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68-1460: [REDACTED] Look up maravilha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Maravilha (Portuguese for wonder ) may refer to: Places [ edit ] Maravilha, Alagoas , municipality in Alagoas, Brazil Maravilha, Santa Catarina , municipality in Santa Catarina, Brazil Maravilhas , municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil Maravilha Environmental Protection Area , municipal environmental protection area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil People [ edit ] Maravilha (footballer) (born 1973), Marlisa Wahlbrink, Brazilian women's football goalkeeper Elke Maravilha (1945-2016), German-Brazilian actress Fio Maravilha (born 1945), João Batista de Sales, Brazilian football forward Dadá Maravilha (born 1946), Dario José dos Santos, Brazilian football forward Túlio Maravilha (born 1969), Túlio Humberto Pereira Costa, Brazilian football forward Bonde das Maravilhas , Brazilian all-female funk group Other uses [ edit ] Feijão Maravilha , 1979 Brazilian telenovela See also [ edit ] Maravilla (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

136-484: A companion to the younger William Cavendish and they both took part in a grand tour of Europe between 1610 and 1615. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour, in contrast to the scholastic philosophy that he had learned in Oxford. In Venice, Hobbes made the acquaintance of Fulgenzio Micanzio , an associate of Paolo Sarpi , a Venetian scholar and statesman. His scholarly efforts at

204-430: A good reputation in philosophic circles and in 1645 was chosen with Descartes, Gilles de Roberval and others to referee the controversy between John Pell and Longomontanus over the problem of squaring the circle . The English Civil War began in 1642, and when the royalist cause began to decline in mid-1644, many royalists came to Paris and were known to Hobbes. This revitalised Hobbes's political interests, and

272-537: A result, the family was left in the care of Thomas Sr.'s older brother, Francis, a wealthy glove manufacturer with no family of his own. Hobbes was educated at Westport church from age four, went to the Malmesbury school , and then to a private school kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate of the University of Oxford . Hobbes was a good pupil, and between 1601 and 1602 he went to Magdalen Hall ,

340-429: A sister, Anne. Although Thomas Hobbes's childhood is unknown to a large extent, as is his mother's name, it is known that Hobbes's father, Thomas Sr., was the vicar of both Charlton and Westport. Hobbes's father was uneducated, according to John Aubrey , Hobbes's biographer, and he "disesteemed learning." Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local clergy outside his church, forcing him to leave London . As

408-558: A surprising or new object that is "far different from what we knew before, or from what we supposed it should have been, we admire it, and are astonished at it." But Descartes, unlike the Greek philosophers before him, held a fundamentally negative view of admiration: "Although it is good to be born with some kind of inclination to this passion [admiration] because it disposes us to the acquisition of sciences, yet we ought afterwards to endeavor as much as we can to be rid of it." This sentiment

476-516: A translation of four books of the Odyssey into "rugged" English rhymes that in 1673 led to a complete translation of both Iliad and Odyssey in 1675. In October 1679 Hobbes suffered a bladder disorder , and then a paralytic stroke , from which he died on 4 December 1679, aged 91, at Hardwick Hall , owned by the Cavendish family. His last words were said to have been "A great leap in

544-590: A tutor and secretary to both men. The 1st Earl's younger brother, Charles Cavendish, had two sons who were patrons of Hobbes. The elder son, William Cavendish , later 1st Duke of Newcastle , was a leading supporter of Charles I during the Civil War in which he personally financed an army for the king, having been governor to the Prince of Wales , Charles James, Duke of Cornwall. It was to this William Cavendish that Hobbes dedicated his Elements of Law . Hobbes became

612-558: Is a key emotion in living a worthy life. The attitude a religious person must take is, "This is the Lord's doing, it is marvelous in our eyes" (Psalms 118:23). Heschel insists that ultimate meaning can be sensed beyond a naturalistic understanding of natural phenomena, and that such meaning is mysterious and awe-inspiring. In The Tangled Wing , Melvin Konner reviews the biologist's view of this pain and pleasure of learning. He notes that "If

680-534: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wonder (emotion) The first philosophers to discuss the concept of wonder were Plato and Aristotle , who believed that it was the basis of the birth of philosophy . French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer René Descartes described admiration as one of the primary emotions because he claimed that emotions, in general, are reactions to unexpected phenomena. He noted that when people first encounter

748-471: Is impossible". There is no doctrine of separation of powers in Hobbes's discussion. He argues that any division of authority would lead to internal strife, jeopardizing the stability provided by an absolute sovereign. According to Hobbes, the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers, even the words. In 1654 a small treatise, Of Liberty and Necessity , directed at Hobbes,

