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64-581: The Marada were a group of independent communities in Lebanon and the surrounding highlands after the conquest of Syria by the Arab army in 630 CE. While some historians argue that the Marada "States" were that of a Maronite Aramaic-speaking Christian warrior elite, other historians tend to downplay their importance, and describe a more complex scenario. The Maronites and thus the Marada were given relative autonomy in

128-510: A 2015 study, an estimated 2,500 Lebanese Christians have Arab Muslim ancestry, whereas the majority of Lebanese Christians are direct descendants of the original early Christians. Before the Christian faith reached the territory of Lebanon, Jesus had traveled to its southern parts near Tyre where the scripture tells that he cured a possessed Canaanite child. Christianity in Lebanon

192-468: A major part in the definition of and the creation of the state of Lebanon. The modern state of Greater Lebanon was established by France in 1920 after the instigation of ambitious Maronite leaders headed by patriarch Elias Peter Hoayek , who presided over delegations to France following World War I and requested the re-establishment of the entity of the Principality of Lebanon (1515AD–1840AD). With

256-723: A military expedition to the area in 1860. The disagreements diminished in intensity only after the establishment of the Mandate and a political formula whereby all denominations achieved a degree of political representation. Besides the Beirut archdiocese, nine other archdioceses and dioceses are in the Middle East: Aleppo, Damascus, Jubayl-Al Batrun, Cyprus, Baalbek, Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, and Cairo. Parishes and independent dioceses are situated in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela,

320-1073: A national church in the fourth century. In the sixth century, it modified the formulations of the Council of Chalcedon of 451 that confirmed the dual nature of Christ in one person. Instead, the Armenian Apostolic Church adopted a form of Miaphysitism that believes in the united nature of divine and human in Christ, a belief shared by the Copts and the Syrian Orthodox Church (Oriental Orthodox Church). The Armenian Apostolic Church has two catholicoi (Sis and Etchmiadzin Cathedral ) and two patriarchs (Constantinople and Jerusalem). The Armenians in Lebanon reside mostly in Beirut and its northern suburbs, as well as in Anjar . During

384-604: A new Metropolitan is appointed. The members of the Syriac Catholic Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present day Mardin region) during and after World War I due to the Assyrian/Syriac genocide . Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria. The Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Beirut

448-531: A small group of Latin Catholics who are of at least partial French or Italian descent. The Assyrians in Lebanon were refugees who had fled their native lands in southeastern Turkey during and after World War I due to the Assyrian genocide . Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq into Syria, Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq. The Archdiocese of Lebanon and Syria of

512-842: Is Mar Bechara Boutros al-Rahi . When a new patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastic communion from the Pope, thus maintaining communion within the Catholic Church. Patriarchs may also be accorded the status of cardinals, in the rank of cardinal-bishops. The Seat of the Maronite Catholic Church is in Bkerké. Monasteries in Lebanon are run by both the Maronite and Orthodox churches. The Holy Monastery of Saint George in Deir El Harf and Saint John

576-516: Is as old as gentile Christian faith itself. Early reports relate the possibility that Saint Peter himself was the one who evangelized the Phoenicians whom he affiliated to the ancient Patriarchate of Antioch . Paul also preached in Lebanon, having lingered with the early Christians in Tyre and Sidon . Even though Christianity was introduced to Lebanon after the first century AD, its spread

640-565: Is elected by bishops in a synod and confirmed by the Pope in Rome, who sends him a pallium (a circular band of white wool worn by archbishops) in recognition of their communion. Greek Catholic churches, like those of the Greek Orthodox, contain icons but no statues. The Melkite Greek Catholics live primarily in the central and eastern parts of the country, dispersed in many villages. Members of this rite are concentrated in Beirut, Zahlah, and

704-593: Is known as Qaa massacre . On 2 May 1987, a Zgharta unit called Marada 3/400 set up an ambush to kill Bahaa Douaihy and Roumanos Douaihy amid the long-running Frangieh and Douaihy clans conflict. Between 2005 and 2008 numerous attacks targeted and killed multiple Lebanese Forces members. Those killed include: Riad Abi Khater in Batroun , Pierre Ishac in Bsarma and Tony Issa in Dahr al ain . The Marada militia destroyed

