Maricao barrio-pueblo is a barrio and the administrative center ( seat ) of Maricao , a municipality of Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 716.
55-472: Maricao ( Spanish pronunciation: [maɾiˈkao] ) is a town and the second-least populous municipality of Puerto Rico ; it is located at the western edge of the Cordillera Central . It is a small town set around a small square in hilly terrain, north of San Germán , Sabana Grande and Yauco ; south of Las Marías and Lares , southeast of Mayagüez , and west of Adjuntas . Maricao
110-404: A census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Maricao was 8,312. On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. Several major landslides covered roads into Maricao. Highways and bridges were washed away by flooding rivers. Residents were left incommunicado. In some areas of Maricao there were more than 25 landslides per square mile. Elderly were especially affected. Maricao
165-710: A market-based economy aimed at the Hispanic sector and cultivated crops such as sugar , wheat , fruits and vegetables and produced animal products such as meat, wool , leather, and tallow . The system in Mexico is considered to have started when the Spanish crown granted to Hernán Cortés the title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca in 1529, including the entire present state of Morelos , as well as vast encomienda labor grants. Although haciendas originated in grants to
220-540: A certain amount of social exclusion . A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Maricao: Llanadas, El 30 (Sector Los Mercados) in Indiera Alta, La Cuchilla, Los Cuadros-Montoso, and Villa Esperanza. Due to its importance as a coffee producer in
275-696: Is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment. Known locally as the Festival del Acabe de Café , the End of the Coffee Harvest Festival is celebrated on President's Day weekend in February. It celebrates the tradition wherein the Hacienda owners would provide a feast for their workers at the end of
330-566: Is an estate (or finca ), similar to a Roman latifundium , in Spain and the former Spanish Empire . With origins in Andalusia , haciendas were variously plantations (perhaps including animals or orchards), mines or factories , with many haciendas combining these activities. The word is derived from Spanish hacer (to make, from Latin facere ) and haciendo (making), referring to productive business enterprises. The term hacienda
385-654: Is considered folk etymology . Maricao has several public and private schools distributed through several regions. Public education is handled by the Puerto Rico Department of Education . There is no direct highway connection to Maricao. Puerto Rico Highway 119 and Puerto Rico Highway 120 lead from the north, while Puerto Rico Highway 121 and Puerto Rico Highway 105 lead from the south. Maricao lies about three hours from San Juan . There are 13 bridges in Maricao. Maricao barrio-pueblo As
440-407: Is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size, while smaller holdings were termed estancias or ranchos . All colonial haciendas were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos , or rarely by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas . In recent decades, the term has been used in
495-876: Is mountainous and rugged and belongs to the Western portion of the Cordillera Central . Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Maricao is subdivided into barrios . The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo" . Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions ) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores ( sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial , among others. Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing
550-566: Is spread over 6 barrios and Maricao Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The town borders the Maricao Fish Hatchery , a fish hatchery made up of tanks and pools in a garden setting, where some 25,000 fish are raised yearly to stock farm fishponds and island lakes. The hatchery is part of the Maricao State Forest , also known as Monte del Estado . Though of dryer vegetation than
605-629: The Reconquista of Andalusia in Spain. The sudden acquisition of conquered land allowed kings to grant extensive holdings to nobles, mercenaries, and religious military orders to reward their military service. Andalusian haciendas produced wine, grain, oils, and livestock, and were more purely agricultural than what was to follow in Spanish America . During the Spanish colonization of
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#1732765830340660-600: The Acabe de Café . It celebrates the traditional harvest festival wherein the Hacienda owners would feed their workers at the end of the harvest. It is held on President's Day weekend in February. It was founded in 1977 by then mayor, Vicente Byron, and has been held yearly for over thirty years. Hacienda An hacienda ( UK : / ˌ h æ s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HASS -ee- EN -də or US : / ˌ h ɑː s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HAH -see- EN -də ; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda] )
