26-824: Mari State University was founded in 1972 in Yoshkar-Ola , Mari El Republic . Mari State University consists of 6 faculties and 6 institutes that train well-educated specialists for most sectors of the Russian national economy. Mari State University is one of the five founder members of the International Association of Finno-Ugric universities, one of the forty-one members of Russia's Association of Classical Universities. Classes are taken in Russian medium and English medium. This Russian university, college or other education institution article
52-424: A part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories [ ru ] , a concept introduced in 2019. The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions: In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions. Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit: All
78-499: A series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan . Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow -bound flights ( Vnukovo International Airport ) since April 2012. Destinations within
104-405: A six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine . The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov . The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On
130-411: Is twinned with: Subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions. The federal districts are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between
156-543: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola ( Mari and Russian : Йошкар-Ола ) is the capital city of Mari El , Russia . Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk ( Царевококшайск ) before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk ( Краснококшайск ) between 1919 and 1927 both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and Charla ( Чарла ), by
182-739: The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception). On 18 March 2014, as a part of the annexation of Crimea and following the establishment of the Republic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation. According to
208-810: The Donetsk People's Republic , the Kherson Oblast , the Lugansk People's Republic , the federal city of Sevastopol , and the Zaporozhye Oblast —are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine . All federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council ( upper house of the Federal Assembly ). They do, however, differ in
234-470: The framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with ten rural localities , incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug. Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by
260-598: The invasion of Ukraine that began in late February, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled. It occurred seven months after the start of the invasion and less than a month after the start of the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive . The signing ceremony was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow in
286-1152: The Mari people. Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district. Population: 248,782 ( 2010 Census ) ; 256,719 ( 2002 Census ) ; 241,601 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [REDACTED] Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1721–1917 [REDACTED] Russian Republic 1917-1918 [REDACTED] Russian Democratic Federal Republic 1918 [REDACTED] Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922 [REDACTED] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991 [REDACTED] Russian Federation 1991–present Yoshkar-Ola
SECTION 10
#1732779999126312-788: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR". The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This
338-551: The Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries . Similarly, Russia also annexed four Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk , and Zaporozhzhia on 30 September 2022 after internationally-unrecognized referendums held days prior, during
364-507: The city is 291,892 people. Following the 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is: Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including: There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others. Yoshkar-Ola
390-594: The city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas . The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby. Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served
416-524: The city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size. The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises , and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit ) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars . The sharp decline in living standards led to
442-458: The degree of autonomy they enjoy. De jure, excluding the occupied Ukrainian territories, there are 6 types of federal subjects—21 republics , 9 krais , 46 oblasts , 2 federal cities , 1 autonomous oblast , and 4 autonomous okrugs . Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have a peculiar status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with
468-535: The emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia. The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city. Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48. Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic . Within
494-483: The federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions. The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000. Since 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation has consisted of eighty-nine federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation. However, six of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea ,
520-621: The federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia . The envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with federal laws. For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions. Economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones . In order for
546-456: The following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized: Autonomous okrugs and okrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance. Typical lower-level administrative divisions include: In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline
SECTION 20
#1732779999126572-417: The other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks. According to the 2021 Census , Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of
598-457: The presence of occupation authority heads Leonid Pasechnik , Denis Pushilin , Yevgeny Balitsky , and Vladimir Saldo , and Russian President Vladimir Putin . Like Crimea, none of the four occupied regions are internationally recognized as part of Russia. Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia , the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of
624-498: The structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia . The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called " municipal formations ") are as follows: Territories not included as
650-484: Was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region . Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk ( Царевококшайск ), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk ( Краснококшайск ) both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla ( Чарла ) amongst the Mari people. During the Soviet era, especially after World War II ,
676-415: Was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however,
#125874