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768-661: Is not recognized by the state. But the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible in 2009 to have religious affiliation removed from the Lebanese identity card . This does not, however, deny the religious authorities' complete control over civil family issues inside the country. The Maronite Christians of Lebanon are the largest Christian denomination among the Lebanese people, representing 21% of

832-589: Is that of the procession of the Holy Spirit and there are also divergences in ritual and discipline. The Eastern Orthodox Christians include many free-holders, and the community is less dominated by large landowners than other Christian denominations. In present-day Lebanon, the Lebanese Greek Orthodox have become increasingly urbanized, and form a major part of the commercial and professional class of Beirut and other cities. Many are found in

896-712: Is the proper archeparchy ( Eastern Catholic (archdiocese) of the Syriac Catholic Church 's ( Antiochian Rite in Syriac language ) Patriarch of Antioch in his actual seat, Beirut, Lebanon. The members of the Syriac Orthodox Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present day Mardin region) during and after World War I due to the Assyrian/Syriac genocide . Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria. There are several archdioceses and dioceses of

960-542: The 1996 elections . He also won a seat from Koura in the general elections of 2000. He chaired the Lebanese Parliament ’s budget and finance committee in 2000. In the 2005 general elections , he was on a list of candidates backed by Michel Aoun . In the general elections of 2009, Ghosn ran for a seat from Koura, but he could not win the election. Ghosn was appointed minister of defense in June 2011. He

1024-804: The Assyrian/Syriac genocide . Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria. The Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut is the sole eparchy ( Eastern Catholic diocese) of the Chaldean Catholic Church and is immediately dependent on the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon in Baghdad , Iraq . The Copts in Lebanon were immigrants or refugees who had fled their native lands in Egypt, Libya and Sudan. According to tradition,

1088-645: The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria was established by Saint Mark, an apostle and evangelist, in the middle of the 1st century (approximately AD 42). The ethnic Copts in Lebanon are estimated to number 3,000–4,000, and the Coptic Orthodox Church is one of the 18 religious sects recognized by the Lebanese Constitution. Fayez Ghosn Fayez Ghosn ( Arabic : فايز غصن ; 28 June 1950 – 22 November 2021)

1152-571: The Druze founded modern Lebanon in the nineteenth century, through a governing and social system known as the " Maronite-Druze dualism " in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate . Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians of any Middle Eastern country, estimated to be between 37% and 43%; Egypt and Syria are next, at roughly 10%. Lebanese Christians constitute the majority of the Lebanese diaspora worldwide. According to

1216-757: The Eastern Orthodox 14, Melkites eight, the Armenians Apostolics five, Catholic Armenians one, Protestants one, and other Christian minority groups , one. The head of the Maronite Church is the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, who is elected by the bishops of the Maronite church and now resides in Bkerké , north of Beirut (but in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months). The current Patriarch (from 2011)

1280-597: The Kataeb until 1978, the year when Suleiman Frangieh refused the Lebanese Front 's plan to declare a Christian canton, a Christian enclave separated from the rest of the country. A new alliance was formed between Suleiman Frangieh and Prime Minister Rachid Karami to counter the Lebanese Front's plan that called for separate enclaves/cantons of Christians, Druze and Muslims. Frangieh became firmly set against

1344-568: The Lebanese mountains to escape emperor Justinian II 's persecution, finally settling in the Qadisha valley . Nevertheless, the influence of the Maronite establishment spread throughout the Lebanese mountains and became a considerable feudal force. The existence of the Maronites was largely ignored by the western world until the Crusades . In the 16th century, the Maronite Church adopted