715-589: The Chilean land reform (1962–1973). In the Philippines , the hacienda system and lifestyles were influenced by the Spanish colonisation that occurred via Mexico for more than 300 years, but which only took off in the 1850s at the behest of Nicholas Loney , an English businessman and the British Empire 's vice-consul in the city of Iloílo . Loney's objective, according to Alfred W. McCoy ,
770-650: The Columbian Exchange and produced significant ecological changes. Sheep in particular had a devastating impact on the environment due to overgrazing . Mounted ranch hands variously called vaqueros and gauchos (in the Southern Cone ), among other terms worked for pastoral haciendas. Where the hacienda included working mines , as in Mexico, the patrón might gain immense wealth. The unusually large and profitable Jesuit hacienda Santa Lucía, near Mexico City, established in 1576 and lasting to
825-528: The Snow White brand name. In the late 19th century, Mercedita became the site of production of Don Q rum. Its profitable rum business is today called Destilería Serrallés . The last of such haciendas decayed considerably starting in the 1950s, with the industrialization of Puerto Rico via Operation Bootstrap . At the turn of the 20th century, most coffee haciendas had disappeared. The sugar-based haciendas changed into centrales azucarelas. Yet by
880-428: The 17th century more haciendas were formed as the economy moved away from mining and into agriculture and husbandry. Beginning in the late 17th century Chilean haciendas begun to export wheat to Peru . While the immediate cause of this was Peru being struck by both an earthquake and a stem rust epidemic , Chilean soil and climatic conditions were better for cereal production than those of Peru and Chilean wheat
935-642: The 1990s, and despite significant government fiscal support, the last 13 Puerto Rican centrales azucares were forced to shut down. This marked the end of haciendas operating in Puerto Rico. In 2000, the last two sugar mills closed, after having operated for nearly 100 years. An " estancia " was a similar type of food farm. An estancia differed from an hacienda in terms of crop types handled, target market, machinery used, and size. An estancia, during Spanish colonial times in Puerto Rico (1508 – 1898),
990-502: The 2000 census shows that 90.3% of Maricaeños have Spanish or White origin, 3.0% are black , 0.2% are Amerindian etc. The majority of the local population are partly descended from pre Columbian indigenous inhabitants. There is a general consensus in Puerto Rico that the barrios of Indieras in Maricao have the most people of indigenous origin in Puerto Rico. Maricao's first mayor was Juan Ferrer y Arnijas, whose term ran from 1874 to 1876. Gilberto Pérez Valentín , alias "El Enano" or
1045-471: The 20th century. In Spanish America , the owner of an hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón . Most owners of large and profitable haciendas preferred to live in Spanish cities, often near the hacienda, but in Mexico, the richest owners lived in Mexico City, visiting their haciendas at intervals. Onsite management of the rural estates was by a paid administrator or manager, which was similar to
1100-648: The Americas , the hacienda model was exported to the New World, continuing the pattern of the Reconquista . As the Spanish established cities in conquered territories, the crown distributed smaller plots of land nearby, while in areas farther afield, the conquistadores were allotted large land grants which became haciendas and estancias . Haciendas were developed as profit-making enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Estates were integrated into
1155-648: The Dwarf, was mayor for a seven consecutive terms until he lost his seat in 2020 to Wilfredo "Juny" Ruiz . The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district V , which is represented by two senators. In 2016, Luis Berdiel and Nelson Cruz , from the New Progressive Party , were elected as district senators. The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms. The flag of Maricao derives its colors, design and symbolism from
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#17327658303401210-456: The Indies , Spanish law, which regulated life in Puerto Rico in the early 19th century, stated the plaza's purpose was for "the parties" (celebrations, festivities) ( Spanish : a propósito para las fiestas ), and that the square should be proportionally large enough for the number of neighbors ( Spanish : grandeza proporcionada al número de vecinos ). These Spanish regulations also stated that
