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68-596: The Maria Mitchell Association's buildings are located in various areas on the island including four that are adjacent to each other on the hill in Natucket town. These include the Historic Mitchell House located at 1 Vestal Street. It preserves the birthplace of Maria Mitchell, and contains many heirlooms of Maria Mitchell and her family. The Science Library located at 2 Vestal Street houses archives and special collections. The Natural Science Museum, at

136-599: A Swiss passport and identity card , the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept. In some countries (primarily in the Americas ), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli . Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on

204-456: A 'clear awareness of, and concern about, economic, social, political, and ecological interdependence in urban and rural areas' (point 2) which became one of the major bases of ESD. Environmental education focuses on: 1. Engaging with citizens of all demographics to; 2. Think critically, ethically, and creatively when evaluating environmental issues; 3. Make educated judgments about those environmental issues; 4. Develop skills and

272-405: A broadening of the goals of environmental education: Whereas in the beginning it was mainly centred on scientific information, consciousness-raising and the prevention of environmental risks, it tends now to include a critique of the “myths” of a modernity grounded in a utilitarian mindset (individualism, unlimited progress, competition, consumerism, the unregulated market). It seeks also to restore

340-532: A clearinghouse to exchange information on Environmental Education (EE) in general and to promote the aims and activities of the IEEP in particular, as well as being a network for institutions and individuals interested and active in environment education until 2007. The long-standing cooperation between UNESCO and UNEP on environmental education (and later ESD ) also led to the co-organization of four major international conferences on environmental education since 1977:

408-815: A comet in 1847, Mitchell's international fame led to many achievements and awards, including an appointment as the first American Professor of Astronomy at Vassar College . Mitchell died in 1889. Each summer, the MMA offers the Summer Discovery Classes Program for children of various ages, and during the school year to the Nantucket Public Schools . The MMA also offers environmental education programs for families as well as astronomy and natural science programs for adults. The MMA also offers lesson plans , and programs to teachers in local school systems. The staff members of

476-725: A commitment to act independently and collectively to sustain and enhance the environment; and, 5. To enhance their appreciation of the environment; resulting in positive environmental behavioural change. There are a few central qualities involved in environmental education that are useful contributions to the individual. Environmental education: There are various different career paths one could delve into within environmental education. Many of these careers require discovering and planning how to resolve environmental issues occurring in today's world. The specific responsibilities associated with each career will depend in part on their physical location, taking into account what environmental issue

544-432: A focused subject within the sciences or is a part of student interest groups or clubs. At the undergraduate and graduate level, it can be considered its own field within education, environmental studies, environmental science and policy, ecology, or human/cultural ecology programs. Environmental education is not restricted to in-class lesson plans. Children can learn about the environment in many ways. Experiential lessons in

612-434: A sustainable planet. This contrasts with the traditional purpose of schools of conserving the existing social order by reproducing the norms and values that currently dominate environmental decision making. Confronting this contradiction is a major challenge to environmental education teachers. Additionally, the dominant narrative that all environmental educators have an agenda can present difficulties in expanding reach. It

680-609: A tool to address global environmental problems. The United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) and United Nations Environment Program ( UNEP ) created three major declarations that have guided the course of environmental education. In 2002, the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014 (UNDESD) was formed as a way to reconsider, excite, and change approaches to acting positively on global challenges. The Commission on Education and Communication (CEC) helped support

748-607: A traditional school, but payback from these energy efficient buildings occur within only a few years. Environmental education policies help reduce the relatively small burden of the initial start-up costs for green schools. Green school policies also provide grants for modernization, renovation, or repair of older school facilities. Additionally, healthy food options are also a central aspect of green schools. These policies specifically focus on bringing freshly prepared food, made from high-quality, locally grown ingredients into schools. In secondary school , environmental curriculum can be

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816-526: A unifying phenomenon known as environmentalism . Environmental education was born of the realization that solving complex local and global problems cannot be accomplished by politicians and experts alone, but requires "the support and active participation of an informed public in their various roles as consumers, voters, employers, and business and community leaders." In 1960 the National Rural Studies Association (now known as

