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59-888: The Marcelo Fernan Bridge , also known as the Second Cebu–Mactan Bridge and locally as the Second Bridge , is an extradosed cable-stayed bridge located in Metro Cebu in the Philippines . It crosses the Mactan Channel , connecting Mandaue in mainland Cebu to Lapu-Lapu City in Mactan Island . It is currently the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Philippines after the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway , which also crosses

118-569: A 122 m (400 ft) main span, a 16.2-m deck width and utilises four 10.7-m tall pylons each supporting two sets of eight exposed extradosed tendons in a modified fan arrangement. These tendons pass over saddles at the top of each pylon, however it is unclear as to whether they form a continuous tendon between the two spans, as the designers' documentation refers to them being anchored outside each saddle to restrain slip. Numerous bridges have subsequently been constructed in Japan to similar designs,

177-615: A cost of 90 million EUR. The widest extradosed bridge in the world is Most autostradowy w Mszanie (MA 532) on A1 autostrada (Poland) . Sri Lanka 's Road Development Authority constructed the New Kelani river bridge , an extradosed bridge over the Kelani River , as part of a project aimed at improving traffic condition around the existing New Kelani Bridge . The project was completed in November 2021. Tanzanite Bridge

236-505: A forest creek ‘Jagoda’ . Leżajsk is an old Polish royal town . The development of Leżajsk was slow, due to numerous and devastating Tatar and Wallachian raids, which took place in 1498, 1500, 1509, 1519 and 1524. Following these raids, Polish kings granted several privileges to the looted town, and finally, on September 23, 1524 in Lwów , King Sigismund I the Old decided to move Leżajsk to

295-724: A height of 16.2m and have 8 passing cables and the central pier has a height of 27.0m and 18 passing cables. The Southern Bridge over the Daugava River in Riga , Latvia , is as of 2010 the biggest construction project in Latvia and its capital city, Riga. In work volume it can only be compared to the Island Bridge that was built in the 1970s. Work on the development of the Southern Bridge project started in 2002, when

354-528: A new location, which was easier to defend. The town was moved some 5 kilometers south-west, and its new name was Leżajsk Zygmuntowski . The old location is since known as the village Stare Miasto ("Old Town"). During the reign of Sigismund II Augustus , Leżajsk prospered due to protection of its starosta (local governor), Krzysztof Szydłowiecki ( Odrowaz coat of arms ), who was Crown Chancellor . In 1608, Bernadine monks from nearby Przeworsk were brought to Lezajsk by Bishop of Przemyśl , and two years later,

413-460: A proportion of the main span length . Classic cable-stayed designs employ a tower-height to main-span ratio of around 1:5 (or 0.20). In comparison, extradosed bridges have towers with height:span ratios of between 1:8 and 1:15 (0.125 to 0.067), with around 1:10 (0.10) being most common. This lower tower height results in a much flatter cable angle, typically ~ 17° to the horizontal, and a correspondingly much higher axial compression force within

472-473: A result are called the Triplets. All three-span structures are made of concrete, with maximum span of 113 metres, featuring extradosed pre-stressed concrete. The structures are built using balanced cantilever segmental construction. The elevation of the bridges reaches heights between 40 and 60 m above the bottom of the valley, which made a cable-stayed bridge option, with pylons higher than 25 m above

531-399: A result. As a result of these characteristics, the "stay cables" on extradosed bridges are not treated as such by the design codes, but are instead considered as external post-tensioning tendons that have been deviated upwards from the deck to the towers to increase the superstructure's load capacity over the main supports. Extradosed bridges frequently extend this approach by making

590-621: A short 54 m (177 ft) span bridge of the extradosed style was constructed to pass the A43 Autoroute across the Maurienne River at Saint-Remy-de-Maurienne, France. This was followed in 1998 by the curved, 140 m (460 ft) multi-span Sunniberg Bridge in Switzerland, also designed by Christian Menn and utilising low, outward-leaning pylons to minimise its visual impact on the surroundings. In North America,

649-554: A small 104 m (341 ft) fin-backed prestressed concrete bridge was built across Barton Creek near Austin, Texas in 1993 to service a private development. This is similar in concept to the original Ganter Bridge, except that the stay cables are encased within triangular blade walls connecting the deck to the towers. The first "true" extradosed design on the continent is the North Arm Bridge at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which spans 180 m (590 ft) and

