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61-602: The Oblast was largely populated by the Mari people . Events in its early history include the Russian famine of 1921–22 and the 1921 Mari wildfires . The Mari Autonomous Okrug was formed on November 4, 1920 as an autonomous territorial entity for the mountain and meadow Mari . Initially it was divided into 3 cantons , later their number increased to 9. On July 15, 1929, the Mari Autonomous Region became part of

122-921: A Finno-Ugric people in Eastern Europe , who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia . Almost half of Maris today live in the Mari El republic, with significant populations in the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the Cheremisa or the Cheremis people in Russian and the Çirmeş in Tatar . The ethnic name mari derives from

183-619: A base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia. Bashkortostan has a diverse economy, including a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing. Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics. Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016

244-778: A center in Ufa , was formed in 1865—another step toward territorial identification. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions), which required a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with

305-609: A modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola ; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River ; and Northwestern Mari (маре йӹлмӹ) in

366-590: A predominantly Bashkir population. In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan,

427-407: A significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups - Chimari who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions, Marla Vera (also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts. Lastly, there

488-411: A source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it. The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals concluded that "to kill our faith means to kill us". The Mari native religion also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens,

549-688: Is 24 700 people. (4.8%). In 1931-1932, a regional division was introduced. On December 5, 1936, the Gorky Territory was abolished. According to the Constitution of 1936, the Mari Autonomous Region was transformed into the Mari ASSR , which is directly part of the RSFSR . This Soviet Union –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mari people The Mari ( / ˈ m ɑːr i / MAR-ee ) are

610-572: Is a neopagan revivalist movement called Kugu Sorta which rejects Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic Marla Vera group, while the remaining 40% is composed of Chimari and Kugu Sorta pagans. The most common Y-chromosomal haplogroup among Mari people is N , which is frequently found within Uralic-speaking peoples and has its roots in East Eurasia. According to

671-508: Is also a small group of Mari people Baltic Mari living in Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari", with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Mari have their own language, also called Mari , which is a member of the Uralic language family . It is written with

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732-766: Is also rich in springs that provide drinking water. The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan. The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is called the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was "President" ). According to the Constitution , the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties to

793-479: Is among the leaders in real estate development, developed electric power industry and tourism. Ufa was ranked by Forbes as among the best cities for business in Russia in 2013. GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013. Tourism in the region is regulated by the Russian Federation . Efforts are underway to enhance tourism and hospitality in the northeast region. These initiatives are founded on

854-414: Is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory. The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of

915-621: Is underway at 12 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges. The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore , national customs, and traditions . When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually—primarily religious schools operated under

976-571: The 2019 Bashkir head election . The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast . His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov , the leader after 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he decided to not run for reelection. The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai , popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies. The Republic's Constitution

1037-519: The Bashkirs . The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land , Bashkir , Bashkirda and Bashkir horde . The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while

1098-579: The Great Patriotic War , Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, several industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining ( Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became

1159-604: The Imniscaris (or Sremniscans ) with "Cheremis", and Merens with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from Khazar sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym tsarmis (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the Golden Horde , and in 1443 became subjects of

1220-801: The Kazan , the Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde . The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy . The Bashkir rebellion of 1662–1664 and the Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 were primarily caused by

1281-636: The Kazan khanate . During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling Tatars and the Volga Bulgars , which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the Mari language . In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the Russian conquest of Kazan under Ivan the Terrible . While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest,

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1342-539: The Proto-Indo-Iranian root * márya -, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal', which indicates early contacts between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages . Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer Jordanes in his Getica among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king Ermanaric in the fourth century AD can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of

1403-476: The Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law . Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians . Most Mari are Pagan . Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa , and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008. According to a 2012 Sreda survey of 56,900 people, 58% of

1464-475: The haplogroup U (14% have the subclade U5 and about 10% have U4 ). Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of Siberian -related admixture. Tambets and others estimated that it is 35% of their ancestry. This Nganasan -like Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking groups. Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but

1525-515: The " class consciousness " of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the Red Army and the implementation of Bolshevik control of the society. Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to

1586-499: The Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just another oblast ." In 2005, the European Commission expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed Markelov's reappointment as head of

1647-543: The Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire during the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible" . Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. While in theory Mari people converted to Russian Orthodoxy, in practice they kept to their old practices relatively unhindered, and

1708-613: The Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion . During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of Narkomnats , the Peoples Commissariat for nationalities . Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti- Russian mistrust and to raise

1769-717: The Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed. In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights, the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR

1830-770: The Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities". The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan . Bashkortostan is one of the Russian Federation's most developed regions in terms of its cross-regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets. The region's largest companies include Bashneft , Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation ), Peton Holding , Bashkhim , Ufaorgsintez , Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works . The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. with major deposits first discovered in 1943. During

1891-628: The Republic of Bashkortostan. The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals, district courts , and justices of the peace . In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government

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1952-429: The Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994, a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was unilaterally abolished on 7 July 2005. Bashkortostan contains part of

2013-544: The Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases. The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan , the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of