1265-597: The United States for an architectural style associated with the traditional estate manor houses. The hacienda system of Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Guatemala , El Salvador , Mexico , New Granada , and Peru was an economic system of large land holdings. A similar system existed on a smaller scale in the Philippines and Puerto Rico . In Puerto Rico, haciendas were larger than estancias ; ordinarily grew sugar cane, coffee, or cotton; and exported their crops abroad. Haciendas originated during
1320-473: The arrangement with the encomienda. Administrators were often hired for a fixed term of employment, receiving a salary and at times some share of the profits of the estate. Some administrators also acquired landholdings themselves in the area of the estate they were managing. The work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. In central Mexico near indigenous communities and growing crops to supply urban markets, there
1375-427: The band are a total of three Maricao ( Byrsonima spicata ) tree branches with flowers. Surrounding the shield below and to either side are two coffee tree branches. Above it is placed a gold mural crown with three towers outlined in black with green doors and windows. The origin of its name has two versions. It is said to come from the name of the Maricao tree ( Byrsonima spicata ) which has yellow flowers and grows in
1430-530: The coffee harvest. The festival was founded in 1977 by then mayor, Vicente Byron. Other festivals and events celebrated in Maricao include: For decades, Maricao's economy has relied on agriculture , specifically coffee plantations. Fruits and vegetables are also grown in the town. Currently only one factory is established in Maricao, Fenwal Blood Technologies . Devices and materials that are used in blood donation, transfusion, transportation and storage are produced there. Tourism has also played an important role in
1485-635: The crops for exporting. Some estancias were larger than some haciendas, but generally this was the exception and not the norm. In the present era, the Ministerio de Hacienda is the government department in Spain that deals with finance and taxation , as in Mexico Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público , and which is equivalent to the Department of the Treasury in
1540-454: The district of San Germán , but they alleged the roads were too long and almost impassable. Their request made references to a parish already established in 1866. During the 19th century coffee boom, Maricao and other regions surged economically. When the spurt of coffee in the island ended by the start of the 20th century, the economic conditions deteriorated again. Many of the old plantation houses have been turned into museums to stimulate
1595-582: The double effect of strengthening England and Scotland's textile industries at the expense of Iloílo's and satisfying the growing European demand for sugar. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, attempts to abolish the hacienda system in the country through land-reform laws have not been successful. The expiration of the Laurel–Langley Agreement and the resultant collapse of the Negros sugar industry gave President Ferdinand E. E. Marcos
1650-412: The elite, many ordinary Spaniards could also petition for land grants from the crown. New haciendas were formed in many places in the 17th and 18th centuries as most local economies moved from mining toward agriculture and husbandry. Distribution of land happened in parallel with the allocation of indigenous people to servitude under the encomienda system. Although the hacienda was not directly linked to
1705-400: The encomienda, many Spanish holders of encomiendas lucratively combined the two by acquiring land or developing enterprises to employ that forced labor. As the crown moved to eliminate encomienda labor, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings and recruited labor on a permanent or casual basis. Eventually, the hacienda became secure private property, which survived the colonial period and into
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1760-469: The expulsion in 1767, has been reconstructed by Herman Konrad from archival sources. This reconstruction has revealed the nature and operation of the hacienda system in Mexico, its labor force, its systems of land tenure and its relationship to larger Hispanic society in Mexico. The Catholic Church and orders , especially the Jesuits , acquired vast hacienda holdings or preferentially loaned money to
1815-414: The hacendado, and owed a portion of their crops to him. Stock raising was central to ranching haciendas, the largest of which were in areas without dense indigenous populations, such as northern Mexico, but as indigenous populations declined in central areas, more land became available for grazing. Livestock were animals originally imported from Spain, including cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were part of