884-491: Is across the street from Mitchell House. It showcases displays of animals such as snakes, frogs, and turtles. Furthermore, the museum features a gift shop and various displays related to natural science. The building containing the museum has three floors, of which only the first floor is accessible to the public. See main article: Maria Mitchell Aquarium The MMA Aquarium, also known as the Nantucket Aquarium,

952-484: Is most prevalent in the area. A general outlook of some careers in this field are: Environmental education has crossover with multiple other disciplines. These fields of education complement environmental education yet have unique philosophies. While each of these educational fields has their own objectives, there are points where they overlap with the intentions and philosophy of environmental education. The roots of environmental education can be traced back as early as

1020-479: Is not "keeping pace with environmental degradation" and encourages structural reform by increasing student engagement as well as improving relevance of information. These same critiques are discussed in Stewart Hudson's BioScience paper, "Challenges for Environmental Education: Issues and Ideas for the 21st Century". Another study describes obstacles in environmental education also rooted in the capability of

1088-407: Is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones. As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth

1156-667: Is on the site of the historic ticket office of the former Nantucket Railroad at 28 Washington Street. It is located at directly on the shoreline of the Nantucket Harbor, which empties out into the Nantucket Sound . Specimens are primarily drawn from the waters around Nantucket, and are released back to those waters at the end of each summer. Because the Gulf Stream passes by the Atlantic Ocean side of

1224-476: Is said that an environmental educator is one "who uses information and educational processes to help people analyze the merits of the many and varied points of view usually present on a given environmental issues." Greater efforts must be taken to train educators on the importance of staying within the profession's substantive structure, and in informing the general public on the profession's intention to empower fully informed decision making. Another obstacle facing

1292-414: Is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that

1360-413: Is vital in imparting an inherent respect for nature among society and in enhancing public environmental awareness. UNESCO emphasises the role of EE in safeguarding future global developments of societal quality of life (QOL), through the protection of the environment, eradication of poverty , minimization of inequalities and insurance of sustainable development . The term often implies education within

1428-646: The Cold War , the Civil rights movement and the Vietnam War —placed many Americans at odds with one another and the U.S. government. However, as more people began to fear the fallout from radiation, the chemical pesticides mentioned in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring , and the significant amounts of air pollution and waste, the public's concern for their health and the health of their natural environment led to

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1496-665: The Fourth International Conference on Environmental Education towards a Sustainable Future in Ahmedabad, India (November 2007). These meetings highlighted the pivotal role education plays in sustainable development . It was at the Tbilisi conference in 1977 that the essential role of 'education in environmental matters' (as stated in the recommendations of the 1972 Stockholm Conference) was fully explored. Organized by UNESCO in cooperation with UNEP, this

1564-759: The National Association for Environmental Education ) was established in the UK to promote environmental education and support teachers in incorporating sustainability into their curricula. One of the first articles about environmental education as a new movement appeared in the Phi Delta Kappan in 1969, authored by James A. Swan . A definition of "Environmental Education" first appeared in The Journal of Environmental Education in 1969, written by William B. Stapp . Stapp later went on to become

1632-482: The Stockholm Declaration and added goals, objectives, and guiding principles of environmental education programs. It defined an audience for environmental education, which included the general public . October 14–26, 1977 - The Tbilisi Declaration "noted the unanimous accord in the important role of environmental education in the preservation and improvement of the world's environment, as well as in

1700-543: The birthplace of Maria Mitchell. It was built in 1790, and occupied by the Mitchell family from 1818, the year of Maria Mitchell's birth. The House contains many artifacts of Maria Mitchell and her family, including a tall-case clock and one of her telescopes. The research library includes Mitchell's papers, as well as other historical and scientific material. The house remains very much in its original condition with original decorative paint. Guided tours are provided to

1768-500: The 18th century when Jean-Jacques Rousseau stressed the importance of an education that focuses on the environment in Emile: or, On Education . Several decades later, Louis Agassiz , a Swiss-born naturalist, echoed Rousseau's philosophy as he encouraged students to "Study nature, not books." These two influential scholars helped lay the foundation for a concrete environmental education program, known as nature study , which took place in