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1408-660: The Melkite Catholic Church . The Greek Orthodox Church forms the second-largest proportion of Lebanese Christians. The Armenian Apostolic Church also forms a large portion of the Christian population in Lebanon. The other six smaller Christian sects are considered ethnic Assyrians ( Syriac Orthodox , Syriac Catholics , Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholics ). In the Lebanese Parliament , Christians hold 64 seats in tandem with 64 seats for Lebanese Muslims . The Maronites are allotted 34 seats,

1472-549: The Phoenicians , leading to the dawn of the ancient Patriarchate of Antioch . As such, Christianity in Lebanon is as old as Christian faith itself. Christianity spread slowly in Lebanon due to pagans who resisted conversion, but it ultimately spread throughout the country. Even after centuries of living under Muslim Empires , Christianity remains the dominant faith of the Mount Lebanon region and has substantial communities elsewhere. The Maronite Catholics and

1536-669: The president of the country must be a Maronite , the Prime Minister must be a Sunnite , and the Speaker of Parliament must be a Shiite . The Taif Agreement helped establish a power-sharing system between the Christian and Muslim Lebanese political parties. The political and economic situation in Lebanon had improved greatly. Lebanon had rebuilt its infrastructure. Historical and contemporary conflicts between Hezbollah and Israel have threatened to deteriorate Lebanon's political and economic situation, with growing tension between

1600-490: The "foundation of the Lebanese nation". The Maronites have been closely associated with the political system of independent Lebanon; it was estimated that in pre-Civil War Lebanon, members of this Rite held a large portion of the leading posts. However, roles were shifted due to the Taif Agreement's theoretical balancing of power. Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christianity is the second largest Christian denomination among

1664-807: The 2010 municipal election, Marada won in Zgharta and won a total of 17 out of 31 municipalities in the Zgharta District . In the 2018 Lebanese general election , Marada won 3 seats in North III : 2 Maronite seats in Zgharta and 1 Orthodox seat in Koura . After the elections, Frangieh formed the Independent National Bloc ( Arabic : التكتل الوطني ) with Farid Haykal Khazen , Faisal Karami , Jihad Al Samad and Jbeil Shia MP Moustafa Husseini. Faisal Karami and Jihad Al Samad left

1728-623: The 8 March and 14 March alliances and threatening Lebanon with renewed strife. The Christian community is currently divided, with some aligned with the Kataeb party, Michel Aoun 's Free Patriotic Movement , the El Marada Party headed by Suleiman Frangieh, Jr. , the Lebanese Forces Movement Samir Geagea, and others within the collection of various 14 March Christian leaders. Although the Taif agreement

1792-627: The Assyrian Church of the East is based in the Mar Gewargis Church of Sad El Bouchrieh, Beirut, Lebanon. After the recent passing of the archdiocese's late Archbishop Mar Narsai D'Baz , Archbishop Mar Meelis Zaia of Australia and New Zealand temporarily took over the archdiocese, handling all church related issues in Lebanon. The current bishops, the Bishop of Europe and the Bishop of Syria, oversee their individual dioceses until

1856-724: The Baptist Monastery in Douma both date back to the 5th century. The Balamand Monastery in Tripoli is a very prominent Orthodox monastery that has a seminary and a university associated with it. As of May 2022, the Lebanese Forces is the biggest Christian political party in Lebanon. Under the terms of an agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon,

1920-639: The Lebanese people, representing 8% of the Lebanese population. The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch adheres to the Eastern Orthodox Church , which is actually a group of autocephalous churches using the Byzantine rite and are the second largest Christian denomination within Christianity in Lebanon . Historically, these churches grew out of the four Eastern Patriarchates ( Jerusalem , Antioch , Alexandria , and Constantinople ) of

1984-407: The Lebanese population. Most Protestants in Lebanon were converted by missionaries, primarily English and American, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They are divided into a number of denominations, including Presbyterian, Congregational, and Anglican. They are perceived by some to number disproportionately highly among the professional middle class. They constitute nearly 1 percent of