1870-638: The hacendados. As the hacienda owners' mortgage holders, the Church's interests were connected with the landholding class. In the history of Mexico and other Latin American countries, the masses developed some hostility to the church; at times of gaining independence or during certain political movements, the people confiscated the church haciendas or restricted them. Haciendas in the Caribbean were developed primarily as sugar plantations were dependent on
1925-426: The labor of African slaves imported to the region and staffed by slaves brought from Africa . In Puerto Rico, this system ended with the abolition of slavery on 22 March 1873. In South America , the hacienda remained after the collapse of the colonial system in the early 19th century when nations gained independence. In some places, such as Dominican Republic , with independence came efforts to break up
1980-720: The land from the hacendados and redistributed it to the peasants. The first haciendas of Chile formed during the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Destruction of the Seven Cities following the battle of Curalaba (1598) meant for the Spanish the loss of both the main gold districts and the largest sources of indigenous labour. After those dramatic years the colony of Chile became concentrated in Central Chile which became increasingly populated, explored and economically exploited. Much land in Central Chile
2035-535: The large plantation holdings into a myriad of small subsistence farmers' holdings, an agrarian revolution. In Bolivia , haciendas were prevalent until the 1952 Revolution of Víctor Paz Estenssoro . He established an extensive program of land distribution as part of the Agrarian Reform . Likewise, Peru had haciendas until the Agrarian Reform (1969) of Juan Velasco Alvarado , who expropriated
2090-442: The municipal shield. It consists of a green cloth, with the three usual dimensions of the municipal flags of Puerto Rico , crossing from an end to another a yellow band with three points. The color green symbolizes the vegetation of the municipality and the yellow band symbolizes the mountains of the region. In a silver field, resides an inverted V-shaped green band. Contained in the band are five golden huts. To either side and below
2145-436: The opening to strip the hacenderos of their self-appointed roles as kingmakers in national politics . Hopes were short-lived, however, as protests revolving around Hacienda Luisita , as well as massacres and targeted assassinations in the Negros provinces , continue to this day. The opportunity that had earlier arisen was squandered and any significant gains stillborn. Haciendas in Puerto Rico developed during
2200-594: The other mountain forest, Maricao is home to large number of bird species . Its stone observation tower provides far-flung views to the coast and the Mona Passage . Maricao has a 2020 census population of 4,455. Maricao was founded on April 1, 1874, when Bernardo Collado, Julián Ayala, Francisco M. Sojo, Napoleón Pietri and Leoncio S. Martínez requested the Provincial Deputation authorization to establish an official town. It originally belonged to
2255-983: The past, some of Maricao's coffee haciendas were turned into museums or guest houses: Hacienda Delicias and Hacienda Juanita , which has since closed. Other places for tourists to visit are the Bambúa Recreational Center and the Maricao Fish Nursery . Some natural spots to visit are the Monte del Estado forest reserve, the Maricao River Natural Protected Area, the Prieto Lake and the Salto de Curet waterfall. Maricao celebrates its patron saint festival in June. The Fiestas Patronales de San Juan Bautista
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2310-451: The region. The second version is a legend about a Taíno woman called María that, during the Spanish colonization , fell in love with a Spanish soldier. She informed him of an attack planned by her tribe and the Spanish took the offensive. María was then taken prisoner by her people and tried for treason . As was the tradition, she was tied to a tree and sacrificed. Allegedly "cao" means " sacrifice " so Maricao means "María's sacrifice"; this
2365-408: The streets nearby should be comfortable portals for passersby, protecting them from the elements: sun and rain. There was a church made of wood in Maricao pueblo by 1864. The current church, Parroquia San Juan Bautista in the central plaza was built between 1890 and 1898. Renovations were made to the church in 1960 and in 1984. Maricao barrio-pueblo was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico
2420-526: The time of Spanish colonization. An example of these was the 1833 Hacienda Buena Vista , which dealt primarily with the cultivation, packaging, and exportation of coffee. Today, Hacienda Buena Vista, which is listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places , is operated as a museum, Museo Hacienda Buena Vista . The 1861 Hacienda Mercedita was a sugar plantation that once produced, packaged and sold sugar in