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816-445: Is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing, such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and

884-502: Is reflected in other early modern authors like Thomas Hobbes in his discussion about the English words Curiosity , Joy and Admiration . Hobbes argued that since "... whatsoever therefore happeneth new to a man, giveth him hope and matter of knowing somewhat that he knew not before", which creates "...hope and expectation of future knowledge from anything that happeneth new and strange", a "passion which we commonly call ADMIRATION; and

952-553: Is still widespread disagreement about the exact significance of Hobbes's unusual views on religion. As Martinich has pointed out, in Hobbes's time the term "atheist" was often applied to people who believed in God but not in divine providence , or to people who believed in God but also maintained other beliefs that were considered to be inconsistent with such belief or judged incompatible with orthodox Christianity. He says that this "sort of discrepancy has led to many errors in determining who

1020-588: The Council of State , he was allowed to subside into private life in Fetter Lane . In 1658, Hobbes published the final section of his philosophical system, completing the scheme he had planned more than 19 years before. De Homine consisted for the most part of an elaborate theory of vision. The remainder of the treatise dealt partially with some of the topics more fully treated in the Human Nature and

1088-617: The De Cive was republished and more widely distributed. The printing began in 1646 by Samuel de Sorbiere through the Elsevier press in Amsterdam with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections. In 1647, Hobbes took up a position as mathematical instructor to the young Charles, Prince of Wales , who had come to Paris from Jersey around July. This engagement lasted until 1648 when Charles went to Holland. The company of

1156-586: The High Court of Commission had been put down, there remained no court of heresy at all to which he was amenable, and that nothing could be heresy except opposing the Nicene Creed , which, he maintained, Leviathan did not do. The only consequence that came of the bill was that Hobbes could never thereafter publish anything in England on subjects relating to human conduct. The 1668 edition of his works

1224-531: The Leviathan . In addition to publishing some controversial writings on mathematics, including disciplines like geometry, Hobbes also continued to produce philosophical works. From the time of the Restoration , he acquired a new prominence; "Hobbism" became a byword for all that respectable society ought to denounce. The young king, Hobbes's former pupil, now Charles II, remembered Hobbes and called him to

1292-407: The squaring of the circle . This all led mathematicians to target him for polemics and sparked John Wallis to become one of his most persistent opponents. From 1655, the publishing date of De Corpore , Hobbes and Wallis continued name-calling and bickering for nearly a quarter of a century, with Hobbes failing to admit his error to the end of his life. After years of debate, the spat over proving

1360-430: The state of nature . In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world. This, Hobbes argues, would lead to a "war of all against all" ( bellum omnium contra omnes ). The description contains what has been called one of the best-known passages in English philosophy, which describes the natural state humankind would be in, were it not for political community: In such condition, there

1428-523: The Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague , and his widow, the countess Christian , dismissed Hobbes. Hobbes soon (in 1629) found work as a tutor to Gervase Clifton , the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet , and continued in this role until November 1630. He spent most of this time in Paris. Thereafter, he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire ,

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1496-523: The book of Mr. Hobbes called the Leviathan ." Hobbes was terrified at the prospect of being labelled a heretic , and proceeded to burn some of his compromising papers. At the same time, he examined the actual state of the law of heresy. The results of his investigation were first announced in three short Dialogues added as an Appendix to his Latin translation of Leviathan , published in Amsterdam in 1668. In this appendix, Hobbes aimed to show that, since

1564-532: The broad outlines and many of the details of [Hobbes'] own thought." It has been argued that three of the discourses in the 1620 publication known as Horae Subsecivae: Observations and Discourses also represent the work of Hobbes from this period. Although he did associate with literary figures like Ben Jonson and briefly worked as Francis Bacon 's amanuensis , translating several of his Essays into Latin, he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after 1629. In June 1628, his employer Cavendish, then

1632-468: The charge in 1658 with Castigations of Mr Hobbes's Animadversions , and also included a bulky appendix entitled The Catching of Leviathan the Great Whale . Hobbes opposed the existing academic arrangements, and assailed the system of the original universities in Leviathan . He went on to publish De Corpore , which contained not only tendentious views on mathematics but also an erroneous proof of

1700-491: The coterie around Mersenne and wrote a critique of the Meditations on First Philosophy of René Descartes , which was printed as third among the sets of "Objections" appended, with "Replies" from Descartes, in 1641. A different set of remarks on other works by Descartes succeeded only in ending all correspondence between the two. Hobbes also extended his own works in a way, working on the third section, De Cive , which

1768-459: The court to grant him a pension of £100. The king was important in protecting Hobbes when, in 1666, the House of Commons introduced a bill against atheism and profaneness. That same year, on 17 October 1666, it was ordered that the committee to which the bill was referred "should be empowered to receive information touching such books as tend to atheism, blasphemy and profaneness... in particular...

