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66-480: The municipality comprises Maricaban Island, Caban Island, and other minor islets, all just south of the Calumpang Peninsula . Visitors to its beaches and diving facilities are a source of income. The name "Tingloy" was, according to legend, derived from a plant of almost the same name, "tinghoy", which is largely found in abundance on the island up to now. The first people to inhabit the island almost

132-561: A datu ; members of this elite could hope to become a datu by demonstrating prowess in war or exceptional leadership. In large coastal polities such as those in Maynila , Tondo , Pangasinan , Cebu , Panay , Bohol , Butuan , Cotabato , Lanao , and Sulu , several datus brought their loyalty-groups, referred to as barangays or dulohan , into compact settlements which allowed greater degrees of cooperation and economic specialization. In such cases, datus of these barangays selected

198-457: A century ago came from Taal and Bauan , presumably to escape the brutalities perpetrated by the Spanish "conquistadors". They came in family groups and finding the place a haven, settled down in definite areas later forming the various barrios now comprising the created political subdivision. It is said that the former barrio of Tingloy was founded by Jose Martinez, a Taaleño. At several times

264-643: A datuship elsewhere in the Philippines. In the later part of the 1500s, the Spaniards took possession of most of Luzon and the Visayas, converting the lowland population to Christianity from their local Indigenous religion. Although Spain eventually established footholds in northern and eastern Mindanao and the Zamboanga Peninsula , its armies failed to colonize the rest of Mindanao. This area

330-528: A headman, a datu , or a sultan, in case of big settlements. Malay civilization began to take roots. Rapid increase of population meant that it did not take long before several nearby regions were inhabited to comprise the whole province of Kumintang, better known later as Batangas. During the Spanish colonial rule, the Calumpan Peninsula was made a part of the pueblo of Bauan , in the province of Kumintang. The same peninsula territory of Bauan

396-466: A law on June 11, 1594, which commanded the Spanish colonial officials in the archipelago that these native royalties and nobilities be given the same respect, and privileges that they had enjoyed before their conversion. Their domains became self-ruled tributary barangays of the Spanish Empire. The Filipino royals and nobles formed part of the principalía (noble class) of the Philippines. It

462-491: A more capable war leader or political administrator. Even paramount datus such as lakans or rajahs exercised only a limited degree of influence over the less-senior datus they led, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories. Antonio de Morga, in his work Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas , expounds on the degree to which early Philippine datus could exercise their authority: There were no kings or lords throughout these islands who ruled over them as in

528-534: A more extensive commerce than those in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming wet rice for a living. They were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as traders more than warriors. The more complex social structure of the Tagalog people was less stable during the Spaniards' arrival because it was still differentiating. In this society,

594-399: A separate and independent barangay through Republic Act No. 212 , approved June 1, 1948. In the 2020 census, Mabini had a population of 50,858. The population density was 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,800/sq mi). Poverty incidence of Mabini Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Jeepneys and tricycles are the main means of transportation around

660-647: Is a term applied by historians to describe the highest ranking political authorities in the largest lowland polities or inter-polity alliance groups in early Philippine history , such as those in Maynila , Tondo , the Confederation of Madja-as in Panay, Pangasinan, Cebu, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, and Sulu. Different cultures on the Philippine archipelago referred to the most senior datu using different titles: In Muslim polities such as Sulu and Cotabato,

726-598: Is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders [mandadores] who attended to the interests of the barangay. Since the culture of the pre-colonial societies in the Visayas, northern Mindanao, and Luzon were largely influenced by Hindu and Buddhist cultures, the datus who ruled these principalities (such as Butuan Calinan , Ranau Gandamatu, Maguindanao Polangi , Cebu , Bohol, Panay , Mindoro and Manila ) also shared many customs of royalties and nobles in Southeast Asian territories, especially in

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792-405: Is more broadly characteristic of Malayo-Polynesian and Austronesian cultures where, as Mulder explains: " ...Social life is rooted in the immediate experience of a hierarchically ordered social arrangement based on the essential inequality of individuals and their mutual obligations to each other. " This "essential inequality of individuals and their mutual obligations to each other" informed

858-474: Is still used today, though not as much as early Philippine history. It is a cognate of ratu in several other Austronesian languages. In early Philippine history, datus and a small group of their close relatives formed the "apex stratum" of the traditional three-tier social hierarchy of lowland Philippine societies. Only a member of this birthright aristocracy (called maginoo , nobleza , maharlika , or timagua by various early chroniclers) could become

