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47-598: The river's valley, known as the Valmarecchia , is on the border of the historic regions of Romagna and Montefeltro . On 15 August 2009, the comuni of the upper valley transferred from the province of Pesaro and Urbino , in the Marche region, to the province of Rimini in Emilia-Romagna. The source of the river is near Monte dei Frati , east of Pieve Santo Stefano and southwest of Badia Tedalda in

94-576: A dialect continuum with their neighbouring varieties, while the more distant dialects might be less mutually intelligible. Variants spoken north of the Santerno river are considered by speakers of Sammarinese as being less, but still, intelligible, while past the Sillaro such intelligibility is lost. Forlivese is the central variety of Romagnol spoken in the city of Forlì and in its province. In Italian-speaking contexts, Forlivese (like most of

141-663: A twofold kingdom of the Romans and Goths. Under the Ostrogoths Italy was partly restored to its former prosperity. In 535 Justinian I initiated the Gothic War . It was fought for 20 years, and the Ostrogoths were finally subjugated. The peninsula, depopulated and devastated, was ruled by an exarch from Ravenna. However, Imperial authority was maintained for barely more than a decade. In 568 new Germanic tribes ,

188-459: A buffer region between the regions of Romagna and the Marche . The region's major cities include Cesena , Faenza , Forlì , Imola , Ravenna , and Rimini . The independent Republic of San Marino is considered by some to be part of the region. Romagnol culture exerts a considerable influence over the Montefeltro historical region, on the borders between Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany , and

235-841: A civilian were shot by members of the Venezia-Giulia Battalion of the National Republican Guard at the confluence of the Senatello stream with the Marecchia. The bridge over the Marecchia, at the time named Ponte Carrattoni, was renamed the Bridge of the Eight Martyrs ( Ponte degli Otto Martiri ). From the 1960s, the Ausa was diverted to empty into the Marecchia, having previously emptied into

282-532: A location in Emilia–Romagna is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Romagna Romagna ( Romagnol : Rumâgna ) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy . The name Romagna originates from

329-463: Is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna , consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The name is derived from the Lombard name for the region, Romagna . Romagnol is also spoken outside the region, particularly in the independent Republic of San Marino . Romagnol is classified as endangered because older generations have "neglected to pass on

376-540: Is a Western Romance language related to French , Romansh and Italian . However, the use of Forlivese is mostly limited to familiar terms and sentences, and is rare amongst Forlì inhabitants. Some pieces of literature and a recent translation of the Gospels are available. In his De vulgari eloquentia , Dante Alighieri also speaks of the Romagna dialect and cites the city of Forlì as meditullium , that is, as

423-604: Is spoken to the east of this river and to the south of the Reno river . In the rest of Emilia-Romagna Region , Emilian is spoken in all the rest of the region moving from the Sillaro river to the west, up to Piacenza , and to the north of the Reno, up to the Po . The Reno river is the border between Romagnol and the dialect of Ferrara. Romagnol is spoken also in some villages northwards of

470-555: Is spoken, but its status as sub-variant of Romagnol or as separate language is disputed. Romagnol's first acknowledgement outside regional literature was in Dante Alighieri's treatise De vulgari eloquentia , wherein Dante compares "the language of Romagna" to his native Tuscan dialect . Eventually, in 1629, the author Adriano Banchieri wrote the treatise Discorso della lingua Bolognese , which countered Dante's claim that

517-434: Is written in a mixture of Italian and Romagnol . The first Romagnol poem dates back to the end of the 16th century: E Pvlon matt. Cantlena aroica (Mad Nap), a mock-heroic poem based on Orlando Furioso and written by an anonymous author from San Vittore di Cesena  [ it ] . The original poem comprised twelve cantos, of which only the first four survived (1848 lines). The first Romagnol poet to win fame

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564-853: The Farnese family of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza , the House of Este of the Ferrara , and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio , and the Papal States. The Duchy of Ferrara was later annexed by the Papal States on the extinction of the main d'Este line in 1597, with the cadet branch retaining the Imperial fiefs of Modena and Reggio. This situation lasted until the French invasion of 1796, which brought bloodshed (the massacre of Lugo , looting, heavy taxation,

611-554: The Latin name Romania , which originally was the generic name for "land inhabited by Romans", and first appeared on Latin documents in the 5th century AD. It later took on the more specific meaning of "territory subjected to Eastern Roman rule", whose citizens called themselves Romans ( Romani in Latin; Ῥωμαῖοι , Rhomaîoi in Greek). Thus the term Romania came to be used to refer to