1836-589: The EPA's priorities: air quality, water quality, chemical safety, and public participation among the communities. In the United States some of the antecedents of environmental education were the Nature Study movement, conservation education and school camping. Nature studies integrated academic approach with outdoor exploration. Conservation education raised awareness about the misuse of natural resources and

1904-676: The First Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education in Tbilisi, Georgia (October 1977); the Conference "International Strategy for Action in the Field of Environmental Education and Training for the 1990s" in Moscow, Russian Federation (August 1987); the third International Conference "Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability" at Thessaloniki, Greece (December 1997); and

1972-716: The Human Environment . The document was made up of 7 proclamations and 26 principles "to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment." October 13–22, 1975 - The Belgrade Charter was the outcome of the International Workshop on Environmental Education held in Belgrade , then in Yugoslavia, now in Serbia . The Belgrade Charter was built upon

2040-723: The National Association for Environmental Education (now known as the North American Association for Environmental Education ) was created to improve environmental literacy by providing resources to teachers and promoting environmental education programs. Internationally, environmental education gained recognition when the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, declared environmental education must be used as

2108-681: The World Environmental Education Congress Permanent Secretariat in Italy. Topics addressed at the congress include stressing the importance of environmental education and its role to empower, establishing partnerships to promote environmental education, how to mainstream environmental and sustainability, and even how to make universities "greener". June 5–16, 1972 - The Declaration of the United Nations Conference on

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2176-541: The association continue to conduct research into a wide variety of topics from galaxy formation and star clusters, to spiders, molluscs , and the American burying beetle. They have mentored many aspiring scientists. The staff of the Maria Mitchell Association currently includes: Birthplace The place of birth ( POB ) or birthplace is the place where a person was born . This place

2244-423: The birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth. Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of

2312-439: The classroom, environmental education policies allot the financial resources for hands-on, outdoor learning. These activities and lessons help address and mitigate " nature deficit disorder ", as well as encourage healthier lifestyles. Green schools, or green facility promotion, are another main component of environmental education policies. Greening school facilities cost, on average, a little less than 2 percent more than creating

2380-516: The conference was " Environmental education and issues in cities and rural areas: seeking greater harmony ", and incorporated 11 different areas of concern. The World Environmental Education Congress had 2,400 members, representing over 150 countries. This meeting was the first time ever that it had been held in an Arab country, and was put together by two different organizations, the Mohamed VI Foundation for Environmental Protection and

2448-498: The corner of Milk and Vestal Streets, has several rooms of permanent and temporary exhibits, as well as a shop with books and gifts. The main Vestal Street Observatory, at 3 Vestal Street, includes the offices of the two working astronomers and has a few exhibits such as Maria Mitchell's famed telescope . The Loines Observatory at 59 Milk Street is used primarily for research and on clear nights offers viewings to

2516-500: The environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions." EPA has listed the components of what should be gained from EE: Through the EPA Environmental Education (EE) Grant Program, public schools, communities agencies, and NGO's are eligible to receive federal funding for local educational projects that reflect

2584-464: The environment. School related EE policies focus on three main components: curricula, green facilities, and training. Schools can integrate environmental education into their curricula with sufficient funding from EE policies. This approach – known as using the "environment as an integrating context" for learning – uses the local environment as a framework for teaching state and district education standards. In addition to funding environmental curricula in

2652-458: The evolving arena of environmental education. A study of Ontario teachers explored obstacles to environmental education. Through an internet-based survey questionnaire, 300 K-12 teachers from Ontario, Canada responded. Based on the results of the survey, the most significant challenges identified by the sample of Ontario teachers include over-crowded curriculum, lack of resources, low priority of environmental education in schools, limited access to

2720-645: The first Director of Environmental Education for UNESCO , and then the Global Rivers International Network . Ultimately, the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970 – a national teach-in about environmental problems – paved the way for the modern environmental education movement. Later that same year, President Nixon passed the National Environmental Education Act, which was intended to incorporate environmental education into K-12 schools. Then, in 1971,