924-576: The 3rd Congress of the Philippines , the barrios of Tingloy, Maricaban, Papaya, Pisa, Gamao, and Talahib were separated from Bauan and constituted into the newly created municipality of Tingloy. President Ramon Magsaysay , on June 17, 1955, appointed the first municipal officials headed by Ramon De Claro as mayor. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority , the municipality has a land area of 33.07 square kilometres (12.77 sq mi)   constituting 1.06% of

990-759: The Boxer Codex to the titled lords ( señores de titulo ) in Spain. As agalon or amo (lords), the datus enjoyed an ascribed right to respect, obedience, and support from their oripun (commoner) or followers belonging to the third order. These datus had acquired rights to the same advantages from their legal Timawa or vassals (second-order), who bind themselves to the datu as his seafaring warriors. The Timawa did not pay tribute or perform agricultural labor. The Boxer Codex calls them knights and hidalgos . The Spanish conquistador, Miguel de Loarca, described them as " free men, neither chiefs nor slaves " . In

1056-497: The Calumpan Peninsula . The Malay settlers found the land fertile and agriculturally appropriate and the sea rich in marine resources, and they established their settlement in this once vast unknown land. As more Malay settlers arrived from distant lands, more settlements were founded until even the upland regions of the peninsula were settled. The inhabitants had their own form of village government. They were ruled by

1122-613: The New People's Army . Datus continue to act as the community leaders in their respective tribes among a variety of indigenous peoples in Mindanao today. Moros, Lumads and Visayans now share with new settlers a homeland in Mindanao. In more affluent and powerful territorial jurisdictions and principalities in the Visayas, such as Panay, Cebu and Leyte (which were never conquered by Spain but were accomplished as vassals using pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances),

1188-577: The Visayas and Mindanao. Other titles still used today are lakan in Luzon, apo in central and northern Luzon, and sultan and rajah , especially in Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. Depending upon the prestige of the sovereign royal family, the title of datu could be equated to royal princes, European dukes , marquesses and counts . In large ancient barangays , which had contacts with other Southeast Asian cultures through trade, some datus took

1254-426: The datu came primarily from his recognized status within the noble class. A datu's political legitimacy was not only determined by birth, but was also dependent on one's "personal charisma, prowess in war, and wealth". The office of datu was normally passed on through heredity, and even in cases where it was not passed on through direct descent, only a fellow member of the aristocratic class could ascend to

1320-511: The datu class was at the top of a divinely sanctioned and stable social order in a sakop or kinadatuan ( kadatuan in ancient Malay; kedaton in Javanese; and kedatuan in many parts of modern Southeast Asia), which is elsewhere commonly referred to also as a barangay. This social order was divided into three classes. The kadatuan (members of the Visayan datu class) were compared by

1386-524: The datu provided aid in emergencies and advocacy in disputes with other communities, and warfare through the Agama and Maratabat laws. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad peoples controlled an area that now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces – but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Heavy migration to Mindanao of Visayans, who have settled in

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1452-447: The datus against the exercise of sovereign political authority . Although the datus and paramount datus of early Philippine polities were a " birthright aristocracy" and were widely recognized "aristocratic" or "noble", which were comparable to the nobles and royals of the Spanish colonizers, the nature of their relationship with the members of their barangay was less asymmetrical than monarchic political systems in other parts of

1518-433: The datus of pure descent (four generations) were called "potli nga datu" or "lubus nga datu" , while a woman of noble lineage (especially the elderly) are addressed by Panay inhabitants as uray (meaning: pure as gold). The different type of culture prevalent in Luzon gave a less stable and more complex social structure to the pre-colonial Tagalog barangays of Manila, Pampanga and Laguna. The Tagalog people enjoyed

1584-435: The de facto owners of agricultural products and sea resources within a district, the primary supporters of attached craft specialists, the overseers of intra-district and external trade, and the pivotal centers of regional resource mobilization systems. Anthropologists like F. Landa Jocano and Junker, historians, and historiographers like William Henry Scott distinguish between the nobility and aristocratic nature of

1650-472: The "Cartillas" and the "Caton" "Christiana". During American occupation schools were established. Ireneo Martinez together with Flaviano Gamben, initiated a movement for a model schoolhouse for the former barrio of Tingloy. This movement became a success when a model schoolhouse was constructed in the present poblacion of the Municipality of Tingloy sometime in 1921. During the second regular session of

1716-486: The 2020 census, Tingloy had a population of 19,215. The population density was 580 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,500/sq mi). Poverty incidence of Tingloy Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Mabini, Batangas Mabini , officially the Municipality of Mabini ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Mabini ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to