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708-403: Is 312 m (1,024 ft) long. Several bridges followed, including the recently opened Hongxi Bridge with 265 m (869 ft) long main span. In 2006, Delhi Metro's Blue Line was extended to Indraprastha from Barakhamba Road . This section had a Extradosed Bridge between Supreme Court and Indraprastha Station. India's first extradosed bridge for road traffic, Nivedita Setu ,

767-681: Is 34.28 metres. There are six pylons, each at a height 13.33 metres above the roadway pavement. Each pylon has eight pairs of cables. The first extradosed bridge in Scandinavia is the Harpe Bridge crossing the Norwegian river Gudbrandsdalslågen as part of the highway E6. The bridge was opened for traffic December 17, 2016. It is 324 meters long and carries four lanes of traffic. Pakistan inaugurated its first extradosed bridge for traffic on August 21, 2014. The Earthquake Memorial Bridge

826-404: Is a modified prestressed concrete cantilever girder design, where the longitudinal "continuity" tendons are raised significantly above the deck height at the ends of each main span and supported on short towers. These tendons are encased in fin-like blade walls on each side of the towers for protection, a design arrangement now often referred to as a cable-panel bridge. While little is known of

885-519: Is the first extradosed bridge in United Republic of Tanzania . The 6.23-kilometre bridge will attempt to relieve the traffic bottleneck by connecting the area near Coco Beach and Agakan Hospital in Dar es Salaam with a four-lane bridge (1 km) on the sea. Construction is scheduled to start in the latter half of the year for completion in 2021. From the total length of 6.23 km, the length of

944-748: Is the first extradosed bridge to be built in state of Gujarat and its span of 144 m (472 ft) is the longest in India. A few months later in June 2017, the Arrah–Chhapra Bridge opened across the Ganges river connecting Arrah and Chhapra in Bhojpur and Saran districts in the state of Bihar . It is the longest multi-span extradosed bridge in the world, with a main bridge length of 1,920 m (6,300 ft). Ireland's first extradosed bridge,

1003-687: The Intelligenzaktion . The Poles were then either imprisoned in the local prison or massacred at the local cemetery. Among the massacred Poles were teachers, school principals, priests and military officers. Poles from Leżajsk were also among the victims of the large Katyn massacre , committed by the Russians in April–May 1940. During the German occupation , the Home Army was very active in

1062-653: The Cebu Island side of the bridge, there is Mandaue , where the bridge can be accessed via United Nations Avenue. The Mactan side of the bridge, which is in Lapu-Lapu City , can be accessed via Old Patiller Road, a spur road of the Manuel L. Quezon National Highway. The bridge also sits astride the northern end of the Mactan Channel , a gateway to the Cebu International Port managed by

1121-690: The Lwów Voivodeship . In July 1929, the town was visited by President Ignacy Mościcki . During the German invasion of Poland , which started World War II , on September 13, 1939, Leżajsk was captured by the Wehrmacht . Afterwards, the German Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against the population . On November 3, 1939, the German security police carried out mass arrests of local Poles as part of

1180-675: The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge , was built by BAM and Dragados, and opened for traffic in January 2020. It is 894 m long, 21.9 m average width. The bridge spans the River Barrow south of New Ross and is part of the N25 national primary route . The 230 metres (750 ft) main spans of the bridge were, in 2020, the longest concrete-only extradosed box-girder bridge spans in the world. The spans are equal in length to

1239-477: The St. Croix River between Oak Park Heights , Minnesota and St. Joseph , Wisconsin . Construction began on the bridge in 2014 and it was opened to traffic on August 2, 2017. The bridge replaced the older Stillwater Bridge in downtown Stillwater, Minnesota , which was functionally obsolete and deteriorating from its age. Le%C5%BCajsk Leżajsk is famed for its Bernadine basilica and monastery , built by

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1298-437: The 100 metres (330 ft) to 250 metres (820 ft) span range. Their hybrid nature can lead to significant additional complexity in their design, as the response of the bridge to applied loads is determined by the interactions between: Although differentiated from cable-stayed bridges in a number of areas, the principal and defining extradosed characteristic is the low height of the main towers or pylons, expressed as

1357-675: The 30 m (98 ft) wide deck by two 7 m (23 ft) pylons canted away from the main span. The 6-lane bridge was opened to traffic for Expo 2016. The first extradosed bridge in the U.S. is the northbound span of the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge that carries Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike) over the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut , which opened to traffic on June 22, 2012. The southbound span opened on August 19, 2015, making it