2788-690: The implementation of environmental education lies the quality of education itself. Charles Sayan, the executive director of the Ocean Conservation Society, represents alternate views and critiques on environmental education in his new book The Failure of Environmental Education (And How We Can Fix It). In a Yale Environment 360 interview, Sayan discusses his book and outlines several flaws within environmental education, particularly its failed efforts to "reach its potential in fighting climate change, biodiversity loss , and environmental degradation ". He believes that environmental education

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2856-425: The island, some tropical fish are frequently on exhibit. The Aquarium offers programs, including a " feeding frenzy ". Loines Observatory was built in 1968 and 1998, the two domes of this facility house a refurbished antique 8-inch Clark telescope and a new 24-inch research telescope. It serves as both an active research observatory and venue for public astronomical programs. The Vestal Street Observatory has been

2924-556: The late 19th and early 20th century. The nature study movement used fables and moral lessons to help students develop an appreciation of nature and embrace the natural world. Anna Botsford Comstock, the head of the Department of Nature Study at Cornell University, was a prominent figure in the nature study movement. She wrote the Handbook for Nature Study in 1911 which used nature to educate children on cultural values. Comstock and

2992-435: The maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant. Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin . A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In

3060-434: The most effective emission-reduction strategies. A movement that has progressed since the relatively recent founding of environmental education in industrial societies has transported the participant from nature appreciation and awareness to education for an ecologically sustainable future. This trend may be viewed as a microcosm of how many environmental education programs seek to first engage participants through developing

3128-746: The movement gained stronger political backing. A critical move forward came when the United States Congress passed the National Environmental Education Act of 1990, which placed the Office of Environmental Education in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and allowed the agency to create environmental education initiatives at the federal level. EPA defines environmental education as "a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve

3196-418: The nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis ). There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea , difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of

3264-523: The natural world in a drastically different way from Nature Study because it focused on rigorous scientific training rather than natural history. Conservation Education was a major scientific management and planning tool that helped solve social, economic, and environmental problems during this time period. The modern environmental education movement, which gained significant momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, stems from Nature Study and Conservation Education. During this time period, many events—such as

3332-453: The need for their preservation. George Perkins Marsh discoursed on humanity's integral part of the natural world. Governmental agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service and the EPA supported conservation efforts. Conservation ideals still guide environmental education today. School camping was exposure to the environment and use of resources outside of the classroom for educational purposes. The legacies of these antecedents are still present in

3400-463: The other hand, the current workforce must be trained or re-trained so they can adapt to the new green economy . Environmental education policies that fund training programs are critical to educating citizens to prosper in a sustainable society. Following the 1970s, non-governmental organizations that focused on environmental education continued to form and grow, the number of teachers implementing environmental education in their classrooms increased, and

3468-554: The other leaders of the movement, such as Liberty Hyde Bailey, helped Nature Study garner tremendous amounts of support from community leaders, teachers, and scientists to change the science curriculum for children across the United States. A new type of environmental education, Conservation Education, emerged in the US as a result of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl during the 1920s and 1930s. Conservation Education dealt with

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3536-537: The outdoors, student apathy to environmental issues, and the controversial nature of sociopolitical action. An influential article by Stevenson outlines conflicting goals of environmental education and traditional schooling. According to Stevenson, the recent critical and action orientation of environmental education creates a challenging task for schools. Contemporary environmental education strives to transform values that underlie decision making from ones that aid environmental (and human) degradation to those that support

3604-425: The parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country). Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at

3672-517: The public in-season and children's and adult history classes and historic preservation workshops are offered. The research library includes Mitchell's personal and work related papers, her personal library, the papers and libraries of her family, and the special collection library which includes rare books concerning astronomy, the natural sciences, and Nantucket, some dating back to the 1600s. The archives and special collections are open by appointment only for research purposes. The Natural Science Museum

3740-509: The public. An aquarium and shop is located at 28 Washington Street, down the hill at Nantucket Harbor. Admission is charged for the public to visit each site, for programs, and for membership. A discounted special ticket is available during the summer for sale to the public to see the House, Museum, Vestal Observatory, and Aquarium for one price. Tours are offered every day during the summer at 11:00 a.m. The Historic Mitchell House preserves