658-504: The Marche . On 15 August 2009, seven municipalities were transferred from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino to the Province of Rimini : Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . On 17 June 2021, the municipalities of Montecopiolo and Sassofeltrio followed. A number of archaeological sites in the region, such as Monte Poggiolo , show that Romagna has been inhabited since

705-771: The Paleolithic age. The Umbri , speaking an extinct Italic language called Umbrian , are the first traceable inhabitants of the region. The Etruscans also dwelt in some portions of Romagna. In the 5th century BC, various Gaulish tribes, most notably the Lingones , Senones and Boii , moved south into Ithe Italian peninsula, and sacked Rome in 390 BC. The Senones subjugated the Umbri and settled in Romagna, extending south to Ancona , with their capital at Sena Gallica ( Senigallia ). The lands formerly inhabited by

752-549: The Republic of Florence , which took land up to Forlì and Cervia, building the famous city-fortress of Terra del Sole . The Florentine Romagna remained part of Tuscany until the 1920s. In 1500 Cesare Borgia , illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI , carved out for himself an ephemeral Duchy of Romagna, but his lands were reabsorbed into the Papal States after his fall. In 1559 the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis divided Romagna between

799-529: The River Po . During Sulla's civil war in 82 to 82 BC, most of the colonies supported Gaius Marius . Forum Livii and Caesena ( Cesena ) were razed to ground, and the region was looted by Lucius Cornelius Sulla 's victorious army. The First Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic along the infamous Rubicon . Most of the colonies in present-day Romagna were ruled by Julius Caesar , with

846-589: The Via Aemilia , emptying into the Adriatic Sea in Rimini . The river marks the boundary of several comuni , including Casteldelci and Sestino in the province of Arezzo, and Sant'Agata Feltria , Pennabilli , Novafeltria , Maiolo , Talamello , San Leo , Poggio Torriana , and Verucchio in the province of Rimini , Emilia-Romagna . It passes through an exclave of Badia Tedalda, surrounded by

893-544: The province of Arezzo , Tuscany . Flowing northeast, it includes the settlement of Novafeltria on its left bank, and receives the Torrente Mazzocco on its right bank. It flows near Pietracuta, after which it receives the San Marino river on its right bank, by the settlement of Torello. Continuing northeast, the river flows near Verucchio and Santarcangelo di Romagna , after which it flows east parallel to

940-523: The Adriatic Sea further east. The diversion was completed in 1972. On 15 August 2009, the comuni of the upper valley transferred from the province of Pesaro and Urbino , in the Marche region, to the province of Rimini in Emilia-Romagna. This Province of Arezzo location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Marche location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article on

987-558: The Byzantines in 730. In 737 the king entered Romagna once more and took Ravenna. The exarch, Eutychius , retook the region in 740, with Venetian assistance. Eventually another Lombard king, Aistulf , conquered Romagna once more, and brought an end to the exarchate in 751. King Rudolf I of Germany officially ceded Romagna to the Papal States in 1278. However, papal control over the area long remained only nominal. The region

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1034-895: The Empire further intensified. In 402, Emperor Honorius even moved the Western Roman Empire 's capital from Mediolanum to Ravenna, mainly because of the region's defensive terrain. 8 years later, Alaric I of the Visigoths looted Rome. In 476, Odoacer deposed Romulus in Ravenna, thus marking an end to the Western Empire . Encouraged by Emperor Zeno , Theodoric the Great led the Ostrogoths into Italy. He entered Ravenna and murdered Odoacer in 493, establishing

1081-578: The Lombards, entered Italy, and established their capital at Pavia . The Empire could barely defend the region around Ravenna and Rome, connected by a narrow strip of land passing through Perugia , as well as a series of coastal cities. The Imperial frontier retreated to Bologna . In 727 the Lombard King Liutprand renewed war against the Byzantines, taking most of Romagna and besieging Ravenna itself. These territories were returned to

1128-494: The Reno river, such as Argenta and Filo, where people of Romagnol origin live alongside people of Ferrarese origin. Ferrara goes into Emilian language territory. Outside Emilia-Romagna, Romagnol is spoken in the Republic of San Marino ("Sammarinese"), and in two municipalities located in the province of Florence , Marradi and Palazzuolo sul Senio . In the province of Pesaro and Urbino of Marche region, Gallo-Picene