1416-642: The Cebu Port Authority, where about 80% of domestic and international shipping operators and shipbuilders in the Philippines are located. The Mactan–Mandaue Bridge is about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south of the Marcelo Fernan Bridge. Extradosed bridge An extradosed bridge employs a structure that combines the main elements of both a prestressed box girder bridge and a cable-stayed bridge . The name comes from

1475-692: The City Development Department of the Riga City Council developed the design task for the route of the bridge, which would connect Vienības Anenue on the left bank of the Daugava River and the Slāvu Roundabout on the right bank. The Southern Bridge over represents a multispan extradosed structure of 49.5 + 77 + 5 × 110 + 77 + 49.5 metres with six traffic lanes. The total length of the bridge is 803 metres. The width

1534-683: The Mactan Channel. Before it was named the Marcelo Fernan Bridge, it was called the Consolacion Bridge , owing to its proximity to the municipality of Consolacion , which is 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from its north end. It is one of three bridges crossing the Mactan Channel, the others being the Mactan–Mandaue Bridge (opened in 1973) and the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (opened in 2022). Marcelo Fernan Bridge

1593-408: The appearance of a cable-stayed bridge with very short towers (pylons), with cable stays of shallow angle that may not extend along the full length of the deck, and (frequently) with a more substantial deck superstructure . Developed as a hybrid structure between the classic cable-stay and cantilever-girder bridge types, they can offer cost saving and aesthetic opportunities for medium-length bridges in

1652-534: The architect Antonio Pellacini. The basilica contains a highly regarded pipe organ from the second half of the 17th century and organ recitals take place there. It stands as one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments ( Pomnik historii ), as designated April 20, 2005, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland . Leżajsk is also home of the Leżajsk brewery . The town is crossed by

1711-532: The area. Since May 1940, underground Polish newspaper Odwet was distributed in Leżajsk by the Polish resistance movement . On May 28, 1943, Germans shot 43 residents of the town. Leżajsk was captured by the Home Army on July 27, 1944. The Jewish cemetery in Leżajsk is a place of pilgrimage for Jews from all over the world, who come to visit the tomb of Elimelech , the great 18th century Hasidic Rebbe. From

1770-427: The bridge superstructure due to the greater horizontal force component within each cable stay. From a structural perspective, the second extradosed characteristic is the reduced proportion of superstructure live load that is carried by the cables. On cable-stayed bridges, the stays commonly support at least 80% of the loading from vehicular traffic acting on the bridge superstructure, whereas on extradosed bridges,

1829-490: The cable-stayed bridge, and a significantly shallower deck/girder structure than used on the girder bridge. This arrangement results in the typical extradosed "look" of a fan of low, shallow-angle stay cables, usually with a pronounced "open window" region extending from the sides of each tower. The extradosed bridge form is mostly suited to medium-length spans between 100 m (330 ft) and 250 m (820 ft), and over fifty such bridges had been constructed around

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1888-452: The cables, down from typically 100 megapascals (15,000 psi) or above for cable-stay bridges to around 50 megapascals (7,300 psi) for extradosed designs. This has a direct benefit in reducing the detrimental effects of fatigue experienced by the stay cables and their end anchorages, and bridge design codes allow extradosed stay cables to operate at a significantly higher design stress level and therefore material efficiency level as

1947-587: The deck, inappropriate for the site. Therefore, it was proposed an extradosed bridge type, which reduces the height of the pylon, and a single plane of stays to allow a more transparent view. The bridges were designed by PEDELTA . The North Arm Bridge is a transit-pedestrian bridge of SkyTrain Canada Line , connecting Vancouver with its suburb of Richmond crossing over the Fraser River . The bridge went into service on August 17, 2009, coinciding with

2006-699: The early 1500s until the advent of World War II and the Holocaust, there was a major Jewish presence in Leżajsk. After the Jewish expulsions from Spain in 1492, many Jews ended up in Leżajsk. According to the census of 1764, the community numbered 909 people, and by the turn of the 20th century, there were 1,700 Jews in the community. Between the two world wars, 4,500 Jews were living in Lezajsk. When Nazi Germany invaded Leżajsk in September 1939, almost all Jews in

2065-429: The external cables, and their subsequent treatment by design codes. Unlike a bridge's near-constant dead load , its live load can be highly variable both in time and position, resulting in fluctuations in the stress level experienced by the bridge's structural elements as the live loading varies. The lower proportion of live load carried by the extradosed cables results in a reduced magnitude of stress fluctuations within