3808-409: The role of Environmental Education in preserving and improving the global environment and sought to provide the framework and guidelines for environmental education. The Conference laid out the role, objectives, and characteristics of environmental education, and provided several goals and principles for environmental education. Pope Francis in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si' , referred to

3876-435: The school leaders. They are the epicentre of education. However, implementing ESD in schools is difficult as school leaders faced too many challenges for a single plan to work. In 2017, a study found that high school science textbooks and government resources on climate change from United States, EU, Canada and Australia did focus their recommendations for CO 2 emission reductions on lower-impact actions instead of promoting

3944-471: The school system, from primary to post-secondary. However, it sometimes includes all efforts to educate the public and other audiences, including print materials, websites, media campaigns, etc. There are also ways that environmental education is taught outside the traditional classroom: aquariums, zoos, parks, and nature centers all have ways of teaching the public about the environment. UNESCO 's involvement in environmental awareness and education goes back to

4012-535: The school to encourage students and parents to bring environmental education into their home. The final aspect of environmental education policies involves training individuals to thrive in a sustainable society. In addition to building a strong relationship with nature, citizens must have the skills and knowledge to succeed in a 21st-century workforce. Thus, environmental education policies fund both teacher training and worker training initiatives. Teachers train to effectively teach and incorporate environmental studies. On

4080-589: The school yard, field trips to national parks, after-school green clubs, and school-wide sustainability projects help make the environment an easily accessible topic. Furthermore, celebration of Earth Day or participation in EE week (run through the National Environmental Education Foundation) can help further environmental education. Effective programs promote a holistic approach and lead by example, using sustainable practices in

4148-807: The setting up of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Subsequently, for two decades, UNESCO and UNEP led the International Environmental Education Programme (1975-1995), which set out a vision for, and gave practical guidance on how to mobilize education for environmental awareness. In 1976, UNESCO launched an environmental education newsletter 'Connect' as the official organ of the UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Programme (IEEP). It served as

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4216-415: The site of research, lectures, and other programs. since 1908. Maria Mitchell Association's observatories are open for regular public tours, programs, lectures, and also host to several special events throughout the year. The Maria Mitchell Association (MMA) was founded in 1902 to preserve the legacy of Nantucket native, astronomer, naturalist, librarian, and educator, Maria Mitchell . After she discovered

4284-491: The sound and balanced development of the world's communities." The Tbilisi Declaration updated and clarified The Stockholm Declaration and The Belgrade Charter by including new goals, objectives, characteristics, and guiding principles of environmental education. Later that decade, in 1977, the Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR , Soviet Union emphasized

4352-653: The time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place. Environmental education Environmental education ( EE ) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably . It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) states that EE

4420-656: The various levels of ecological equilibrium, establishing harmony within ourselves, with others, with nature and other living creatures, and with God . Environmental education has been considered an additional or elective subject in much of traditional K-12 curriculum . At the elementary school level, environmental education can take the form of science enrichment curriculum, natural history field trips, community service projects, and participation in outdoor science schools. EE policies assist schools and organizations in developing and improving environmental education programs that provide citizens with an in-depth understanding of

4488-748: The very beginnings of the Organization, with the creation in 1948 of the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature, now the World Conservation Union), the first major non-governmental organization (NGO) mandated to help preserve the natural environment . UNESCO was also closely involved in convening the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972, which led to

4556-528: The work of the UNDESD by composing a backbone structure for education for sustainability, which contained five major components. The components are "Imagining a better future", "Critical thinking and reflection", "Participation in decision making" and "Partnerships, and Systemic thinking". On June 9–14, 2013, the seventh World Environmental Education Congress was held in Marrakesh, Morocco. The overall theme of

4624-401: Was the world's first intergovernmental conference on environmental education. In the subsequent Tbilisi Declaration, environment was interpreted in its 'totality—natural and built, technological and social (economic, political, cultural-historical, ethical, aesthetic)' (point 3). The goals formulated for environmental education went far beyond ecology in the curriculum and included development of

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