1836-610: The dark", uttered in his final conscious moments. His body was interred in St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall , in Derbyshire. Hobbes, influenced by contemporary scientific ideas, had intended for his political theory to be a quasi-geometrical system, in which the conclusions followed inevitably from the premises. The main practical conclusion of Hobbes's political theory is that state or society cannot be secure unless at

1904-518: The destruction and brutality of the English Civil War from 1642 to 1651 between Parliamentarians and Royalists, which heavily influenced his advocacy for governance by an absolute sovereign in Leviathan , as the solution to human conflict and societal breakdown. Aside from social contract theory, Leviathan also popularized ideas such as the state of nature ( "war of all against all" ) and laws of nature . His other major works include

1972-446: The disposal of an absolute sovereign. From this follows the view that no individual can hold rights of property against the sovereign, and that the sovereign may therefore take the goods of its subjects without their consent. This particular view owes its significance to it being first developed in the 1630s when Charles I had sought to raise revenues without the consent of Parliament, and therefore of his subjects. Hobbes rejected one of

2040-534: The eldest son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates. He visited Galileo Galilei in Florence while he was under house arrest upon condemnation , in 1636, and was later a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne . Hobbes's first area of study

2108-485: The events of the English Civil War had little effect on his contractarian methodology. However, the arguments in Leviathan were modified from The Elements of Law when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation: Hobbes wrote in The Elements of Law that patrimonial kingdoms were not necessarily formed by the consent of the governed , while in Leviathan he argued that they were. This

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2176-470: The exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce Leviathan , which set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. Hobbes compared the State to a monster ( leviathan ) composed of men, created under pressure of human needs and dissolved by civil strife due to human passions. The work closed with a general "Review and Conclusion", in response to the war, which answered

2244-409: The foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality. Much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. Beginning from a mechanistic understanding of human beings and their passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls

2312-429: The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. In such states, people fear death and lack both the things necessary to comfortable living, and the hope of being able to obtain them. So, in order to avoid it, people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society . According to Hobbes, society is a population and a sovereign authority , to whom all individuals in that society cede some right for

2380-447: The most famous theses of Aristotle 's politics, namely that human beings are naturally suited to life in a polis and do not fully realize their natures until they exercise the role of citizen . It is perhaps also important to note that Hobbes extrapolated his mechanistic understanding of nature into the social and political realm, making him a progenitor of the term ' social structure .' In Leviathan , Hobbes set out his doctrine of

2448-440: The other hand, "when they see something new, seek to know whence it came and to what use they can put it." In The History of Astronomy , Scottish 18th century economist and philosopher Adam Smith dwells on wonder not to explain the difference between human and animal thinking only, but rather to explain why we study natural science . An uncivilized person, or child, is still clearly different from other animals because "it beats

2516-535: The predecessor to Hertford College, Oxford , where he was taught scholastic logic and mathematics. The principal, John Wilkinson, was a Puritan and had some influence on Hobbes. Before going up to Oxford, Hobbes translated Euripides ' Medea from Greek into Latin verse . At university, Thomas Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum as he was little attracted by the scholastic learning. Leaving Oxford, Hobbes completed his B.A. degree by incorporation at St John's College, Cambridge , in 1608. He

2584-465: The printing of the greater work proceeded, and finally appeared in mid-1651, titled Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil . It had a famous title-page engraving depicting a crowned giant above the waist towering above hills overlooking a landscape, holding a sword and a crozier and made up of tiny human figures. The work had immediate impact. Soon, Hobbes

2652-430: The problem is too unfamiliar, it will evoke attention; if it is difficult but doable, it will evoke interest, attention, and arousal and, when solved, it will evoke pleasure, often signalled by a smile" (p. 242). He says that "wonder" is "the hallmark of our species and the central feature of the human spirit". Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( / h ɒ b z / HOBZ ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679)

2720-448: The question: Does a subject have the right to change allegiance when a former sovereign's power to protect is irrevocably lost? During the years of composing Leviathan , Hobbes remained in or near Paris. In 1647, he suffered a near-fatal illness that disabled him for six months. On recovering, he resumed his literary task and completed it by 1650. Meanwhile, a translation of De Cive was being produced; scholars disagree about whether it