1175-522: The Roman rule in the region, in 187 BC, the Via Aemilia was completed from Ariminum to Piacentia ( Piacenza ). A series of colonies were founded along the route; in Romagna, these included Forum Livii ( Forlì ), Forum Cornellii ( Imola ), and Forum Popilii ( Forlimpopoli ). The Lex Julia of 90 BC, following the Social War , granted Roman citizenship to all municipia south of

1222-664: The Senones were known as ager Gallicus (Gallic plain) to the Romans. According to the Italian linguist Giacomo Devoto , there are still a number of Celtic substrata in the Romagnolo dialect . In 295 BC, the Roman Republic won a decisive victory at the Battle of Sentinum against a coalition of Umbris, Senones, Samnites , and Etruscans . To consolidate their victory, the colonia of Ariminum ( Rimini )

1269-493: The Tuscan dialect was better, arguing his belief that Bolognese (an Emilian dialect influenced by Romagnol that saw wide use in writing) was superior in "naturalness, softness, musicality, and usefulness." Romagnol received more recognition after Romagna gained independence from the Papal States . The first appearance of a distinct Romagnol literary work is "Sonetto romagnolo" by Bernardino Catti , from Ravenna , printed 1502. It

1316-447: The best known Romagnol authors are: Romagnol lacks a standardized orthography, leading to a huge varieties among authors. The orthography adopted here is from Vitali, D. (2008). "L'ortografia Romagnola" Unlike Standard Italian, not all nouns end in a theme vowel. Masculine nouns lack theme vowels, and feminine nouns typically (but not always) terminate in a . Masculine nouns and adjectives undergo lexically-specified umlaut to form

1363-543: The central place of Romagna, where the Romagna dialect evidently finds its most characteristic and peculiar form. Therefore the Forlì dialect is not a "variant" of the Romagna dialect, but its own and main version. In the West, The Sillaro river marks the cultural and linguistic border between Emilian language speakers and Romagnol speakers; it runs 25 km east from Bologna to the west of Castel San Pietro Terme . Romagnol

1410-540: The destruction of Cesena University) but also innovative ideas in social and political fields. Under Napoleonic rule Romagna received recognition as an entity for the first time, with the creation of the provinces of the Pino (Ravenna) and Rubicone (Forlì). When in 1815 the Congress of Vienna restored the pre-war situation, secret anti-papal societies were formed, and riots broke out in 1820, 1830–31 and 1848. This opposition

1457-583: The dialect as a native tongue to the next generation". Romagnol belongs to the Gallo-Italic family alongside Piedmontese , Ligurian and Lombard , forming with Emilian and as one of the two branches of the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum. Further groupings of variants of Romagnol have not been set yet and both speakers and authors tend to refer to their own town or the nearest major province cities. The variants of Romagnol form

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1504-597: The first, -êr ; the second, -ér ; the third, -ar ; and the fourth, -ìr . Marked differences in Romagnol from Standard Italian are that personal pronouns are required, and some verbs in Romagnol use a reflexive construction even if the speaker is not the second argument of the verb although Italian uses an intransitive construction . Impersonal verbs , which lack a canonical subject, in Romagnol use "avèr" but in Standard Italian use "essere." Even though

1551-459: The fish. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the river numbered as many as 165 water mills around inhabited settlements. The valley also numbered several gunpowder mills to house sulphur mined in the sulphur mine at Perticara. From the end of the 1920s until 1931, the Marecchia was diverted through Rimini to empty further north. On 8 April 1944, as part of the Fragheto massacre , seven partisans and

1598-421: The hills. It has an inventory of up to 20 vowels that contrast in the stressed position, compared to seven in Italian. They are marked in the orthography by using diacritics on a , e , i , o and u . The absence of an official institution regulating its orthography often leads to ambiguities in the transcription of vowel sounds. Some words that in Latin are trisyllabic or tetrasyllabic in which u

1645-599: The notable exception of Ariminum , south of the river. In 49 BC, Caesar, who had been residing in Ravenna, led the Legio XIII across the Rubicon, igniting Caesar's civil war . After the decisive Battle of Actium , the reign of Augustus started a centuries-long era of Pax Romana . All of Cisalpine Gaul had been incorporated into the Roman province of Italia . Around 7 BC, Augustus divided all of Italy into eleven regiones , and most of Romagna (except Rimini )