1782-432: The 2020 census, it has a population of 50,858 people. Mabini is known for its diving and snorkeling sites. It is named after Apolinario Mabini , a Filipino revolutionary hero. According to legend, the first Malay settlers to inhabit the vast fertile land bordering the two bodies of water now known as Batangas Bay and Balayan Bay first found anchor along the shores of the land protruding down southwestward, known as

1848-419: The 3,119.75-square-kilometre (1,204.54 sq mi) total area of Batangas. Mabini is 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Batangas City and 123 kilometres (76 mi) from Manila . Mabini is politically subdivided into 34 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Barangay San Juan was formerly the sitios of Nag-ilong and Lugay in the barrio of Mainaga, constituted into

1914-562: The 3,119.75-square-kilometre- (1,204.54 sq mi) total area of Batangas. Just off the southwest coast of the Batangas mainland, about two nautical miles (3.7 kilometres) south, lies the radish-shaped island of Maricaban. It has a land area of about 14 square miles (36 square kilometres) of rugged hills and sloping mountains with occasional lowland plains and valleys. Tingloy is politically subdivided into 15 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In

1980-592: The Christianized datus by the Spanish Empire . For example, the gobernadorcillos (elected leader of the cabezas de barangay or the Christianized datus) and Filipino officials of justice received the greatest consideration from the Spanish Crown officials. The colonial officials were under obligation to show them the honor corresponding to their respective duties. They were allowed to sit in

2046-741: The Island for centuries, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programmes, turned the Lumads into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of Indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33%, and then 14%. There are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic groups: Ata people, Bagobo, Banwaon, B'laan, Bukidnon, Dibabawon, Higaonon, Mamanwa , Mandaya , Manguwangan, Manobo , Mansaka , Subanon, Tagakaolo, Tasaday , Tboli , Teduray and Ubo. Lumad datus have protected their homeland forests from illegal loggers in previous decades; some joined

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2112-505: The Philippine archipelago cultures of their own time, such as Botuan and Luzon. The Spanish expeditions of Ferdinand Magellan in the 1520s and Miguel López de Legazpi in the 1570s initially referred to paramount datus (lakans, rajahs, sultans, etc.) as kings, though the Spanish stopped using this term when those under the command of Martin de Goiti first travelled to the polities in Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571 and realized that

2178-535: The Philippines from cultures which were under a sovereign monarch, these travelers often initially referred to the rulers of Philippine polities as monarchs, implying recognition of their powers as sovereigns . Some early examples were the Song dynasty traders who came to the Philippines and referred to the ruler of Ma-i as a huang , meaning king – an appellation later adopted by the Ming dynasty courts when dealing with

2244-413: The Spanish rule. The Philippine Revolution of 1896 ended Spanish rule in the country, and in the Calumpan Peninsula the revolutionaries were led by Don Francisco Castillo, known as Apian Kiko. Mabini , derived from the Philippine hero Apolinario Mabini , was founded when inhabitants of the region wanted a new municipality independent of the town of Bauan. Eleven barrios of the Calumpan Peninsula and

2310-415: The Visayas and Mindanao, there was no separate name for the most senior ruler, so the paramount ruler was called a datu , although one datu was identifiable as the most senior. The noble or aristocratic nature of datus and their relatives is asserted in folk origin myths, was widely acknowledged by foreigners who visited the Philippine archipelago, and is upheld by modern scholarship. Succession to

2376-554: The Visayas. Proof of Filipino royalty and nobility ( dugóng bugháw ) could only be demonstrated by clear blood descent from ancient native royal blood, and in some cases adoption into a royal family. Datu is the title for chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, especially in Mindanao , Sulu and Palawan , but it was used more extensively in early Philippine history, particularly in central and southern Luzon ,

2442-400: The ancestors of datus and other nobles as being created by an almighty deity, just like other human beings, but the behavior of these creations determined the social position of their descendants. This conception of social organization continues to shape Philippine society today despite the introduction of western, externally democratic structures. The "authority, power, and influence" of

2508-404: The aristocratic class within early Philippine societies. De Morga, for example, referred to them as principalities. Once the Spanish colonial government had been established, the Spanish continued to recognize the descendants of pre-colonial datus as nobles, assigning them positions such as Cabeza de Barangay. Spanish monarchs recognized their noble nature and origin. When travelers came to