2788-616: The religious sense: "'Wonder,' says he, 'is the basis of Worship: the reign of wonder is perennial, indestructible in Man; only at certain stages (as the present), it is, for some short season, a reign in partibus infidelium . ... 'The man who cannot wonder, who does not habitually wonder (and worship), ... is but a Pair of Spectacles behind which there is no Eye. Let those who have Eyes look through him, then he may be useful.'" In God in Search of Man , Abraham Joshua Heschel claims that wonder

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2856-495: The sake of protection. Power exercised by this authority cannot be resisted, because the protector's sovereign power derives from individuals' surrendering their own sovereign power for protection. The individuals are thereby the authors of all decisions made by the sovereign: "he that complaineth of injury from his sovereign complaineth that whereof he himself is the author, and therefore ought not to accuse any man but himself, no nor himself of injury because to do injury to one's self

2924-472: The same considered as appetite, is called CURIOSITY, which is appetite for knowledge." In De Homine XII, Hobbes discussed the "joy" of "admiration" again contrasting humans to other animals. Hobbes argues that "...this passion is almost peculiar to men." He pointed out that "even if other animals, whenever they behold something new or unusual, admire it as far as they behold something new or unusual" so that they can determine if it dangerous or harmless, men on

2992-643: The same reason that they should accept the commands of their sovereign: in order to avoid war. While in Venice on tour, Hobbes made the acquaintance of Fulgenzio Micanzio, a close associate of Paolo Sarpi, who had written against the pretensions of the papacy to temporal power in response to the Interdict of Pope Paul V against Venice , which refused to recognise papal prerogatives. James I had invited both men to England in 1612. Micanzio and Sarpi had argued that God willed human nature, and that human nature indicated

3060-454: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Maravilha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maravilha&oldid=1134721542 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3128-520: The separate phenomena of Body, Man, and the State. Hobbes came back home from Paris, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent, which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a short treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic . It was not published and only circulated as a manuscript among his acquaintances. A pirated version, however,

3196-428: The squaring of the circle gained such notoriety that it has become one of the most infamous feuds in mathematical history. The religious opinions of Hobbes remain controversial as many positions have been attributed to him and range from atheism to orthodox Christianity. In The Elements of Law , Hobbes provided a cosmological argument for the existence of God, saying that God is "the first cause of all causes". Hobbes

3264-431: The stone that hurts it". The child is concerned with finding an account of cause and effect, but it is limited in its ability to do so: "But when law has established order and security, and subsistence ceases to be precarious, the curiosity of mankind is increased, and their fears are diminished. ... Wonder, therefore, and not any expectation of advantage from its discoveries, is the first principle which prompts mankind to

3332-685: The study of Philosophy, of that science which pretends to lay open the concealed connections that unite the various appearance of nature; and they pursue this study for its own sake, as an original pleasure or good in itself, without regarding its tendency to procure them the means of many other pleasures." In Sartor Resartus , Thomas Carlyle closely associates wonder with his Transcendentalist concept of Natural Supernaturalism . Protagonist Diogenes Teufelsdröckh lambasts "Logic-choppers, and treble-pipe Scoffers, and professed Enemies to Wonder", namely proponents of scientism , and insists on "the necessity and high worth of universal Wonder", particularly in

3400-550: The time were aimed at a careful study of classical Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in 1628, his edition of Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War , the first translation of that work into English directly from a Greek manuscript. Hobbes professed a deep admiration for Thucydides, praising him as "the most politic historiographer that ever writ," and one scholar has suggested that "Hobbes' reading of Thucydides confirmed, or perhaps crystallized,

3468-509: The title of A Defence of the True Liberty of Human Actions from Antecedent or Extrinsic Necessity ). In 1656, Hobbes was ready with The Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance , in which he replied "with astonishing force" to the bishop. As perhaps the first clear exposition of the psychological doctrine of determinism, Hobbes's own two pieces were important in the history of the free will controversy. The bishop returned to

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3536-501: The trilogy De Cive (1642), De Corpore (1655), and De Homine (1658) as well as the posthumous work Behemoth (1681). Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history, jurisprudence , geometry , optics , theology , classical translations, ethics , as well as philosophy in general, marking him as a polymath . Despite controversies and challenges, including accusations of atheism and contentious debates with contemporaries, Hobbes's work profoundly influenced

3604-595: The understanding of political structure and human nature. Thomas Hobbes was born on 5 April 1588 (Old Style), in Westport , now part of Malmesbury in Wiltshire , England. Having been born prematurely when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada , Hobbes later reported that "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear." Hobbes had a brother, Edmund, about two years older, as well as

3672-554: Was Hobbes who translated it. In 1650, a pirated edition of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic was published. It was divided into two small volumes: Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie ; and De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick . In 1651, the translation of De Cive was published under the title Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society . Also,