2475-658: The tourism industry. While Puerto Rico still has a niche in the gourmet coffee market, the large scale coffee growing which built Maricao is no longer economically feasible. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a colony of the United States . In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted
2530-510: The town has decreased during the past decades in part due to the decline in coffee production and the deteriorating economy. In 1899, the population was 8,312. Making the population density is 174.2 people per square mile (67.0/km). As a whole, Puerto Rico is mainly made up of people from a Criollo (born on the Island of European descent) or Spanish and European descent, with small groups of African and Asian people . Statistics taken from
2585-420: The town's economy. For two decades, this municipality has had the highest level of children living in poverty in Puerto Rico. According to the 2000 census, Maricao is the second least populous municipality in Puerto Rico , above the island municipality of Culebra , with 6,449 inhabitants. The 2020 census shows the municipality remains the second least populated with a population of 4,455. The population of
2640-772: Was a plot of land used for cultivating "frutos menores" (minor crops). That is, the crops in such estancia farms were produced in relatively small quantities and thus were meant, not for wholesale or exporting, but for sale and consumption locally, where produced and its adjacent towns. Haciendas, unlike estancias, were equipped with industrial machinery used for processing its crops into derivatives such as juices , marmalades , flours , etc., for wholesale and exporting. Some "frutos menores" grown in estancias were rice , corn , beans , batatas , ñames , yautías , and pumpkins ; among fruits were plantains , bananas , oranges , avocados , and grapefruits . Most haciendas in Puerto Rico produced sugar, coffee, and tobacco, which were
2695-488: Was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States . In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Maricao Pueblo barrio was 1,179. Maricao has only one annual festival, the End of the Coffee Harvest festival, known locally as
2750-425: Was cheaper and of better quality than Peruvian wheat. Initially Chilean haciendas could not meet the wheat demand due to a labour shortage, so had to incorporate temporary workers in addition to the permanent staff. Another response by the latifundia to labour shortages was to act as merchants, buying wheat produced by independent farmers or from farmers that hired land. In the period 1700 to 1850, this second option
2805-455: Was cleared with fire during this period. On the contrary open fields in southern Chile were overgrown as indigenous populations declined due to diseases introduced by the Spanish and intermittent warfare. The loss of the cities meant Spanish settlements in Chile became increasingly rural with the hacienda gaining importance in economic and social matters. As Chilean mining activity declined in
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#17327658303402860-442: Was customary in Spain, in Puerto Rico, the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza, the municipal buildings (city hall), and a Catholic church. Fiestas patronales (patron saint festivals) are held in the central plaza every year. The central plaza, or square, is a place for official and unofficial recreational events and a place where people can gather and socialize from dusk to dawn. The Laws of
2915-412: Was often a small, permanent workforce resident on the hacienda. Labor could be recruited from nearby indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary hacienda employees worked land that belonged to the patrón and under the supervision of local labor bosses. In some places small scale cultivators or campesinos worked small holdings belonging to
2970-487: Was overall more lucrative. It was primarily the haciendas of Central Chile, La Serena and Concepción that came to be involved in cereal export to Peru. In the 19th and early 20th century haciendas were the main prey for Chilean banditry . 20th century Chilean haciendas stand out for the poor conditions of workers and being a backward part of the economy. The hacienda and inquilinaje institutions that characterized large parts of Chilean agriculture were eliminated by
3025-501: Was the systematic deindustrialisation of Iloílo . This deindustrialisation was to be accomplished through shifting labour and capital from Iloílo's textile industry ( Hiligaynon : habol Ilonggo ), the origins of which predate the arrival of the Castilians , to sugar-production on the neighbouring island of Negros . The Port of Iloílo was also opened to the flood of cheaply priced British textiles. These changes had
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