2574-481: The central power diminished their significance. However, in distant territories, where the central authority had less control and where order could be maintained without using coercive measures, hereditary succession was still enforced until Spain lost the archipelago to the Americans. These distant territories remained patriarchal societies, where people retained great respect for the principalía . The principalía

2640-512: The concept of the principalía : The Spanish term seňor (lord) is equated with all these terms, which are distinguished from the nouveau riche imitators scornfully called maygintao (man with gold or hidalgo by gold, and not by lineage). Upon the Christianization of most parts of the Philippine archipelago, the datus retained their right to govern their territory under the Spanish Empire . King Philip II of Spain , signed

2706-431: The duties of both judges and notaries with defined powers. They also had the rights and powers to elect assistants and several lieutenants and alguaciles , proportionate in number to the inhabitants of the town. By the end of the 16th century, any claim to Filipino royalty , nobility , or hidalguía had disappeared into a homogenized, hispanized and Christianized nobility through the principalía . This remnant of

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2772-485: The houses of the Spanish provincial governors, and in any other places. They were not left to remain standing. Spanish parish priests were forbidden from treating Filipino nobles with less consideration. The gobernadorcillos exercised the command of the towns, and were port captains in coastal towns. Their office corresponded to the alcaldes ' and municipal judges' of the Iberian Peninsula, and performed

2838-405: The island was placed under the jurisdiction of different towns. The island was originally part of the town of San Luis . In 1917, it was placed under the jurisdiction of Bauan , only to be separated from it a year later when the municipality of Mabini was formed. In 1921, it was again placed under the jurisdiction of Bauan. During the Spanish regime, people were educated at home learning to read

2904-540: The late 1600s, the Spanish Jesuit priest Francisco Ignatio Alcina classified them as the third rank of nobility (nobleza). To maintain the purity of bloodline, datus marry only among their kind, often seeking high ranking brides in other Barangays, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile, datus kept their daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called binokot ,

2970-459: The male line and by succession of father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers and collateral relatives succeeded... When any of these chiefs was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which

3036-413: The manner of our kingdoms and provinces; but in every island, and in each province of it, many chiefs were recognized by the natives themselves. Some were more powerful than others, and each one had his followers and subjects, by districts and families; and these obeyed and respected the chief. Some chiefs had friendship and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels... When any of these chiefs

3102-407: The members of their barangays. The Filipino worldview has had a conception of the self or individual being deeply and holistically connected to a larger community, expressed in the language of Filipino psychology as kapwa . This Indigenous conception of self strongly defined the roles and obligations played by individuals within their society. This differentiation of roles and obligations

3168-533: The most senior or most respected among them to serve as what scholars referred to as a paramount leader or paramount datu . The titles used by such paramount datu varied, but some of the most prominent examples were: sultan in the most Islamized areas of Mindanao; lakan among the Tagalog people; thimuay among the Subanen people ; rajah in polities which traded extensively with Indonesia and Malaysia; or simply datu in some areas of Mindanao and

3234-588: The paramount ruler was called a sultan ; in Tagalog communities, the equivalent title was lakan ; in communities which historically had strong political or trade connections with Indianized polities in Indonesia and Malaysia, the paramount ruler was called a rajah ; among the Subanon people of the Zamboanga Peninsula , the most senior thimuay is referred to as the thimuay labi , or sulotan in more Islamized Subanon communities. In some other portions of

3300-583: The position of datu was often (although not always) hereditary, and datus received their mandate to lead from their membership in an aristocratic class . Records of Chinese traders and Spanish colonizers describe datus or paramount datus as sovereign princes and principals . Travellers who came to the Philippine archipelago from kingdoms or empires such as Song and Ming dynasty China, or 16th-century Spain, even initially referred to datus or paramount datus as "kings", even though they later discovered that datus did not exercise absolute sovereignty over

3366-435: The position. In large settlements where several datus and their barangays lived in close proximity, paramount datus were chosen by datus from amongst themselves more democratically, but even this position as most senior among datus was often passed on through heredity. In Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas , Antonio de Morga noted this succession through heredity: These principalities and lordships were inherited in

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3432-467: The pre-colonial royal and noble families continued to rule their traditional domain until the end of the Spanish regime. However, there were cases when succession in leadership was also done through the election of new leaders (i.e., cabezas de barangay ), especially in provinces near the central colonial government in Manila where the ancient ruling families lost their prestige and role. Perhaps proximity to