1692-557: The other non-Italian language varieties spoken within the borders of the Italian Republic) is often generically called a " dialect ". This is often incorrectly understood as to mean a dialect of Italian , which actually is not the case. Forlivese and Italian are different languages and are not mutually intelligible. Forlivese is a central Romagna variety and is intelligible to speakers of other neighbouring Romagna varieties. Like all other dialects of Romagna , Forlivese

1739-540: The plural, and feminine nouns and adjectives form the plural by a becoming i or being deleted after a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Both languages derive their lexicon from Vulgar Latin , but some words differ in gender. Italian and Romagnol share many of the same features when it comes to verbs. Both languages use subject–verb–object in simple sentences for their word order . Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, and person . Romagnol also has four conjugations, compared to Standard Italian's three:

1786-445: The popular figures cited above. In the early 20th century the autonomy of Romagna was advocated by Aldo Spallicci , Giuseppe Fuschini , Emilio Lussu and others. A movement proposing separation from Emilia-Romagna was created in the 1990s. 44°45′N 11°00′E  /  44.750°N 11.000°E  / 44.750; 11.000 Romagnol language Romagnol ( rumagnòl or rumagnôl ; Italian : romagnolo )

1833-643: The province of Rimini, and the comune of Santarcangelo di Romagna. The river was anciently called the Ariminus . While on his way to fight the Gothic army , the Byzantine general Narses crossed the Marecchia on a pontoon after the leader of the Goths contesting his passage of the river was killed in a skirmish. The mouth of the Marecchia is also the legendary site where Anthony of Padua allegedly preached to

1880-523: The subject is null, an expletive pronoun is inserted in the specifier position, much like "it" in English. Also, whereas Standard Italian and other northern dialects omit the definite article before "singular names and names of relatives", Romagnol keeps it. Romagnol has lexical and syntactic uniformity throughout its area. However, its pronunciation changes as one goes from the Po Valley to

1927-621: The territory administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna in contrast to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule, named Langobardia or Lombardy . Romagna is traditionally limited by the Apennines to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west. To the southeast, the valley formed by the Conca river has historically formed

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1974-649: Was divided among a series of regional lords, such as the Ordelaffi of Forlì or the Malatesta of Rimini, many of them adhering to the Ghibelline party in opposition to the pro-papal Guelphs . This situation started to change in the late-15th century, when after their return to Rome from Avignon in 1378, stronger popes progressively reasserted their authority in the fragmented region. Parts of Romagna were also seized by other powers, including Venice, and most notably

2021-593: Was founded in southern Romagna in 268 BC, alongside the construction of the Via Flaminia , running from Rome to Ariminum . Rome was further strengthened by their victory over Celtic tribes at the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, leading to the Roman hegemony over the new Roman Province of Cisalpine Gaul centred at Mutina (modern Modena ). After the Second Punic War , the pro- Carthaginian Lingones and Senoni were expelled. To consolidate

2068-585: Was fuelled by the Mazzinian propaganda and the direct action of Giuseppe Garibaldi . Men like Felice Orsini , Piero Maroncelli and Aurelio Saffi were among the protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento . However, after joining the unification of Italy in 1860, Romagna was not awarded separate status by the Savoy monarchs, who were afraid of dangerous destabilizing tendencies in the wake of

2115-410: Was in the eighth, Aemilia . Towards the end of the 3rd century, Diocletian reordered the Empire into four prefectures , each divided into dioceses , which in turn were divided into provinces . Under the new system, Italy was demoted to a mere Imperial province. Modern Romagna was organized into the Roman province of Flaminia et Picenum in the diocese of Italia Annonaria . Ravenna, which

2162-419: Was surrounded by swamps and marshes, prospered and steadily rose in importance, and a Roman fleet was based at the city. It had developed into a major port on the Adriatic . However, in 330, the capital of the Empire was transferred to Constantinople , so with the fleet that stationed at Ravenna, thus weakened the coastal defence in the Adriatic . Stepping into the 5th century, the Germanic migrations into

2209-417: Was the cleric Pietro Santoni, ( Fusignano , 1736–1823). He was the teacher of Vincenzo Monti , one of the most famous Italian poets of his time. In 1840, the first Romagnol-Italian Dictionary was published by Antonio Morri  [ it ] ; it was printed in Faenza . The 20th century saw a flourishing of Romagnol literature. Theatrical plays, poems and books of a high quality were produced. Some of

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