2124-552: The extradosed tendons continuous over the towers via saddle supports and using anchorages only at the deck connections, significantly simplifying the tensioning operations. The Triplets are the first three extradosed concrete bridges in Bolivia. The construction of a beltway allowing traffic decongestion in the city of La Paz was completed in 2010. The new elevated road crosses three parallel valleys with signature bridges. These three consecutive bridges have similar features and as

2183-589: The features of an extradosed design is Bridge in Rzuchów near Leżajsk , constructed in Poland in 1980. Next is the Ganter Bridge , constructed in Switzerland, designed by Christian Menn of Zurich, it preceded by several years the 1988 publication on the design philosophy of such bridges by Jacques Mathivat, who is credited with inventing the extradosed terminology and its design concepts. The Ganter Bridge

2242-658: The first brick church was built. In 1624 Lezajsk was looted and burned by Crimean Tatars and the subsequent Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660) brought more destruction. Following the First Partition of Poland (1772), Leżajsk was annexed by the Habsburg Empire , and remained in Austrian Galicia until November 1918. In 1809, the town was captured by the Duchy of Warsaw , but soon afterwards, it

2301-695: The fourth extradosed bridge in the U.S. The second and third extradosed bridges in the U.S. are Interstate 35 frontage road spans over the Brazos River in Waco, Texas . Construction began in July 2012 and the bridges were dedicated in July 2014. They are the first extradosed bridges to be constructed in Texas . The fifth extradosed bridge in the United States is the St. Croix Crossing , which crosses

2360-556: The largest in the world, is the Kwidzyn Bridge  [ pl ] opened to traffic on 26 July 2013 over the Vistula River from Opalenie to Kwidzyn . The total length of the bridge is 808.5 metres (2,653 ft) with the main span of 204 m. The bridge has been commissioned by General Directorate for National Roads and Highways , designed by Transprojekt Gdanski and is built by Budimex and Ferrovial Agroman at

2419-728: The main span of the N25 Suir Bridge in Waterford; and four metres shorter the main span of the Foyle Bridge in Northern Ireland, which is 21 metres shorter in total length. The two central main spans are supported by a central plane of stay cables passing through saddles located on three towers at the three central supports. The distinctive feature of the Bridge is the different height of the towers. The side towers have

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2478-415: The majority of any applied deck loads directly into the nearest stay cables. In comparison, extradosed designs utilise a substantially stiffer deck/girder structure, allowing the girder to support a significant proportion of any deck loads, and facilitating the distribution of the remaining load between a larger number of individual stay elements. Thirdly is the magnitude of fatigue loading experienced by

2537-457: The new bridge is 1.03 km. The main bridge itself is 670m long and is designed as an extradosed bridge with a maximum span of 125m. The road consists of a 4.52 km section where two lanes has been expanded to four lanes and a new 0.68 km section. Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is the first extradosed bridge in Thailand. The 4.3-kilometer Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge links

2596-413: The next span. These he called extradosed tendons, as they connected to the extradose (or upper surface) of the bridge's spanning structure. The shallow angle of these tendons resulted in them transmitting a large compression force component into the bridge deck structure, allowing them to function in a similar manner to conventional "flexural" bridge prestressing. The extradosed tendons were continuous over

2655-690: The opening of the Canada Line. The Golden Ears Bridge , crosses the Fraser River between the municipalities of Pitt Meadows / Maple Ridge and Langley . It is the longest extradosed bridge in North America. The bridge opened to traffic on June 16, 2009. Extradosed bridges are rare in China, while the first was Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge completed in 2000, although the bridge is described as cable-stayed by some sources. One main span

2714-409: The origin of Menn's design, Mathivat developed a theoretical basis for such a concept during 1982–83 while preparing a tender proposal for the Autoroute A64 viaduct across Arret-Darre in France. Mathivat's design replaced the internal tendons normally located in the top of the box girder with "external" tendons running at a shallow angle from the deck surface in one span up over short towers and back to

2773-446: The stay cables typically support only between 20% and 60% of this load. In both cases, the remainder of the load is carried by the longitudinal girder element in spanning-action between the main bridge supports. This characteristic derives from the relative stiffnesses between the cable stays and the girder element. Cable-stay designs typically incorporate flexible deck structures without a stiff girder element, and such systems transfer

2832-465: The towers and were stressed from the deck level, unlike stay cables, which normally terminate at the top of each pylon. The first example of a bridge constructed using Mathivat's concepts appears to be the 1993 Ponte dos Socorridos at Camara de Lobos, Portugal, with a main span of 106 m (348 ft). This was quickly followed by the Odawara Blueway Bridge on the Seisho Bypass , Japan, designed by Akio Kasuga and completed in 1994. This bridge has