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2048-683: The Lebanese population. The Melkite Catholics emerged as a distinct group from 1724 when they split from the Greek Orthodox Church over a disputed election of the Patriarch of Antioch. The elected man was considered too 'pro-Roman' and another faction, the larger, elected a rival who was supported by the Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople (the see of Antioch had ignored the split between the two which occurred in 1054 and

2112-527: The Lebanese population. The Maronite Church's full communion with the Catholic Church was reaffirmed in 1182, after hundreds of years of isolation in Mount Lebanon. By the terms of union, they retain their rites and canon law and use Arabic and Aramaic in their liturgy, as well the Karshuni script with old Syriac letters. Their origins are uncertain. One version traces them to John Maron of Antioch in

2176-760: The Middle East, but exact size of this population has been disputed for many years. One estimate of the Christian share of Lebanon's population, as of 2012, was 40.5%. And more recently, in 2018 the CIA World Factbook estimated that Christians constituted 33.7% of Lebanon's population. The Maronite Church , an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the Catholic Church , is the largest and politically most active and influential denomination of Lebanon's Christians. The Catholic Church also includes other Eastern Catholic churches, such as

2240-564: The North between the Kataeb and Marada parties when the Kataeb tried to expand their power in the region, Marada militiamen assassinated Joud el Bayeh , a Kataeb leader in Zgharta , which ignited the Ehden massacre . To seek revenge for the Ehden massacre , on 28 June 1978, Marada brigades affiliates captured and killed 26 Kataeb members in the villages of Qaa and Ras Baalback , the massacre

2304-403: The President of the Lebanese republic shall always be a Maronite. Furthermore, the pact also states that Lebanon is a state with an "Arab face" (not an Arab identity). Note that the following percentages are estimates only. As the last Lebanese census was conducted in 1932, it is difficult to have precise population estimates. Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians of any country in

2368-417: The Southeast ( Nabatieh / Beqaa ) and North , near Tripoli . They are highly educated and well-versed in finance. The church has often served as a bridge between Lebanese Christians and the Arab countries, because it exists in various parts of the Arab world. Members of the rite constitute 8% of the population. Melkite Christianity in Lebanon is the third-largest Christian denomination, representing 5% of

2432-437: The Syriac Orthodox Church on the territory of Lebanon. The church follows the Syriac liturgy of St. James and has an independent hierarchy under the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, whose seat was formerly at Mardin in Turkey and is now at Damascus , Syria . The members of the Chaldean Catholic Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present day Mardin region) during and after World War I due to

2496-575: The Umayyad Caliphate. The Marada were known by some as a fierce warrior group, and according to some, the name was synonymous with the Arabic word for rebels or also Maronites. During the Lebanese civil war was called one of the Maronite militias "Marada Movement". During the Lebanese civil war, Zgharta was the frontline and Christian stronghold of the north in northern Lebanon . The Zgharta-based Marada Brigade militia successfully repulsed and responded with attacks on armed militias from Tripoli , Danniyeh and Koura districts, and from PLO militias from

2560-431: The United States, Canada, Mexico, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. There are four minor seminaries in Lebanon (Al Batrun, Ghazir, Ayn Saadah, and Trablous) and a faculty of theology at the University of the Holy Spirit at Al Kaslik, which is run by the Maronite Monastic Order. The patriarch is elected in a secret ceremony by a synod of bishops and confirmed by the Pope. Leaders of the Rite have considered Maronite Christianity as

2624-454: The armed forces, as well as the sole ability to form and dissolve governments. Many Lebanese leaders, as well as global powers, continue to lobby to roll back features of the Taif Agreement that eroded the constitutional powers of the president of the republic. The role of president of the Lebanese Central bank is also a position reserved for Lebanese Christians. This is due to the historical and contemporary influence of Lebanese Christians among

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2688-422: The bloc, Koura MP Fayez Ghosn and Jbeil MP Moustafa Husseini died which left the bloc with only 2 MP. In the 2022 Lebanese general election , only one official Marada candidate Tony Frangieh Jr. won, Marada candidate in Tripoli Rafli Diab got the highest preferential votes for the Orthodox seat in North II but lost, Koura candidate Fadi Ghosn (brother of Fayez Ghosn ) lost in favor of William Tawk. After