3740-504: Was accused of atheism by several contemporaries; Bramhall accused him of teachings that could lead to atheism. This was an important accusation, and Hobbes himself wrote, in his answer to Bramhall's The Catching of Leviathan , that "atheism, impiety, and the like are words of the greatest defamation possible". Hobbes always defended himself from such accusations. In more recent times also, much has been made of his religious views by scholars such as Richard Tuck and J. G. A. Pocock , but there

3808-449: Was an English philosopher , best known for his 1651 book Leviathan , in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy . In his early life, overshadowed by his father's departure following a fight, he was taken under the care of his wealthy uncle. Hobbes's academic journey began in Westport , leading him to Oxford University, where he

3876-784: Was an atheist in the early modern period ". In this extended early modern sense of atheism, Hobbes did take positions that strongly disagreed with church teachings of his time. For example, he argued repeatedly that there are no incorporeal substances, and that all things, including human thoughts, and even God, heaven, and hell are corporeal, matter in motion. He argued that "though Scripture acknowledge spirits, yet doth it nowhere say, that they are incorporeal, meaning thereby without dimensions and quantity". (In this view, Hobbes claimed to be following Tertullian .) Like John Locke , he also stated that true revelation can never disagree with human reason and experience, although he also argued that people should accept revelation and its interpretations for

3944-469: Was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics. He went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. His scheme was first to work out, in a separate treatise , a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action

4012-481: Was exposed to classical literature and mathematics. He then graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1608. He became a tutor to the Cavendish family , which connected him to intellectual circles and initiated his extensive travels across Europe. These experiences, including meetings with figures like Galileo , shaped his intellectual development. After returning to England from France in 1637, Hobbes witnessed

4080-515: Was finished in November 1641. Although it was initially only circulated privately, it was well received, and included lines of argumentation that were repeated a decade later in Leviathan . He then returned to hard work on the first two sections of his work and published little except a short treatise on optics ( Tractatus opticus ), included in the collection of scientific tracts published by Mersenne as Cogitata physico-mathematica in 1644. He built

4148-478: Was formidable. Hobbes spent the last four or five years of his life with his patron, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire , at the family's Chatsworth House estate. He had been a friend of the family since 1608 when he first tutored an earlier William Cavendish. After Hobbes's death, many of his manuscripts would be found at Chatsworth House. His final works were an autobiography in Latin verse in 1672, and

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4216-410: Was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time. The first effect of its publication was to sever his link with the exiled royalists, who might well have killed him. The secularist spirit of his book greatly angered both Anglicans and French Catholics . Hobbes appealed to the revolutionary English government for protection and fled back to London in winter 1651. After his submission to

4284-536: Was perhaps a reflection either of Hobbes's thoughts about the engagement controversy or of his reaction to treatises published by Patriarchalists , such as Sir Robert Filmer , between 1640 and 1651. When in November 1640 the Long Parliament succeeded the Short, Hobbes felt that he was in disfavour due to the circulation of his treatise and fled to Paris. He did not return for 11 years. In Paris, he rejoined

4352-686: Was printed in Amsterdam because he could not obtain the censor's licence for its publication in England. Other writings were not made public until after his death, including Behemoth: the History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England and of the Counsels and Artifices by which they were carried on from the year 1640 to the year 1662 . For some time, Hobbes was not even allowed to respond to any attacks by his enemies. Despite this, his reputation abroad

4420-480: Was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of The Elements of Law was composed before the sitting of the Short Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that clearly mark the influences of the rising political crisis. Nevertheless, many (though not all) elements of Hobbes's political thought were unchanged between The Elements of Law and Leviathan , which demonstrates that

4488-458: Was published by Bishop John Bramhall . Bramhall, a strong Arminian , had met and debated with Hobbes and afterwards wrote down his views and sent them privately to be answered in this form by Hobbes. Hobbes duly replied, but not for publication. However, a French acquaintance took a copy of the reply and published it with "an extravagantly laudatory epistle". Bramhall countered in 1655, when he printed everything that had passed between them (under

4556-433: Was recommended by Sir James Hussey, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to William , the son of William Cavendish , Baron of Hardwick (and later Earl of Devonshire ), and began a lifelong connection with that family. William Cavendish was elevated to the peerage on his father's death in 1626, holding it for two years before his death in 1628. His son, also William, likewise became the 3rd Earl of Devonshire. Hobbes served as

4624-514: Was then understood. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. Then, in another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge, affections and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally, he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if people were not to fall back into "brutishness and misery". Thus he proposed to unite

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