2891-425: The town were brought to the Soviet-Occupied zone, where they were later massacred by the Einsatzgruppen . According to data from January 1, 2011, the city's area was 20.58 km². According to data from 2006, Leżajsk has an area of 20.6 km², including: farmland: 51% Forested area: 23% The city is 3.48% of the county's area The local football club is Pogoń Leżajsk  [ pl ] . It competes in

2950-420: The twin, 33 m (108 ft) wide Ibigawa and Kisogawa "Twinkle" bridges, spanning 271.5 m (891 ft) and 275 m (902 ft) across the Ibi and Kiso Rivers respectively, and completed in 2001. Twinkle bridge was the longest extradosed bridge in the world until 2017, when the 1,920 m (6,300 ft) long Arrah-Chhapra Bridge in India became the longest bridge of this type. In 1996,

3009-508: The western side (Bang Krang and Bang Sri Muang subdistricts) with the eastern part of the Nonthaburi province (Suan Yai and Talat Kwan subdistricts) and a new road connecting with Ratchaphruek Road. Çallı Bridge, in Antalya city center, is the first extradosed bridge designed and constructed in Turkey. The 180 m (590 ft) long bridge has an 80 m (260 ft) main span with 50 m (160 ft) side spans sustained by 2 x 4 sets of 4 extradosed cables (harp design) supported above

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3068-506: The word extrados , the exterior or upper curve of an arch, and refers to how the "stay cables" on an extradosed bridge are not considered as such in the design, but are instead treated as external prestressing tendons deviating upward from the deck. In this concept, they remain part of (and define the upper limit of) the main bridge superstructure . Compared to a cable-stayed or cantilever-girder bridge of comparable span, an extradosed bridge uses much shorter stay-towers or pylons than

3127-424: The world as of 2012. Whilst incurring many of the construction costs of both the cable-stayed and girder bridge types, extradosed bridges can deliver material savings to offset much of this penalty. They have frequently been adopted when overall height, navigation clearance, or aesthetic requirements have made the cable-stayed or girder alternatives less feasible. The earliest bridge known to incorporate some of

3186-488: Was built in four years on the Jhelum River in Muzaffarabad , the capital of Azad Jammu Kashmir region of Pakistan. The bridge is 60 metres above the river and 246 metre long. The cable-stayed extradosed bridge was designed and funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency at the cost of approximately Rs 1.5 billion. The bridge connects Naluchi and Chattar areas of Muzaffarabad reduced commuting duration by an hour. The largest extradosed bridge in Europe , one of

3245-403: Was completed in 2007 by Larsen & Toubro Ltd. for the Second Vivekananda Bridge Toll corporation over river Hooghly , Kolkata . This bridge is 880 m (2,890 ft) long, with a span of 110 m (360 ft). The 3rd Narmada Bridge , which bears a similarity to the Golden Ears Bridge in Vancouver, Canada, was completed March 2017 across Narmada River in Bharuch , Gujarat . It

3304-437: Was completed in 2008. Since the mid-2000s, the style has grown appreciably in popularity with over fifty bridges with extradosed characteristics being recorded as of 2012. They have been constructed in many countries, although the significant majority of them are located in Japan and South Korea. The longest-span example remains the 2001 Kisogawa Bridge at 275 m (902 ft). Visually, extradosed bridges typically have

3363-411: Was constructed with the help of the Japanese government. It was named after Senator Marcelo Fernan , a political figure from Cebu City . On the Mactan Island side of the bridge, there is a park called the Millennium Park at the base of the bridge's piers, and the Filipino Seafarers Memorial is located in that park. Also, the bridge has two pedestrian walkways, one each on the north and south sides. On

3422-416: Was opened in August 1999 to decongest the traffic from the older Mactan–Mandaue Bridge , which opened in 1973. The bridge has a total length of 1,237 meters (4,058 ft) with a centre span of 185 meters (607 ft) and was inaugurated by Philippine President Joseph Estrada on August 3, 1999. After its completion, the bridge had one of the widest and longest bridge spans in the Philippines . The bridge

3481-432: Was retaken by the Austrians. In 1896–1900, a rail line connecting Lezajsk with Przeworsk and Rozwadow was completed. The town suffered during World War I , as Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies fought there in 1914 and 1915. Lezajsk was occupied by Russians between November 1914 and May 1915. In 1918 Poland regained independence and control of the town. In the Second Polish Republic , Leżajsk belonged to Łańcut County of

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