2752-414: The catechism of the Catholic Church and reaffirmed its relationship with it. Moreover, Rome dispatched Franciscan , Dominican and later Jesuit missionaries to Lebanon to Latinise the Maronites. The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and peaceful coexistence , with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with

2816-472: The civil war, the main stance of the Armenians was not to pick a side between Muslims or Christians and stay exempt mostly from the fighting. The largest Armenian community in Lebanon is found in Bourj Hammoud . Among the Armenians in Lebanon there are some who belong to the Armenian Catholic Church . They are also refugees who had fled Turkey during and after World War I and the Armenian genocide . The Latin Catholic Church in Lebanon consists mainly of

2880-408: The creation of the state of Lebanon, Arabism was overcome by Lebanism , which emphasizes Lebanon's Mediterranean and Phoenician heritage. In the National Pact , an unwritten gentleman's agreement between the Maronite President Bshara el-Khoury and Sunni Prime Minister Riad as-Solh , the seats of presidency were distributed between the main Lebanese religious denominations. According to the pact,

2944-418: The elections, Tony Frangieh formed a bloc with several MPs that represent feudal families (Frangieh, Khazen, Tawk, Murr) and their presidential candidate for the 2022-2023 Lebanese presidential election is Suleiman Frangieh . On 16 June 1957, Sleiman Frangieh and his followers killed 30 people loyal to the Douaihy family in a church in Miziara . The massacre is known as Miziara massacre. Amid tensions in

3008-422: The exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war . Due to their turbulent history, the Maronites formed a secluded identity in the mountains and valleys of Lebanon, led by the Maronite patriarch who voiced his opinion on contemporary issues. They identify themselves as a unique community whose religion and culture is distinct from the predominantly Muslim Arab world. The Maronites played

3072-470: The house of Greek Orthodox MP Fouad Ghosn in the town of Kousba in the Koura district after he voted for Bachir Gemayel during the 1982 Lebanese presidential election . Marada loyalist burned the house of newly elected MP Samir Frangieh because Sleiman Frangieh lost the 2005 elections. Christianity in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon has a long and continuous history. Biblical scriptures show that Peter and Paul evangelized

3136-410: The key bankers of the Middle East region. Although Lebanon is a secular country , family matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages conducted in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities. Non-religion

3200-441: The mountainous areas of Lebanon and Syria. During the Ottoman era (1516–1914) they remained isolated and relatively independent in these areas. In 1857 and 1858 the Maronites revolted against the large landowning families. The revolt was followed by a further struggle between the Druzes and Maronites over land ownership, political power, and safe passage of community members in the territory of the other. The conflict led France to send

3264-410: The neighboring Palestinian refugee camps of Beddawi and Nahr al-Bared . In March 1976, the Marada Brigade supported the hard-pressed Lebanese Army Republican Guard Battalion in defending the Presidential Palace in Baabda from a two-pronged combined LNM – LAA assault, though prior to the attack the Lebanese President had decamped to the safety of Jounieh . The Marada were initially allied with

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3328-399: The onset of a Lebanese federal state that would make an alliance with Israel, promoted instead an Arab pro-Syrian alliance and stopped attending meetings with the Lebanese Front. The incident is known as the Ehden massacre . Kataeb member at the time Samir Geagea, who allegedly headed the Phalangist force responsible for the Ehden massacre, admitted that he was among the "military squad" that

3392-411: The original five major episcopal sees (the Pentarchy ) of the Roman Empire which included Rome. The final split took place in 1054. From that time, the Eastern Churches have continued to reject the claims of the Patriarchate of Rome (the Catholic Church) to universal supremacy and have rejected the concept of papal infallibility. Doctrinally, the main point at issue between the Eastern and Western Churches

