 constitution gave it the official name Spanish : República de Venezuela ("Republic of Venezuela"). After

2378-522: The population. Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples . Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Arawakan , Cariban , and Chibchan languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of

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2436-899: The population. There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco , in the Guayana Region , an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just 2.7% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta . The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, Philippines, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then

2494-463: The population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created a process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of

2552-490: The region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French , English and Polish , as they emigrated during World War II and the Cold War. Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and

2610-471: The second wave during beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants; reaching a peak in the mid-1970s in connection with the oil boom , where Korean and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans ) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population. The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas after

2668-630: The sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil , Mexico , Colombia , Argentina and Peru ). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries. Due to the worsening economic conditions in Venezuela, there are 100,000 Venezuelans living in neighbouring Guyana and larger numbers living in Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, the USA, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile and Panama. More than ninety percent of

2726-638: The south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea . There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous. The first migrations to the continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to

2784-461: The spoken-word parts of the piece. When she spoke the final words, "... that government of the people, by the people, for the people ( del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo ) shall not perish from the earth", the audience rose and began cheering and shouting so loudly that Copland could not hear the remainder of the music." In January 1958 there was a general uprising, leading to the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état that deposed Pérez; with rioting in

2842-597: The states: New division of territory: Another division of territory, and new names for some of the states: Creation of the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Spanish : Dependencias federales ), shore islands belonging to Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Venezuela . However, Margarita Island ( Spanish : Isla Margarita or Isla de Margarita ) became part of the State of Nueva Esparta. Coche Island ( Spanish : Isla de Coche )

2900-521: The streets, he left the country, paving the way for the establishment of democracy in Venezuela . Pèrez fled to the United States, where he lived until 1963, when he was extradited to Venezuela on charges of embezzling $ 200 million during his presidential tenure. The 1959–63 extradition of Pérez, related to Financiadora Administradora Inmobiliaria , S.A., one of the largest development companies in South America, and other business connections,

2958-416: The territory of present Venezuela. During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards the coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives. On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus , and the Spanish colonizers' ships, first landed on

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3016-416: The unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and by the 18th century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population. This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mixed race. This number, however, would continue to decrease after the economic boom in the mid 20th century. The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and

3074-475: Was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by a constitutional referendum. (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) During his government, Pérez Jiménez undertook many infrastructure projects, including construction of roads, bridges, government buildings, large public housing complexes and the symbolic Humboldt Hotel & Tramway overlooking Caracas. The economy of Venezuela developed rapidly during his term. The price for this development

3132-593: Was elected to the Senate of Venezuela for the Nationalist Civic Crusade , but his election was contested, and he was kept from taking office. A quick law was passed whereby former prisoners were excluded from participating in the governmental process. He died in Alcobendas , Madrid, Spain, at the age of 87 on 20 September 2001. The period of Pérez Jiménez in power is remembered historically as

3190-631: Was high, however. Pérez was not tolerant of criticism, and his government ruthlessly pursued and suppressed the opposition. Opponents of his regime were painted as communists and often treated brutally and tortured. On 12 November 1954, Pérez was awarded the Legion of Merit by the government of the United States. Foreign capital and immigration were also highly promoted during his presidency, especially from European communities such as those of Spanish , Italian and Portuguese origin. Perez also pushed for vast and ambitious infrastructure programs, based on

3248-471: Was in power. On the other hand, Pérez presided over one of the most repressive governments in Venezuela. His government's secret police , the Dirección de Seguridad Nacional ( National Security ), suppressed criticism and imprisoned those who opposed his rule. Following massive public demonstrations in support of democratic reforms, Pérez was deposed in a coup perpetrated by disgruntled sectors within

3306-495: Was incorporated into the State of Nueva Esparta. Minor changes under Juan V. Gòmez. The state of Zamora was renamed to Barinas and Cubagua Island ( Spanish : Isla de Cubagua ) was incorporated into Nueva Esparta. After the 1864 Constitution of the United States of Venezuela , there were several revisions under different governments. These were in 1874 , 1881 , 1891 , 1893 , 1901 , 1904 , 1909 , 1914 , 1922 , 1925 , 1928 , 1929 , 1931 , 1936 , 1945 . After

3364-452: Was not used in pre-Columbian times, a historical stage where various groups began to move throughout the Americas, thus making it difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations show evidence of certain periods that were taking place on the continent. Venezuela was probably first settled by humans 16,000 years ago, due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from

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