2074-653: The Russian government's violations of the terms and conditions previously agreed between the Bashkirs and the Russian authorities. Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars , and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate ( guberniya ), with

2135-510: The South-West of Kirov Oblast and North-East of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . In the 2002 census, 451,033 people stated that they spoke the Mari language. Maris have traditionally practiced a shamanistic faith that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as

2196-554: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of Mari El saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of Leonid Markelov as Head of the republic in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense Russification in the region. According to Vasily Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, "[Markelov] hated the Mari people". He noted that

2257-406: The country's people and citizens, protects the economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory. Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov . He was first appointed as acting head by Russian President Vladimir Putin . In 2019 he was elected after winning 82% of the vote in

2318-466: The data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have N-M178 , and 8.2% belong to the subclade N-P43 . R1a is a clearly less yet the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup for Maris, as it is carried by 22.7% of them. A 2002 study about mtDNA haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the haplogroup H . About one in four carry

2379-440: The east, Orenburg Oblast to the south, Tatarstan to the west and Udmurtia to the northwest. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic. Its capital and largest city is Ufa . Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [ O.S. 15 November] 1917. On 20 March 1919 it

2440-505: The indigenous population. The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was subjected to one of the harshest Russification measures in the USSR. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as Sergei Čavajn and Olyk Ipai and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders. Following

2501-532: The innovative scientific, educational, and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau." Bashkirs are the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan. According to the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition was: According to the 2021 Census , spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%). Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow

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2562-479: The interaction with Christianity spurred growth of syncretic form of religions where Christian system of belief is combined with pagan traditions and rituals. Many Mari today still practice paganism in syncretic forms, or purer forms adhering to organized neopagan Mari traditional religion organizations. While most Mari today are members of the Russian Orthodox Church , pagans still comprise

2623-422: The majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called " Cheremis Wars ". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from c. 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan . In the following centuries under tsarist Russia,

2684-496: The most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, Osh Kugu Yumo ). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, Tul Yumo ) and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, Mardezh Yumo ). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, keremet ) who live on earth. The most revered of these is Chumbulat (Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior. Attempts to convert

2745-526: The most prominent is being a combination of Turkic words baş , meaning 'head', 'chief', 'main', 'principal' and qurt meaning 'wolf', one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples ); the suffix -stan is Persian , commonly used for many Eurasian territorial names. Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language , which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group. The first settlements in

2806-620: The newly formed Nizhny Novgorod (since 1932 - Gorky) Territory. As of October 1, 1931, there were 9 districts in the region: Gorno-Mari national region Zvenigovsky district city of Yoshkar-Ola Mari-Turek district Morkinsky district Novo-Toryalsky district Orsha district Sernur district Yurinsky National District In 9 districts there were 247 village councils, 2 cities (Yoshkar-Ola - 7600 inhabitants, 01/01/1931, Kozmodemyansk - 8315 inhabitants), 2 workers' settlements (working village Yurino - 4586 inhabitants, working village Zvenigovo - 2482 inhabitants), 2795 rural settlements ... The urban population

2867-440: The northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include: The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of Russia's most mineral-rich territories. With a large share of Russian oil reserves , the region is a principal site of extraction. Other major resources are natural gas , coal , ferrous metal ores , manganese , chromite , and more. The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its own power and fuel. Additionally,

2928-531: The odds are much higher in the Russian region of Mari El with 1 of every 14,000 newborns affected. Bashkortostan Bashkortostan or Bashkiria , officially the Republic of Bashkortostan , is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe . The republic borders Perm Krai to the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast to the northeast, Chelyabinsk Oblast to

2989-527: The other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River". After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between

3050-453: The payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive Russification policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the Mari language was eliminated from schools and only Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly disempowering

3111-579: The population of Bashkortostan are Muslim , 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion , Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism . In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist , and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to

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3172-466: The question. Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations. In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan, 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions. About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research

3233-507: The region has enough raw materials to support a variety of industries, from metallurgy to glass-making. Bashkortostan is a major source of materials used in non-ferrous metallurgy . The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen . This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers , and other stimulants for plant growth. Deposits of raw materials used in mining are also significant in

3294-472: The region. Bashkortostan is also rich in woodlands. Over one-third of its territory, or 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi), is wooded. The following types of trees dominate: birch , conifers , lime , oak , and maple . The general stock of timber has been estimated as 717.9 million m . Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Bashkortostan

3355-674: The republic that year. The Mari people consists of four different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Hill (Mountain) Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the Northwestern Mari , who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There

3416-424: The southern Urals and the adjacent plains. There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deep-water transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas . Major rivers include: There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include: The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from

3477-436: The territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory. When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals . Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people,

3538-411: Was 1.34 trillion rubles, making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance , with $ 13.7 billion exported and $ 1.2 billion imported in 2013. As much as 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable, higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the region with the lowest economic risk. Bashkortostan

3599-419: Was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of the authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of

3660-406: Was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia. On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR . On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan. On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of

3721-420: Was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR , the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR . On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty . In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia , Bashkortostan is defined as a state . The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the endonym having various theories on its meaning,

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