3498-520: The reciprocal relationships (expressed in the Filipino value of utang na loob ) that defined the three-tiered social structure typical among early Philippine peoples. In some cases, such as the more developed sakop or kinadatuan in the Visayas (e.g., Panay, Bohol and Cebu), origin myths and other folk narratives placed the datu and the aristocratic class at the top of a divinely sanctioned and stable social order. These folk narratives portrayed

3564-449: The rich and received Austronesian local nobilities. From these unions, a new cultural group was formed: the mestizo class. Their descendants emerged later to become an influential part of the government and the principalía . Anthropologist Laura Lee Junker's comparative analysis of historical accounts from cultures throughout the archipelago, depicts datus functioning as primary political authorities, war leaders, legal adjudicators,

3630-471: The term datu , lakan , or apo refers to the chief, but the noble class (to which the datu belonged or could come from) was the maginoo class. One could be born as part of the maginoo , but could also become a datu through personal achievement. The datu class (first estate) of the four echelons of Filipino society at the time of contact with the Europeans (as described by Juan de Plasencia ),

3696-511: The title of rajah or sultan . The oldest historical records mentioning datus are the 7th-century Srivijayan inscriptions such as Telaga Batu to describe lesser kings or vassalized kings. The word datu is a cognate of the Malay terms dato or datuk and to the Fijian title of ratu . In pre-Islamic times, the political leadership office was vested in a rajahship in Manila and

3762-485: The town. Currently, there are two piers that serve the area: Anilao Pier and Talaga Pier, mainly catering for motor bancas going to and from the nearby island-town of Tingloy . Datu Datu is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous Indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago . The title

3828-410: The way they used to dress and adorn themselves with gold and silk. The measure of the prince's possession of gold and slaves was proportionate to his greatness and nobility. The first Western travellers, who came to the archipelago, observed that there was hardly any "Indian" who did not possess chains and other articles of gold. The Spanish colonizers who came in the 1500s acknowledged the nobility of

3894-570: The whole of the Maricaban Island was declared this new, independent municipality. The new municipality of Mabini was inaugurated on January 1, 1918, with Captain Francisco Castillo, known as the founder of the town, as the first appointed Municipal President. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority , the municipality has a land area of 44.47 square kilometres (17.17 sq mi)   constituting 1.43% of

3960-537: The world. Their control over territory was a function of their leadership of the barangay and, in some local pre-colonial societies (mostly in Luzon), the concept of ruling was not a "divine right". Furthermore, their position was dependent on the common consent of the members of the barangay's aristocratic Maginoo -class. Although the position of datu could be inherited, the maginoo could choose someone else to follow within their own class if that person proved to be

4026-408: Was larger and more influential than the pre-conquest Indigenous nobility . It helped create and perpetuate an oligarchic system in the Spanish colony for over three hundred years. The Spanish colonial government's prohibition for foreigners to own land in the Philippines contributed to the evolution of this form of oligarchy. In some Philippine provinces, many Spaniards and foreign merchants married

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4092-461: Was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders [mandadores] who attended to the interests of the barangay. The term paramount datu or paramount ruler

4158-603: Was populated by Islamized peoples ( Moros to the Spaniards) and by non-Muslim Indigenous groups now known as Lumad peoples . In the traditional structure of Moro societies, the sultans were the highest authority followed by the datus or rajah , with their rule being sanctioned by the Quran , though both titles predate the coming of Islam. These titles were assimilated into the new structure under Islam. Datus were supported by their tribes, and in return for tribute and labor,

4224-512: Was referred to by the Spaniards as the principalía . Loarca, and the canon lawyer Antonio de Morga , who classified the society into three estates (ruler, ruled, slave), also affirmed the usage of this term and also spoke about the preeminence of the principales . All members of the datu class were principales , whether they ruled or not. San Buenaventura's 1613 Dictionary of the Tagalog Language defines three terms that clarify

4290-497: Was subdivided into barrios: Mainaga, Pulong-Niogan, Pulong-Balibaguhan, Anilao, Solo, Pulong-Anahao, Bagalangit, Nag-Iba, Malimatoc, Saguing and Talaga. For more than three hundred years, while the archipelago was under Spanish control , the peninsula remained a part of the “pueblo” of Bauan until the early part of the American occupation. The people of this peninsula, like other people of other regions, suffered untold hardships under

4356-471: Was the class that constituted a birthright aristocracy with claims to respect, obedience, and support from those of subordinate status. With the recognition of the Spanish monarchs came the privilege of being addressed as Don or Doña . – a mark of esteem and distinction in Europe reserved for a person of noble or royal status during the colonial period. Other honors and high regard were also accorded to

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