3456-410: The population (around 40,000) and live primarily in Beirut ( Greater Beirut ). The Lebanese Baptist Evangelical Convention was founded in 1955 by various churches. The Armenians in Lebanon mostly descend from refugees who had fled Turkey during and after the Armenian genocide during World War I . The Armenian Apostolic Church was organized in the third century and became autocephalous as

3520-416: The seventh century A.D.; another points to St. Maron , a monk in the late fourth and early fifth centuries (who is considered by many to be the true origin of the Maronite Church). The words "maron" or "marun" in Syriac mean "small lord." In the late seventh century, as a result of persecutions from other Christians for the heterodox views they had adopted, the Maronites withdrew from the coastal regions into

3584-415: The suburbs of Sidon. They have a relatively higher level of education than other denominations. Proud of their Arab heritage, Greek Catholics have been able to strike a balance between their openness to the Arab world and their identification with the West. Greek Catholics are estimated to constitute 5% of the population. The Protestants of Lebanon form the fourth-largest Christian group, representing 1% of

3648-413: The vicinity of Homs – Syria and founded a community of monks which began to preach the gospel in the surrounding areas. By faith, liturgy, rite, religious books and heritage, the Maronites were of Eastern origin. The Saint Maron Monastery was too close to Antioch to grant the monks their freedom and autonomy, which prompted Saint John Maron , the first Maronite patriarch-elect, to lead his monks into

3712-399: Was a Lebanese politician who served as a minister of defense , and a member of the Marada Movement . Ghosn was from an influential Orthodox Christian family with origins in Northern Lebanon . He was born in Kousba on 28 June 1950. Ghosn was a member of the Lebanon's Christian political party Marada, which is a supporter of Hezbollah . He first became a parliament member following

3776-492: Was canonically in union with both in 1724). Although they fully accept Catholic doctrines as defined by the Holy See , they have generally remained close to the Greek Orthodox Church, retaining more of the ancient rituals and customs than have the Maronites. They employ Arabic and Greek and follow the Byzantine rite. The highest official of the church since 1930 has been the Patriarch of Antioch, who resides at Ayn Traz, about twenty-four kilometers southeast of Beirut. The patriarch

3840-415: Was in charge of the Ehden "operation", but he denied taking part in the massacre, claiming that he was shot in his right hand before getting to the area and was taken to a hospital. Elie Hobeika has always denied taking part in the killing. After the 2005 legislative elections , the Marada became a member of the (pro-Syrian) opposition alliance together with Hezbollah . In June 2006, the Marada Movement

3904-400: Was officially launched as a political party during a ceremony attended by supporters and representatives from Hezbollah, Amal Movement , the Free Patriotic Movement , and several pro-Syrian political figures. In the 2009 Lebanese general election , Marada won all 3 seats in the electoral district of Zgharta , Marada was initially part of the Change and Reform bloc but left in 2013. In

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3968-478: Was part of the 8 March coalition and the Change and Reform bloc in Najib Mikati 's cabinet . Ghosn's term ended on 15 February 2014, and Samir Mouqbel replaced him as defense minister. In the general elections in 2018 he again ran for a seat from Koura and was elected. Ghosn was a supporter of Iran, arguing that Iran contributes to stability in the Middle East countries . In December 2011, Ghosn claimed that Al Qaeda militants were entering Lebanon under

4032-412: Was very slow, particularly in the mountainous areas where paganism was still unyielding. The earliest indisputable tradition of Christianity in Lebanon can be traced back to Saint Maron in the 4th century AD, being of Greek/Eastern/Antiochian Orthodox origin and the founder of national and ecclesiastical Maronitism. Saint Maron adopted an ascetic and reclusive life on the banks of the Orontes river in

4096-411: Was widely considered by Christians to degrade their role in Lebanon, by removing much of the President's role (which is allocated to the Maronites ), and bolstering the roles of the Prime Minister (a Sunni ) and the Speaker of Parliament ( Shia ), the Lebanese President nevertheless still wields considerable power. The constitutional remit of the president includes the role of Commander in Chief of

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